JMJ Marist Brothers

Notre Dame of Marbel University

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

CHAPTER 1

This chapter is all about the discussion of the importance of this research

study; background of the study, statement of the problem, scope and limitation,

and the significance of the study.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study aims to know how the students handle with a severe parental

discipline. According to Innes (2011), discipline is one of the process that

prepares individual to live in the family, community and society of which he or

she is a part. Discipline for children is about shaping and changing behavior, but

not about harsh punishments.

Discipline in the Filipino context referred to physical punishment usually in

the form of spanking or beating with the sole purpose of teaching the child to

behave. However, in some cases, discipline is often used as a justification for the

use of physical punishment that could be already considered as child abuse

(Beazley, 2006). According to Gershoff (2018), physical punishment is the use of

physical force causing a child to experience bodily pain or discomfort.

This study will discuss how students in Notre Dame of Marbel University

deal with a severe parental discipline by expressing their thoughts, feelings,

experiences and how will they cope up with it. Children in this generation had

experience disciplining by their own parents but the researchers want to explore

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

the mind and feeling of a child or a student that experienced a severe parental

discipline either physically or mentally. According to Mackenbach, Ringoot and

Tiemer (2014), harsh discipline is characterized by parental attempts to control a

child using verbal violence (shouting) or physical forms of punishment (pinching

or hitting). These forms of parental disciplining practices have been associated

not only with child behavioral problems, in line with a cycle of violence

hypothesis, but also with child emotional problems.

The main goal of discipline is to teach and guide a child, to support them

in a right way and change their behavior, not about punishing them. It helps them

become emotionally and socially mature adults and allows them to develop self-

discipline. According to Nieman, Calgary and Shea (2004), discipline is the

structure that helps the child fit into the real world happily and effectively.

Effective and positive discipline is about teaching and guiding children, not

forcing them to obey. Trust between parent and a child should be maintained and

constantly built upon.

This study was conducted to know how children handle severe parental

discipline and also the consequences that are brought by the said actions that

can negatively affect children in different ways. This is about the experiences of

the participants in Notre Dame of Marbel University.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to explore how students in Notre Dame of Marbel

University handle a severe parental discipline and what consequences and

problem will arise due to some kind of discipline.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study covers students that experienced severe parental discipline.

The purpose of this study is to know how it changed the behavior and mentality

of the child. This study will only be applied to Notre Dame of Marbel University.

This study is only until the finals of the second semester, March 2019 because

before the said date, this study has already been conducted and submitted.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the student participation, parents,

psychology practitioners, and for the future researchers because it will provide

the knowledge they need in dealing with discipline, give them information and will

help them understand things.

This study is significant to the following:

Student Participants. This study may help student participants in

expressing their thoughts, feelings and experiences in dealing with a severe

parental discipline.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Parents. This study may help the parents avoid severe punishments and

will have knowledge on how to properly deal with their children.

Psychology Practitioners. This study may provide added information to

the psychology practitioners regarding on how to deal with students who

experience a severe parental discipline.

Future Researchers. This study will provide added information and can

be a source to future researchers for their further studies regarding severe

parental discipline.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This Chapter contains the description of a parental discipline on children,

the overview of discipline through physical punishment, its causes and effects

and the related studies about a severe parental discipline to children.

Overview of discipline through Physical punishment

Physical punishment is the use of physical force causing a child to

experience bodily pain or discomfort (Gershoff, 2018). Physical punishment is a

major public health problem in this country. Approximately 65% of adults still

approve of physical punishment, despite compelling evidence that it does not

work, it makes things worse, and there are effective alternatives (Holinger, 2011).

Physical punishment is the intentional use of physical force to cause bodily pain

or discomfort as a penalty for unacceptable behavior. Physical punishment is not

an effective method of managing behavior and not only does it reinforce some

problem behavior, but also it teaches a child that physical force is the way to

resolve conflict (Healthwise Staff, 2018). Discipline in Filipino context referred to

physical punishment teaching a child to behave. However, in some case

discipline is often used as justification for the use of physical punishment that

could be already considered child abuse (Beazely, 2006).

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Effects of a Severe Parental Discipline on Children

Physical punishment on children may have adverse effects that may follow

them into adulthood. According to Karlsson (2012), physical punishment of

children leads to less internalization of moral norms, more physical and verbal

aggression, physical fighting and bullying, antisocial behavior and less ability for

the child to feel empathy. The more physical punishments the child receives, the

more disobedient the child becomes. Longitudinal studies show that more

physical punishment of parents, the more aggressive behavior the child displays

over time, even controlling for initial aggression. A randomized control trial

supports this result. According to Healthwise Staff (2018) Corporal punishment

can also have emotional and psychological effects, both short- and long-term,

such as impairing a child's trust and confidence, causing embarrassment,

humiliation, a sense of worthlessness, anger, resentment, and confusion,

causing children to have trouble forming close relationships, especially intimate

relationships, with others later in life. Also Markham (2019) saying studies show

that children raised with a strict parenting style tend to be more angry and

rebellious as teenagers and young adults.

Naz, Khan, Daraz, and Hussain (2010) findings revealed that punishment

cause lower class participation, create distraction, dropout, loss of self-

confidence, fear and hesitation, inhibition of their learning and creativity, and

reluctance. Soh (2016) added poor self-esteem and low self-confidence can

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

increase the likelihood of poor academic performance. The child may have

difficulty concentrating, and this can reduce his potential to excel academically.

Harsh discipline at all stages of childhood carries a large risk of manifesting

antisocial 'externalizing behaviors' in the child, including aggression, delinquency

or hyperactivity (Tylor & Francis, 2013). It involves the use of physical force with

the intention of causing the child to experience bodily pain or discomfort so as to

or punish the children behavior and stirs up distress, anger, fear and shame

(Holinger, 2011). It makes parents appear as social models, suggesting that

violence is morally acceptable, children fear parents, and this damages the

parent-child relationship (Gershoff, 2009).

Actions by parents such as yelling, swearing, putting down or calling teens

names leads to greater amounts of anger and depression, leading higher rates of

vandalism and other forms of misconduct. Harsh punishment reduced children

gray matter, which processes information in the brain. Physical punishment had a

bidirectional relationship with a lower cognitive ability, meaning that parents tend

to hit children with lesser cognitive ability more frequently (most likely out of

frustration), and children who experience physical punishment often had lower

cognitive ability as a result.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Causes of a Severe Parental Discipline to Children

There are so many causes on how parents severely punish their own

children. According to Morin, A (2017) First is Lying, there are three main

reasons kids lie; to get attention, to avoid getting in trouble, and to feel better

about themselves. Second is Defiance, whether your child ignores you when you

tell her to pick up her toys or says, "No!" when you tell her to stop banging her

toy on the floor, defiance is difficult behavior to address. Third is Too Much

Screen Time, another common child behavior problem is constantly trying to be

connected to digital devices. Whether your child screams when you tell her to

shut off the TV or she plays a game on your phone whenever you are not

looking, too much screen is not healthy. Fourth is Food-Related Problems,

whether you have got a picky eater on your hands or your child claims to be

hungry every 10 minutes, food-related issues can lead to power struggles if you

are not careful. Proactively work to help your children develop a healthy attitude

about food. Fifth is Disrespectful Behavior Name calling, throwing things, and

mocking you are just a few of the common behavior problems that show

disrespect. Sixth is Whining, Whining can be a bad habit—especially if it helps

your child get what he wants. But it is important to curb whining before it

becomes an even bigger problem. After all, other kids and your child's teacher

aren't going to appreciate a whiner. A good first course of action is ignoring.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Older children are more likely to be verbally impulsive, meaning they may blurt

things out that hurt people's feelings.

The prevalence of corporal punishment, physical abuse and psychological

aggression

Mrazek and Haggerty (1994) has described five stages to the scientific

approach of any form of health intervention: (i) define the problem and assess

prevalence, (ii) review risk and protective factor data, (iii) design, conduct and

analysis pilot studies of the preventive intervention program, (ivy design, conduct

and analysis large scale trials of the preventive intervention program, and (v)

facilitate large scale implementation and ongoing evaluation of the preventive

intervention program in the community. Therefore, before determining the

necessity of and/or planning any intervention or prevention program on parental

use of physical force on children, it is important that the prevalence of the

phenomena be assessed.

Many of the children in this study report commonly being hit with objects

like belts, whips and planks, both at home and at school for minor

transgressions, similar to reports in other studies (Hecker et al., 2013; Sanapo &

Nakamura, 2011). This places them at an increased risk for physical abuse

(Zolotor, Theodore, Chang, Berkoff, & Runyan, 2008), in a country where the

rates of child physical abuse are already very high (Meinck et al., 2014), with

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

some studies indicating prevalence rates as high as 19% (Madu, 2003) and 43%

for orphan and other vulnerable children (Thurman & Kidman, 2011).

While the children in this study did not disclose experiences of injury as a

result of beatings, it is possible that physical abuse and injury as a result of

beatings are only reported in severe cases (DSD, DWCPD & UNICEF, 2012).

Beliefs about the necessity and appropriateness of corporal punishment play a

key role in determining whether any resulting injury is perceived as abuse

(Gracia & Herrero, 2008). The children in this study did not express their views

about whether they believed that it was necessary or appropriate, but many did

highlight a sense of responsibility for having beating beaten, the result of them

having done something wrong or in the very least as their own fault. This may

reflect that, despite them not liking being beaten, they see it as appropriate

similar to views reported in previous studies (Simons & Wurtele, 2010). While the

children did not report physical injury as a result of corporal punishment, they did

report what might be described as emotional injury. The sadness and anxiety that

they experienced when exposed to corporal punishment at home and at school,

as reported in others studies (Dobbs, 2007; Sanapo & Nakamura, 2011), often

led to children in the study avoiding asking their caregivers for help. Children’s

attachment relationships are key protective factors for positive outcomes in

adverse contexts (Masten, 2011). Damage to the parent–child relationship is a

well-established outcome of exposure to corporal punishment (Gershoff, 2002),

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

and our data showed how this impacts on how children make use of potential

resources. Previous research has shown that the painful nature of corporal

punishment can evoke feelings of fear, anxiety, anger in children, which, if

generalized to the parent can lead the child to avoid and be fearful of their parent

(Gershoff, 2002). As reported above, in some cases, punishment was as the first

thing that came to mind when discussing their relationship with the adults in their

lives. This has implications for children’s brain development in contexts of chronic

stress. When children’s stress response systems are frequently activated without

the buffering protection of adult support, the resulting experience of toxic stress

disrupts their brain architecture, placing them at risk for stress-related disease

and cognitive impairment (Shonkoff et al., 2009).

The most detailed study on corporal punishment and physical abuse was

by De Zoysa, Newcombe, & Rajapakse, 2008, on 12-year-old Sinhala speaking

school children, which reported a high prevalence and frequency of corporal

punishment. This study also reported that not only did corporal punishment

directly predict a child's maladjustment but that non-parent-to-child violence (i.e.,

domestic, school, peer, and community violence) significantly impacted this

association.

In relation to other countries, a large scale study on a sample of children in

grades four through six in China and Korea were surveyed on their exposure to

parental (and other forms of) violence (Kim et al. 2000). The past year

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

prevalence of violence in the family was 42.2% of minor violence (i.e. corporal

punishment) and 22.6% of severe violence (i.e. physical abuse) in China, and

7.4% of minor and 51.3% of severe violence in Korea. Another Asian study, from

Pakistan, indicated that all 4200 children in the study experienced corporal

punishment at home (NGO's Coalition on Child Right's NWFP 1999). The only

comprehensive study of parental use of corporal punishment on British children

found that corporal punishment was inevitable and perceived by parents to be a

necessary aspect of day-to-day parenting (Newson & Newson 1980).

This longitudinal study revealed that mothers' use of smacking increased

as children advanced in years from one- to four years. However, by Il-years,

smacking had decreased considerably. The overall corporal punishment

prevalence for American children has been reported as 35% for infants and a

peak of 94% at ages three- to four-years (Straus & Stewart 1999). Corporal

punishment was more prevalent among African Americans, low socio-economic

families, in the South, for boys and, by mothers. The Gallup News Service (1995)

reported the prevalence of physical abuse of American children to be at 49 per

1000.

As compared to corporal punishment, fewer studies have been done on

psychological aggression. An American study reported an annual prevalence of

about 90% for parental psychological aggression toward 12-year-old Americans

(Straus & Field 2003). The experience of psychological aggression was shown to

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

be moderately, but directly and significantly, associated with psychological

maladjustment in children. This association was mediated by non-parent to-child

violence — the child's knowledge of violence between the parents, experience of

teacher violence, exposure to peer violence, and violence in the child's

community. The study also indicated that greater the child's experience of

nonparent-to-child violence, the greater is his/her own level of hostility and

aggression.

Cultural factors influence the use of parental discipline techniques and the

frequency with which discipline includes psychological or emotional harms or

threats. Psychological abuse itself is difficult to define, since the consequences

are likely to be very different by context and by the age of the child. Surveys

about child discipline demonstrate that yelling or screaming at children is

common across many countries (Runyan & Zolotor,2011).

Punishment need not be self-regarding nor negatively other-regarding.

One might be motivated by the positive outcomes for others. Empathy is the

standard for prosocial preferences. Many parents, for instance, will tell their

children that they are punishing them ‘for their own good’ and that it hurts them

more than it hurts the child. The punishment is intended to produce delayed

benefits for the target through the imposition of immediate costs; any benefits or

costs to the punisher are unintended. Parental discipline could qualify as being

prosocially motivated (Jensen & Tomasello, 2018).

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Awareness of child abuse has been growing over the past several

decades as more cases have come to the attention of medical personnel and

school and police authorities. Information-gathering systems have become more

effective, and the long-term deleterious effects of abusive treatment have been

brought into focus (American Humane Association 1981; Strauss et al. 1980).

Cases which come to the attention of the authorities probably represent only the

most blatant and severe instances of abuse (Holmes & Robins,2010).

Damage of severe parental discipline to a parent-child relationship

Physical punishment inflicted on a child by her or his parents can cause

damage to the parent-child relationship. In the 2002 meta-analysis, all 13 studies

on the topic found an association between corporal punishment and a decrease

in the quality of the parent-child relationship. The 2016 meta-analysis examined 5

studies on the topic and confirm the association between corporal punishment

and negative parent-child relationships. The meta-analysis specific to the parent-

child relationship and corporal punishment found that all of the 13 studies

reviewed showed that corporal punishment could have a negative effect on the

parent-child relationship; However, the parent-child relationship was not the main

focus of the 13 studies (Gershoff, 2002). The 13 studies included in the meta-

analysis consisted of 10 journal articles and 3 dissertations (Gershoff, 2002). The

journal articles covered topics on children’s or adolescents’ adjustment,

perceptions of discipline, causes and effects of discipline, outcome of a mother’s

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

control, and attachment. Although the parent-child relationship was not the main

focus of these studies, their findings do not refute the concern that the use of

corporal punishment could negatively impact the relationship or attachment

between the child and their parent.

Cultural factors influence the use of parental discipline techniques and the

frequency with which discipline includes psychological or emotional harms or

threats. Psychological abuse itself is difficult to define, since the consequences

are likely to be very different by context and by the age of the child. Surveys

about child discipline demonstrate that yelling or screaming at children is

common across many countries (Runyan & Zolotor, 2011).

Studies suggest that the damage to the relationship is due to the

association of the feelings of fear, anxiety and anger created by physical

punishment with the parent, leading to fear and avoidance of the parent. They

report feeling hurt, angry and frightened of their parents (Gershoff & Gorgan-

Kaylor, 2016)

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedure in attaining the result

of the study. It includes the research design, the respondents and the location

where the study was conducted, the procedures and instrumentation given to the

respondents to gather important data used for the study and the data analysis.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive qualitative research design with

Phenomenological approach .This approach is desirable to use in the study in

order to provide a comprehensive description and analysis of the Study on

Severe Parental Discipline to Children. This type of research design will help the

researchers draw out the necessary information through an interview as

perceived by the senior high school students of NDMU. These information were

described based on the objectives of the study .Thematic analysis was applied to

examine the data gathered through an interview.

The aim of this study was to discover the impacts of Severe Parental

Discipline to Children and how they handle it and to share knowledge as

encountered by the participant itself. Since the best in formation was presumed

to come from a person who encountered this phenomenon, the participants of

the study were those who had been directly involved in a severe parental

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

discipline.

Figure 1 shows the framework of research design. This design provides a guide

in presenting the title and purpose of study, Locale and study respondents,

research instruments, data gathering methods and interpretation of data.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

A Phenomenological Study on Severe

Parental Discipline to Children

Locale of the
How Students
NDMU
handle severe
parental
discipline. Respondents of the

SHS Students
Research Instrument
Experiences of
SHS Students Interview Guide
on Severe
Parental
Data Gathering
discipline

In-depth
Interview

Impacts of
Severe Parental Data Analysis
Discipline on Technique
Children

Constant
Comparison
Technique

Thematic
Analysis

Figure 1. Research Design

Locale of the Study

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

This study was conducted at Notre Dame of Marbel University. The

school is located in Barangay Zone III, City of Koronadal, South Cotabato. This

school was selected as the locale of the study because this is suitable for our

study. The Notre Dame of Marbel University (NDMU) is a sectarian institution

situated in the culturally pluralistic province of South Cotabato, in the island of

Mindanao, Philippines.

The Notre Dame of Marbel University (NDMU) is a sectarian institution

situated in the culturally pluralistic province of South Cotabato, in the island of

Mindanao, Philippines. It started as Notre Dame of Marbel (NDM), a secondary

level educational institution founded by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI)

with the Religious of Virgin Mary (RVM) Sisters in 1946. It is the first high school

to open in South Cotabato and Koronadal Valley. In 1950, the Oblate Fathers

turned over the ownership and management of the Boys Department to the

Marist Brothers of the schools (FMS). Two years later, the Dominican sisters

assumed the direction of the Girls Department. The Marist Brothers, through the

years, have transformed it into a College (Notre Dame of Marbel College).

The figure 2 shows the map on which the study was conducted. it

includes the location of the Philippine province, barangay, the city's municipality

and the map of the school, Notre Dame of Mabel University (NDMU).

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Figure 2. Locale of the Study

Participants

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

The participants of this study were the senior high school students of

Notre Dame of Marbel University. They were the ones who had directly

experienced severe parental discipline. It includes 5 randomly selected senior

high school students in NDMU. They were selected purposefully based on a set

of inclusion criteria. Each individual chose whether to participate or not. Such

criteria are the following:

 He or she is currently an enrolled student of Notre Dame of Marbel

University.

 He or she must be a Senior high school student.

 He or she had experienced severe parental discipline.

Research Instrument

The instrument that was used in this study was an interview guide based

on the specific research problem .This aims to know how children handle and to

understand the deeper meaning of a severe parental discipline to children from

the participant who had been directly involve in this phenomenon .An audio

recorder and note taking materials were utilized with the consent of the

participants. The audio recorder was used in order to capture the total responses

for each question in a verbatim manner and to transcribe it with integrity.

Data Gathering Procedure

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Various tools were used in gathering reliable data for this study such as

the Interview Guide. An interview will be done in the gathering of data for us to

achieve the objective of our study. With the help of the data that have been

gathered from the Students of Notre Dame of Marbel University, Koronadal City

that will be considered as participants. The method of data collection is in-depth

interview it is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive

individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their

perspectives on situation. After the interview guide had been finalized and

validated, the researchers proceeded to the selected participants. The

researchers assured the confidentiality of their responses before the interview

conducted and personally handed the survey questionnaires to the respondents.

The data gathered will be factually transcribed by the interviewer and will

be used for the analysis of data and elucidation.

Data Analysis

The researcher used interpretative phenomenological analysis in

analysing the data gathered through in-depth interviews. The data gathered

through a meticulous interview were scrutinized and coded. The data analysis

technique used is Constant Comparison technique (Thematic Analysis). The

interviews that were collected and transcribed by the researchers were put into a

table that was sorted, classified and grouped according to questions. The

concepts and ideas were created from the piece of text and information that was

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

garnered from the responses and reactions that were given by the participants.

Those concepts and ideas were clustered and then it was further expounded.

Chapter 4

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the findings and analysis of the data gathered.

Themes that emerged from the In-depth interview with the five participants will be

discussed, analyzed and interpreted in validation of the results done by means of

literature.

Participants Experienced Severe Discipline

All participants experienced a severe parental discipline through their

parents and guardian that caused a bad effect to them. As participant 1 stated

“gin tampa ko kag gin sinabunutan. Same throught with participant 5 who said

”gin sumbag, gina bakol, gina dapal kag gina haboy tsenelas, damo! Gina sundo

niya bala ko nga may dala barakol ” this statement is supported by Healthwise

Staff (2011), Physical punishment is the intentional use of physical force to cause

bodily pain or discomfort as a penalty for unacceptable behavior. Physical

punishment is not an effective method of managing behavior and not only does it

reinforce some problem behavior, but also it teaches a child that physical force is

the way to resolve conflict.

Prior to the information gathered, the participants experienced

different kinds of punishments in order to be disciplined. Most of them are being

punished through physical punishments. Some are being discriminated by their

parents that hurt their ego.

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Positive Approach on how they Handle Severe Discipline

The way that the participants handle severe discipline is that they

let the day pass and forget that it happened. Most participants have a positive

approach in dealing with severe parental guidance. Studies have shown that

corporal punishment may not facilitate moral internalization because it does not

teach children the need to behave correctly, does not involve the communication

of the effects of children’s misbehavior on others, and because it may teach

children the desirability of not getting caught (Grusec, 1983). They rely on their

personal strength to avoid from their parent aggressiveness such as hiding in a

cabinet, studying more to forget them. As participant 3 stated “Ga tago ko sa

cabinet. Ilock ko ang kwarto, Ilock ko pa gd ang cabinet. Siguro mga 5 hours asta

matulogan na lng ko sa kahibi. Gi open ko sarili ko tapos gi try ko nalang ang

best ko kag intindihon ang mga bagay bagay. Gi try ko ang best ko as a person

nga maging better.” Moreover, it is not easy to handle severe discipline from their

own parents but sometimes using their emotions as motivation helps to bring the

best out of them. Although key informants have ability to cope with their parents

and make it a motivation, there are some just letting the problem pass and not

having any positive responds. Like participant 4 when she said “Letting the

conflict pass by between my parents.” Same as through participant 5 when he

said “Wala gd ako ga sabat kag mas maayo nga mag pahimunong kg hindi mag

bato.”

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Based on the data gathered, the key informants have different ways of

handling severe discipline therefore, they show different kind of thoughts and

feelings. The majority of participants felt scared and frightened. There are some

uses what they experience as motivation and it could be a lesson to their lives.

Depression and Trauma due to Severe Discipline

Physical punishment on children may have negative or positive effects.

Severe discipline can affect a child’s mental being. All of the participants gained

a negative effects on their mental being and academic performance. As indicated

they were depressed, traumatized and afraid. As Participant 1 stated “na depress

ko eh kay daw sapakon ko sila nga hindi”. The same point was given by key

informant 2 who said “na trauma ko sa gin himo nila sakon, so di ko to siya

malimtan kay natatak na sa isip ko.”. This emphasizes that the participants

experienced depression and trauma. As proven by Sayers (2016) actions by

parents such as yelling, swearing, etc. leads to greater amounts of anger and

depression.

Based on the data gathered by the researcher, severe parental discipline

gives a big impact to a child’s mental being. It can cause trauma, depression by

what happened and they can’t forget what they experienced and one was afraid

to make wrong decisions.

Distancing Themselves from their Parents due to Severe Discipline

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

Physical punishment is a major public health problem in this country.

Approximately 65% of adults still approve of physical punishment, despite

compelling evidence that it does not work, it makes things worse, and there are

effective alternatives (Holinger, 2011) Most of the key informants have a negative

approach regarding with their relationship towards their parents whom they

experienced a severe discipline. They distanced themselves with their parents

because of anger and grouch. As participant 1 said “oo kay an naglayo buot ko

sa ila, daw di ko na sil gusto sapakon ara lang sila dira pero ng daw di ko sila

gusto magpalapit nga daw tani di ka nalang nila bata, daw amo na haw, gina tiis

ko nalang na.” same point was stated by particiant 5 that states “mas mayo

nalang hindi ko sila sapakon. Kung baga ga sunggod lang ako kag hindi na

parehas sang dati nga sigid ko kung ano ga kinatabo sa kabuhi ko kag, imbis sa

ila ko masugid sang problema mangita nalang sang iban.” These statements was

supported by Gershoff (2002) that a damage to the parent–child relationship is a

well-established outcome of exposure to corporal punishment. Previous research

has shown that the painful nature of corporal punishment can evoke feelings of

fear, anxiety, anger in children, which, if generalized to the parent can lead the

child to avoid and be fearful of their parent. Also participant 4 has a positive

perspective at the same time a negative approach about his relationship with his

parents as stated “ sometimes I can’t change the fact that they are my parents

and maybe this severe discipline is how they want to fix my wrong doings and for

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

me to realize of what I did wrong.” He understands his parents ways in teaching

him lessons but he felt bad from the fact that they are his parents.

Participant 2 also thought about rebelling which is a negative approach in

his experiences. He said “na isip ko na mag rebelde sa amon pamilya, kay daw

hindi pa bala enough tung gin himo ko para ma proud sila sakon, so amo na.”

this statement was proven by Markham (2019) saying studies show that children

raised with a strict parenting style tend to be more angry and rebellious as

teenagers and young adults.

Prior to the information gathered, the key informants have negative approaches

towards their relationships with their parents because of those severe discipline

they feel so angry and hurt. They also distanced themselves from their parent to

avoid punishments and further arguments. One key informant felt he is not

enough to make his parents proud and that causes rebellion.

Low Self-esteem due to Severe Discipline

Physical punishment can also affect the self-esteem of a child in different

ways. All of the participants developed a low self-esteem and loss their

confidence and some of them also loss their interest in studying because of a

severe discipline caused by their parents. As participant 4 stated “I’m becoming

more scared of the wrong things I’ll do and being afraid of them. I also lost my

confidence ” also participnt 5. Naz, Khan, Daraz, Hussain, and Khan’s (2011)

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

findings revealed that punishment cause lower class participation, create

distraction, drop-out, loss of self-confidence, fear and hesitation, inhibition of their

learning and creativity, and reluctance. Moreover other participants clearly shown

that severe parental discipline can affect academic performance in a bad way

key participant 2 said “kung kis-a ma isip ko bi nga hindi maskwela, so nadulaan

ko sang confidence bala magskwela bala haw kag mag study” this is supported

by the study Soh (2016) added poor self-esteem and low self-confidence can

increase the likelihood of poor academic performance. The child may have

difficulty concentrating, and this can reduce his potential to excel academically.

As a result of the interview severe parental discipline can affect the mental

being and the self-esteem of a child it is either negative or positive. Also majority

of the participants gained low self-esteem, loss their confidence and loss their

interest in studying that’s why It can really affect their academic performance.

They became shy on who they are and distracted of things.

Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

This study is about how children handle a severe parental discipline and

what are the consequences of the said phenomenon. Based on the results

regarding with children who experienced severe parental discipline the

researchers hereby conclude that the participants experienced different kinds of

severe discipline that caused consequences. It can affect a children’s

relationship between their parents which resulted to negative approaches like

distancing themselves with their parents and rebelling. It can also affect their

mental being and self-esteem, it was concluded that severe parental discipline

resulted into depression, trauma, rebellion, loss of interest in studying and a low

self-esteem. Even though other participants loss interest in studying but they still

made it as a motivation to prove themselves. The way they handle the situation

was concluded as a positive approach because they accept it, learn from it and

try to be a better individual even though there are times they breakdown but they

still stand strong overcome those challenges.

RECOMMENDATION

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

After evaluating all the gathered data the researchers came up with

different recommendations.

This study can help the parents be aware of the consequences of severe

discipline, they must not use physical kind of discipline because it can affect a

child’s mental being and they must know their limits.

This study can help children know how to handle severe parental

discipline in a positive way and they must use it as a motivation to grow, learn

and to prove themselves.

To the future researchers who may want to undertake a study similar

to this, the study should be done in a qualitative manner in order to have a more

detailed and reflective result.

REFERENCES

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

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 JMJ Marist Brothers
Notre Dame of Marbel University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
City of Koronadal, South Cotabato

https://www.healthxchange.sg/children/parenting-tips/child-discipline-physical-
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