ADDITIONAL PROBLEM PRACTICE SHEET(APPS)

Batch : Target Date : 26-11-24 Subject :Maths

Topic : Ellipse Theory Faculty : Ashish Sir

An ellipse is locus of a point P which moves such that its distance from a fixed point S (called focus) bears
a constant ratio ‘e’ (called eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed line (called directrix) i.e. PS = e.PM ,
where M e <1
nd 2 2
Note : General equation of 2 degree ax + by + 2hxy + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 where
2 2 2
(i) D = abc + 2 fgh - af - bg - ch ¹ 0 (ii) h 2 - ab < 0

x2 y2 x2 y2
Standard ellipses : + = 1 where a > b + = 1 where a < b
a2 b2 a2 b2

Diagram

b2 a2
Eccentricity e = 1- e = 1-
a2 b2

Centre O 0, 0 O 0, 0

Vertices A a, 0 and A ' -a,0 . B 0, b and B ' 0, -b

Foci S ae, 0 and S ' -ae,0 S (0, be) and S '(0, -be)
Length of major axis 2a 2b
Equation of major axis y=0 x=0
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
Equation of minor axis x=0 y=0
a b
Equation of directrices ZM & Z ¢M ¢ x± =0. y=±
e e
Equation of latus recta x = +ae y = +be

2b 2 2a 2
Length of latus rectum LL ' = L1L1 '
a b
End points of latus recta (+ae, +b2/a) (+a2/b, +be)
The SUM of the focal distances of a
point P on the ellipse( S ' P + SP ) 2a 2b
Parametric Equation x = a cosq , y = b sin q x = a cosq , y = b sin q
x cos q y sin q x cos q y sin q
Eq. of tangent at point ( a cos q , b sin q ) + =1 + =1
a b a b

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 xx1 yy1 xx1 yy1
Eq. of tangent at a point (x1, y1) + = 1 i.e. T = 0 + = 1 i.e. T = 0
a2 b2 a 2 b2
Eq. of tangent in terms of slope m y = mx ± a 2m 2 + b 2 y = mx ± a 2 m 2 + b2
y = mx + c will be tangent if c = ± a 2 m2 + b 2 c = ± a 2m2 + b 2
ax by ax by
Eq. of normal at a point (a cos q , b sin q ) - = a2 - b2 - = a2 - b2
cosq sinq cosq sinq
y1 / b2 y1 / b 2
Eq. of normal at a point (x1, y1) ( y - y1 ) = ( x - x1 ) ( y - y1 ) = ( x - x1 )
x1 / a 2 x1 / a 2
Eq. of Pair of tangents from point ( x1 , y1 ) T 2 = SS1 T 2 = SS1

Chord of contact AB of ( x1 , y1 ) T =0 T =0
Chord with a middle point (x1,y1) T = S1 T = S1

2. Standard equation of a Hyperbola :

An hyperbola is locus of a point P which moves such that its distance from a fixed point S (called focus)
bears a constant ratio ‘e’ (called eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed line (called directrix) i.e. PS = e.PM ,
where M e >1
nd 2 2
Note : General equation of 2 degree ax + by + 2hxy + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 where
(i) D = abc + 2 fgh - af 2 - bg 2 - ch 2 ¹ 0 (ii) h2 - ab > 0

x2 y2 x2 y2
Standard Hyperbola : - =1 - = -1
a 2 b2 a 2 b2

Diagram

b2 a2
Eccentricity e2 = 1 + e2 = 1 +
a2 b2
Centre O 0, 0 O 0, 0

Vertices A a , 0 and A ' -a,0 B 0, b and B¢ 0, - b

Foci S ae, 0 and S ' -ae, 0 S 0, be and S ¢ 0, - be

Length of transverse axis 2a 2b

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Equation of transverse axis y=0 x=0
Length of conjugate axis 2b 2a
Equation of conjugate axis x=0 y=0
a b
Equation of directrices ZM & Z ¢M ¢ x± =0 y± =0
e e
Equation of latus recta x = +ae y = +be

2b 2 2a 2
Length of latus rectum LL ' = L1L1 '
a b

End points of latus recta (+ae, +b2/a) (+a2/b,+be )

The Absolute difference of the
focal distances of a point P on the

hyperbola, S ' P - SP 2a 2b
Parametric Equation x = a sec q , y = b tan q x = a tan q , y = b sec q
x sec q y tan q x tan q y sec q
Eq. of tangent at point ( a sec q , b tan q ) - =1 - = -1
a b a b
xx1 yy1 xx1 yy1
Eq. of tangent at a point (x1, y1) - = 1 i.e. T = 0 - = -1 i.e. T = 0
a2 b2 a 2 b2

Eq. of tangent in terms of slope m y = mx ± a 2 m2 - b2 y = mx ± b2 - a 2 m2

y = mx + c will be tangent if c = ± a2 m2 - b2 c = ± b2 - a 2 m2

ax by ax by
Eq. of normal at a point ( a sec q , b tan q ) + = a 2 + b2 + = a 2 + b2
secq tan q tan q secq

a 2 x b2 y a 2 x b2 y
Eq. of normal at a point (x1, y1) + = a 2 + b2 + = a 2 + b2
x1 y1 x1 y1

Eq. of Pair of tangents from point ( x1 , y1 ) T 2 = SS1 T 2 = SS1

Chord of contact AB of ( x1 , y1 ) T =0 T =0

Chord with a middle point (x1,y1) T = S1 T = S1

x2 y2
NOTE: By placing (-b ) in place of b in ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 we get the results of hyperbola. Most of the results
2 2
a b
of ellipse are true for hyperbola when b2 is replaced by (-b 2 ) .
Other (non-stardard) Ellipse :
2 2 2 2
x -a y-b x -a y-b
+ = 1 where a > b and + = 1 where a < b where (a , b ) is vertex.
a2 b2 a2 b2
Other (non-stardard) Hyperbola :
( x - a )2 ( y - b )2
- = 1 is the equation of that hyperbola whose centre is a , b and whose axes are
a2 b2
parallel to the coordinate axes.
To solve problems related to these, we have to use concepts like shifting of origin i.e. X = x - a ; Y = y - b etc.

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