16BEME6E01 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS / 2016 BATCH

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed to be University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Eachanari post, Coimbatore-641021. INDIA.
Faculty of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME : POWER PLANT ENGINEERING L T P C

SUBJECT CODE : 16BEME6E01 3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVE
1. Providing an overview of Power Plants and detailing the role of Mechanical Engineers in their operation and maintenance.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS AND BOILERS 9

Layout of Steam, Hydel, Diesel, MHD, Nuclear and Gas Turbine Power Plants – Combined Power Cycles – Comparison
and Selection, Load Duration Curves.
Steam Boilers and Cycles – High Pressure and Super Critical Boilers – Fluidised Bed Boilers – Industrial Standards.

UNIT II STEAM POWER PLANT 9

Fuel and Ash Handling, Combustion Equipment for burning coal, Mechanical Stokers, Pulveriser, Electrostatic
Precipitator, Draught – different types, Surface Condenser Types, Cooling Towers

UNIT III NUCLEAR AND HYDEL POWER PLANTS 9

Nuclear Energy – Fission, Fusion Reaction, Types of Reactors, pressurized water reactor, Boiling Water Reactor, Waste
Disposal and safety.
Hydel Power Plant – Essential Elements, Selection of Turbines, Governing of Turbines– Micro Hydel developments.

UNIT IV DIESEL AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT 9

Types of Diesel Plants, Components, Selection of Engine Type, Applications Gas Turbine Power Plant – Fuels – Gas
Turbine Material – Open and Closed Cycles – Reheating – Regeneration and Intercooling – Combined Cycle.

UNIT V OTHER POWER PLANTS AND ECONOMICS OF POWER PLANTS 9

Geo thermal –OTEC – Tidel – Pumped storage – Solar thermal central receiver system.
Cost of Electric Energy – Fixed and operating Costs – Energy Rates – Types of Tariffs – Economics of load sharing,
comparison of economics of various power plants.

TOTAL 45
TEXT BOOKS
S. Year of
Author(s) Name Title of the book Publisher
No. Publication
Arora S.C and
1 A course in Power Plant Engineering Dhanpatrai Publishers, New Delhi 1988
Domkundwar S

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REFERENCES
S. Year of
Author(s) Name Title of the book Publisher
No. Publication

1 Nag P.K Power plant Engineering Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 2007

2 Rajput R.K Power Plant Engineering Laxmi Publications, Chennai 2008

3 Morse Frederick T Power Plant Engineering Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi 1998

WEB REFERENCES
1. www.solarpaces.org
2. www.igcar.gov.in
3. ga.water.usgs.gov
4. www.mapsofindia.com

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LESSON PLAN / 2016 BATCH

KARPAGAM ACADEMY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

(Deemed to be University Established Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Eachanari post, Coimbatore-641021. INDIA.
Faculty of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LESSON PLAN

Subject Name : Power Plant Engineering

Subject Code : 16BEME6E01
Branch : B.E. – Mechanical Engineering

Sl. No. of
Topics to be Covered Support Materials
No. Periods
UNIT – I : INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS AND BOILERS
1. 1 Introduction to Power Plant Engineering T[1]
2. 1 Layout of Steam and Hydel Power Plants T[1]
3. 1 Layout of Diesel and MHD Power Plants T[1]
4. 1 Layout of Nuclear and Gas Turbine Power Plants T[1]
5. 1 Combined Power Cycles T[1], R[2]
6. 1 Comparison and Selection, Load Duration Curves T[1]
7. 1 Steam Boilers and Cycles T[1]
8. 1 High Pressure Boilers and Super Critical Boilers T[1]
9. 1 Fluidized Bed Boilers T[1], R[2]
10. 1 Industrial Standards T[1]
11. 1 Tutorial-1: Layouts of different types of Power Plants T[1]
Total No. of Hours Planned for Unit - I 11

No. of
Topics to be Covered Support Materials
Sl. Periods
No.
UNIT – II : STEAM POWER PLANT
12. 1 Overview of Layout of Steam Power Plant T[1]
13. 1 Fuel and Ash Handling T[1]
14. 1 Combustion Equipment for burning coal T[1]
15. 1 Mechanical Stokers - Types T[1], R[2]
16. 1 Pulveriser – working principle T[1]
17. 1 Electrostatic Precipitator working T[1]
18. 1 Draught – different types T[1], R[2]
19. 1 Surface Condenser Types T[1]

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20. 1 Cooling Towers- Types T[1]

21. 1 Tutorial-2: Layout of different parts of Steam Power Plant T[1]
Total No. of Hours Planned for Unit - II 10

Sl. No. of
Topics to be Covered Support Materials
No. Periods
UNIT – III : NUCLEAR AND HYDEL POWER PLANTS
22. 1 Overview of Layout of Nuclear Power Plant T[1]
23. 1 Nuclear Energy – Fission, Fusion Reaction T[1]
24. 1 Types of Reactors - pressurized water reactor - construction, working T[1], R[2]
25. 1 Boiling Water Reactor - construction, working T[1]
26. 1 Waste Disposal and safety T[1], R[2]
27. 1 Overview of Layout of Hydel Power Plant T[1]
28. 1 Hydel Power Plant – Essential Elements T[1]
29. 1 Selection of Turbines T[1], R[2]
30. 1 Governing of Turbines - Micro Hydel developments T[1]
31. 1 Tutorial-3: Layout of different parts of Nuclear and Hydel Power Plants T[1]
Total No. of Hours Planned for Unit - III 10

Sl. No. of
Topics to be Covered Support Materials
No. Periods
UNIT – IV : DIESEL AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
32. 1 Overview of Layout of Diesel Power Plant T[1]
33. 1 Types of Diesel Plants, Components T[1], R[2]
34. 1 Selection of Engine Type, Applications T[1]
35. 1 Overview of Layout of Gas Turbine Power Plant T[1]
36. 1 Gas Turbine Power Plant - Fuels T[1]
37. 1 Gas Turbine Materials T[1]
38. 1 Open and Closed Cycles T[1]
39. 1 Reheating – Regeneration and Inter cooling T[1], R[2]
40. 1 Combined Cycle T[1]
Tutorial-4: Layout of different parts of Diesel and Gas Turbine Power
41. 1
Plants
T[1]

Total No. of Hours Planned for Unit - IV 10

Sl. No. of
Topics to be Covered Support Materials
No. Periods
UNIT – V : OTHER POWER PLANTS AND ECONOMICS OF POWER PLANTS
42. 1 Geo thermal –OTEC T[1], R[2]
43. 1 Tidel – Pumped storage T[1]

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44. 1 Solar thermal central receiver system T[1], W[1]

45. 1 Cost of Electric Energy T[1]
46. 1 Fixed and operating Costs T[1]
47. 1 Energy Rates – Types of Tariffs T[1]
48. 1 Economics of load sharing T[1], R[2]
49. 1 comparison of economics of various power plants T[1]
50. 1 Simple Calculations on Economic Problems T[1], R[2]
51. 1 Tutorial-5: Problems related to Economic Calculations T[1]
52. 1 Discussion on Previous Year ESE Question Paper ESE Question Paper
Total No. of Hours Planned for Unit - V 11

TOTAL PERIODS : 52
TEXT BOOKS
T [1] – Arora S.C and Domkundwar S, 1988, A course in Power Plant Engineering, Dhanpatrai Publishers, New
Delhi

REFERENCES
R [1] - Nag P.K, 2007, Power plant Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
R [2] - Rajput R.K, 2008, Power plant Engineering, Laxmi Publications, Chennai
R [3] - Morse Frederick T, 1998, Power plant Engineering, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi

WEBSITES
W [1] - www.solarpaces.org
W [2] - www.igcar.gov.in
W [3] - ga.water.usgs.gov
W [4] - www.mapsofindia.com

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Unit – I
INTRODUCTION TO POWER PLANTS AND BOILERS
LECTURE NOTES
STEAM POWER PLANT:

A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into
steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in
the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center
because such facilities convert forms of heatenergy into electricity. Some thermal power plants also deliver heat energy
for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large
proportion of CO2 is produced by the worlds fossil fired thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various
and widespread.

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-Coal andAshCircuit
-AirandGasCircuit
- Feed Water and Steam Circuit
- Cooling Water Circuit
Coal and Ash Circuit

Coal and Ash circuit in a thermal power plant layout mainly takes care of feeding the boiler with coal from the
storage for combustion. The ash that is generated during combustion is collected at the back of the boiler and removed to
the ash storage by scrap conveyors. The combustion in the Coal and Ash circuit is controlled by regulating the speed and
the quality of coal entering the grate and the damper openings.

Air and Gas Circuit

Air from the atmosphere is directed into the furnace through the air preheated by the action of a forced draught
fan or induced draught fan. The dust from the air is removed before it enters the combustion chamber of the thermal
power plant layout. The exhaust gases from the combustion heat the air, which goes through a heat exchanger and is
finally let off into the environment.

Feed Water and Steam Circuit

The steam produced in the boiler is supplied to the turbines to generate power. The steam that is expelled by the
prime mover in the thermal power plant layout is then condensed in a condenser for re-use in the boiler. The condensed
water is forced through a pump into the feed water heaters where it is heated using the steam from different points in the
turbine. To make up for the lost steam and water while passing through the various components of the thermal power
plant layout, feed water is supplied through external sources. Feed water is purified in a purifying plant to reduce the
dissolve salts that could scale the boiler tubes.
Cooling Water Circuit

The quantity of cooling water required to cool the steam in a thermal power plant layout is significantly high and
hence it is supplied from a natural water source like a lake or a river. After passing through screens that remove particles
that can plug the condenser tubes in a thermal power plant layout, it is passed through the condenser where the steam is
condensed. The water is finally discharged back into the water source after cooling. Cooling water circuit can also be a
closed system where the cooled water is sent through cooling towers for re-use in the power plant. The cooling water
circulation in the condenser of a thermal power plant layout helps in maintaining a low pressure in the condenser all
throughout.

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COMBINED POWER CYCLES:

In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem off
the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators.
The principle is that the exhaust of one heat engine is used as the heat source for another, thus extracting more
useful energy from the heat, increasing the system's overall efficiency. This works because heat engines are
only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%).

The remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is generally wasted. Combining two or
more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power
plants, a successful, common combination is the Brayton cycle (in the form of a turbine burning natural gas or
synthesis gas from coal) and the Rankine cycle (in the form of a steam power plant). Multiple stage turbine or
steam cylinders are also common.

LOAD DURATION CURVE:

A load duration curve (LDC) is used in electric power generation to illustrate the relationship
between generating capacity requirements and capacity utilization.

A LDC is similar to a load curve but the demand data is ordered in descending order of magnitude,
rather than chronologically. The LDC curve shows the capacity utilization requirements for each increment of
load. The height of each slice is a measure of capacity, and the width of each slice is a measure of the utilization
rate or capacity factor. The product of the two is a measure of electrical energy (e.g. kilowatthours).

HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS:

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler
for use in various processes or heating applications.

Most boilers produce steam to be used at saturation temperature; that is, saturated steam. Superheated
steam boilers vaporize the water and then further heat the steam in a superheater. This provides steam at much

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higher temperature, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating plant because the
higher steam temperature requires a higher flue gas exhaust temperature. There are several ways to circumvent
this problem, typically by providing an economizer that heats the feed water, a combustion air heater in the hot
flue gas exhaust path, or both. There are advantages to superheated steam that may, and often will, increase
overall efficiency of both steam generation and its utilisation: gains in input temperature to a turbine should
outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There may also be practical limitations in
using wet steam, as entrained condensation droplets will damage turbine blades.

Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any system component fails and
allows steam to escape, the high pressure and temperature can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in
its path. Since the escaping steam will initially be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult,
although the intense heat and sound from such a leak clearly indicates its presence.

Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose.
The steam piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. The temperature in this area is
typically between 1,300–1,600 degrees Celsius. Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb heat by
radiation. Others are convection type, absorbing heat from a fluid. Some are a combination of the two types.
Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will also heat the superheater steam piping and the
steam within. While the temperature of the steam in the superheater rises, the pressure of the steam does not: the
turbine or moving pistons offer a continuously expanding space and the pressure remains the same as that of the
boiler. Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent damage
to the turbine blading and associated piping.

SUPERCRITICAL BOILER:

Supercritical steam generators (also known as Benson boilers) are frequently used for the production of electric
power. They operate at "supercritical pressure". In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam
generator operates at such a high pressure (over 3,200 psi/22.06 MPa or 220.6 bar) that actual boiling ceases to
occur, and the boiler has no water - steam separation. There is no generation of steam bubbles within the water,
because the pressure is above the "critical pressure" at which steam bubbles can form. It passes below the
critical point as it does work in the high pressure turbine and enters the generator's condenser. This is more
efficient, resulting in slightly less fuel use. The term "boiler" should not be used for a supercritical pressure
steam generator, as no "boiling" actually occurs in this device.

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FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS:

The major portion of the coal available in India is of low quality, high ash content and low calorific value.
The traditional grate fuel firing systems have got limitations and are techno-economically unviable to meet the
challenges of future. Fluidized bed combustion has emerged as a viable alternative and has significant
advantages over conventional firing system and offers multiple benefits – compact boiler design, fuel flexibility,
higher combustion efficiency and reduced emission of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx. The fuels
burnt in these boilers include coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse & other agricultural wastes. The fluidized
bed boilers have a wide capacity range- 0.5 T/hr to over 100 T/hr.

MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC POWER GENERATION (MHD)

The magnetohydrodynamic power generator[8] is a device that generates electric power by means of the
interaction of a moving fluid (usually a ionized gas or plasma) and a magnetic field. As all direct conversion
processes the MHD generators can also convert thermal energy directly into electricity without moving parts. In
this way the static energy converters, with no moving mechanical part, can improve the dynamic conversion,
working at temperature more higher than conventional processes. The typical configuration of MHD generator is
shown in Figure.

In the MHD system, the kinetic energy of the gas is converted directly to electric energy as it is allowed
to expand. When a high velocity gas flows into convergent-divergent duct and passes through the magnetic field
an e.m.f is induced, mutual perpendicular to the magnetic field direction and to the direction of the gas flow.
Electrodes in opposite side walls of the MHD flow channel provide an interface to an external circuit. Electrons

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pass from the fluid at one wall to an electrode, to an external load, to the electrode on the opposite wall, and then
back to the fluid, completing a circuit.
In the MHD generator the advantage of having no moving parts allows to work at higher temperatures
than a conventional energy conversion. It is possible to work with temperature around 3000K, and a these
temperature the maximum theoretical efficiency would be near 90%.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Questions Opt1 Opt2 Opt3 Opt4 Answer
Out of the following which one is not a
Tidal power Geothermal energy Nuclear energy Wind power
unconventional source of energy? Nuclear energy
A thermal power station is a power plant
water mover dams prime mover head race prime mover
in which the _____ is steam driven
In thermal power plant ____ is heated,
turns into steam and spins a steam
kerosene oil Water mercury Water
turbine which drives an electrical
generator
_______in a thermal power plant layout
mainly takes care of feeding the boiler Air and Gas Feed Water and Cooling Water Coal and Ash
Coal and Ash circuit
with coal from the storage for Circuit Steam Circuit Circuit circuit
combustion
Hydroelectric power plants convert the
mechanical electrical
hydraulic ______ from water into potential energy kinetic energy potential energy
energy energy
electrical energy
______ are structures built over rivers to
Water mover Dams Prime mover Head race Dams
stop the water flow and form a reservoir
The height of water in the dam is called
surge tanks penstocks spillway head race head race
____
A _____ as the name suggests could be
called as a way for spilling of water from Surge tanks Penstocks spillway head race spillway
dams
_____ are pipes which carry water from
the reservoir to the turbines inside power Surge tanks Penstocks spillway head race Penstocks
station
_______ are tanks connected to the water
Surge tanks Penstocks spillway head race Surge tanks
conductor system
Power station contains a ______ coupled
compressor turbine engine motor turbine
to a generator

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Diesel power plants produce power from

diesel engine motor compressor turbine diesel engine
a _____
______ power is the use of sustained
Nuclear fission to generate heat and do Diesel Hydel Steam Nuclear Nuclear
useful work
Nuclear power provides about ____ of
26% 6% 16% 60% 6%
the world's energy
A ______ is used in electric power
generation to illustrate the relationship valve duration semi duration load duration load duration
mass duration curve
between generating capacity curve curve curve curve
requirements and capacity utilization
In thermal power the ash that is
generated during combustion is collected screw
scrap conveyors solar conveyors spring conveyors scrap conveyors
at the back of the boiler and removed to conveyors
the ash storage by _____
The ______ in the Coal and Ash circuit
is controlled by regulating the speed and conduction convection conjuction combustion combustion
the quality of coal entering the grate
In thermal power plant the air from the
atmosphere is directed into the furnace induced draught forced draught
forced draught fan stoker Tunnel
through the air preheated by the action of fan fan
a ______
Dams are also used for controlling ____ tunnels waves storms floods floods
Superheated steam boilers vaporize the
water and then further heat the steam in a superheater stoker Draught Tunnel superheater
_______
The ____ piping is directed through the
water kerosene oil steam steam
flue gas path in the boiler furnace
_____ conveyors can be fed by a
continuous slot hopper or bunker beneath Superheater Stoker Draught Tunnel Tunnel
the stockpile to reclaim material

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A mechanical ______ is a device which

superheater stoker Draught Tunnel stoker
feeds coal into the firebox of a boiler
_____ is obtained by forcing air into the
superheater stoker Draught Tunnel Draught
furnace by means of a fan and ductwork
Forced draught furnaces usually have a
positive negative balance zero positive
_____ pressure
_____ draught is obtained through use of
positive negative balanced zero Balanced
both induced and forced draught
The _____ turbine itself is a device to
convert the heat in steam to mechanical water kerosene oil steam steam
power

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Unit – II
STEAM POWER PLANT
LECTURE NOTES

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

The electrostatic precipitators are extensively used in removal of fly ash from electric
utility boiler emissions. The use of this collector is growing rapidly because of the new strict air
quality codes. An electrostatic precipitator can be designed to run at any desired efficiency for use
as a primary collector or as a supplementary unit to a cyclone collector. It is often considered
worthwhile to retain an existing cyclone as a primary collector in cases where collection
efficiencies must be upgraded especially where there is large amount of unburnt carbon in fly ash(
about 15%) because the presence of large quantities of carbon in the gas can adversely affect the
collection efficiency of a precipitator.

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The dust laden gas is passed between oppositely charged conductors and it becomes
ionized as the voltage applies between the conductors is sufficiently large. As the dust laden ad is
passed through these highly charged electrodes, both negative and positive ions are formed, the
later being as high as 80%. The ionized gas is further passed through the collecting units which
consist of a set of vertical metal plates. Alternate plates are positively charged and earthed. As
the alternate plates are earthed, high intensity electrostatic field exerts a force on positively
charged dust particles and drives them toward the grounded plates. The deposited dust particles
are removed from the plates by giving the shaking motion to the plates with the help of cam
driven by external means. The dust removed from the plates with the help of shaking motion is
collected in the dust hoppers. Care should be taken that the dust collector in the hopper should
not be entrained in the clean gas.The advantages and disadvantages of this collector are listed
below:

ADVANTAGES:

This is more effective to remove very small particles like smoke, mist and fly ash. Its range
of dust removal is sufficiently large (0.01 micron to 1.00 micron). The small dust particles below
10 microns cannot be removed with the help of mechanical separators and wet scrubbers cannot
be used if sufficient water is now available. Under these circumstances, this type is very
effective.

• This is also most effective for high dust loaded gas (as high as 100 grams per cu. meter)
• The draught loss of this system is the least of all forms(1 cm of water)
• It provides ease of operation.
• The dust is collected in dry form and can be removed either dry or wet.

DISADVANTAGES:

• The direct current is not available with the modern plants, therefore considerable
electrical equipment is necessary to convert low voltage (400 V) A.C to high voltage

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(60000 V) D.C. This increases the capital cost of the equipment as high as 40 to 60 cents
per 1000 kg of rated installed steam generating capacity.
• The running charges are also considerably high as the amount of power required for
charging is considerably large.
• The space required is larger than the wet system.
• The efficiency of the collector is not maintained if the gas velocity exceeds that for which
the plant is designed. The dust carried with the gases increases with an increase of gas
velocity.
• Because of closeness of the charged plates and high potential used, it is necessary to
protect the entire collector from sparking by providing a fine mesh before the ionizing
chamber. This is necessary because even a smallest piece of paper might cause sparking
when it would be carried across adjacent plates or wires.

DRAUGHT:

Most boilers now depend on mechanical draught equipment rather than natural draught.
This is because natural draught is subject to outside air conditions and temperature of flue
gases leaving the furnace, as well as the chimney height. All these factors make proper
draught hard to attain and therefore make mechanical draught equipment much more
economical.

There are three types of mechanical draught:

Induced draught: This is obtained one of three ways, the first being the "stack effect"
of a heated chimney, in which the flue gas is less dense than the ambient air surrounding
the boiler. The denser column of ambient air forces combustion air into and through the
boiler. The second method is through use of a steam jet. The steam jet oriented in the
direction of flue gas flow induces flue gasses into the stack and allows for a greater flue
gas velocity increasing the overall draught in the furnace. This method was common on
steam driven locomotives which could not have tall chimneys. The third method is by
simply using an induced draught fan (ID fan) which removes flue gases from the furnace

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and forces the exhaust gas up the stack. Almost all induced draught furnaces operate with
a slightly negative pressure.

Forced draught: Draught is obtained by forcing air into the furnace by means of a fan
(FD fan) and ductwork. Air is often passed through an air heater; which, as the name
suggests, heats the air going into the furnace in order to increase the overall efficiency of
the boiler. Dampers are used to control the quantity of air admitted to the furnace. Forced
draught furnaces usually have a positive pressure.

Balanced draught: Balanced draught is obtained through use of both induced and
forced draught. This is more common with larger boilers where the flue gases have to
travel a long distance through many boiler passes. The induced draught fan works in
conjunction with the forced draught fan allowing the furnace pressure to be maintained
slightly below atmospheric.

FORCED DRAUGHT

In a forced draught counter flow cooling tower, the water is cooled by air that is forced
through the falling water and out through the top of the tower.

A mechanical draft tower with a blower type fan at the intake. The fan forces air into the
tower, creating high entering and low exiting air velocities. The low exiting velocity is much

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more susceptible to recirculation. With the fan on the air intake, the fan is more susceptible to
complications due to freezing conditions. Another disadvantage is that a forced draft design
typically requires more motor horsepower than an equivalent induced draft design. The forced
draft benefit is its ability to work with high static pressure. They can be installed in more
confined spaces and even in some indoor situations. This fan/fill geometry is also known as
blow-through.

SURFACE CONDERSER:

Surface condenser is the commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat
exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations
These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid
state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where cooling water is in short supply, an
air-cooled condenser is often used. An air-cooled condenser is however significantly
more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure as a water
cooled surface condenser.

Surface condensers are also used in applications and industries other than the
condensing of steam turbine exhaust in power plants.

In thermal power plants, the primary purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the
exhaust steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to convert the
turbine exhaust steam into pure water (referred to as steam condensate) so that it may be
reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water.

The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical power.
The difference between the heat of steam per unit weight at the inlet to the turbine and
the heat of steam per unit weight at the outlet to the turbine represents the heat which is
converted to mechanical power. Therefore, the more the conversion of heat per pound or
kilogram of steam to mechanical power in the turbine, the better is its efficiency. By
condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below atmospheric pressure, the
steam pressure drop between the inlet and exhaust of the turbine is increased, which
increases the amount of heat available for conversion to mechanical power. Most of the

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heat liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is carried away by the cooling
medium (water or air) used by the surface condenser

COOLING TOWERS:

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the
atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process
heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or in the case of
"Close Circuit Dry Cooling Towers" rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near
the dry-bulb air temperature. Common applications include cooling the circulating water
used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power stations and building cooling. The towers
vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up
to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over
40 metres tall and 80 metres long. Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while larger
ones are constructed on site. They are often associated with nuclear power plants in
popular culture, although cooling towers are constructed on many types of buildings.

Industrial cooling towers

Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as
machinery or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial cooling towers
is to remove the heat absorbed in the circulating cooling water systems used in power
plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, food
processing plants, semi-conductor plants, and for other industrial facilities such as in
condensers of distillation columns, for cooling liquid in crystallization, etc.[2] The
circulation rate of cooling water in a typical 700 MW coal-fired power plant with a
cooling tower amounts to about 71,600 cubic metres an hour (315,000 U.S. gallons per
minute)[3] and the circulating water requires a supply water make-up rate of perhaps 5
percent (i.e., 3,600 cubic metres an hour).

If that same plant had no cooling tower and used once-through cooling water, it would
require about 100,000 cubic metres an hour [4] and that amount of water would have to be
continuously returned to the ocean, lake or river from which it was obtained and

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continuously re-supplied to the plant. Furthermore, discharging large amounts of hot

water may raise the temperature of the receiving river or lake to an unacceptable level for
the local ecosystem. Elevated water temperatures can kill fish and other aquatic
organisms. (See thermal pollution.) A cooling tower serves to dissipate the heat into the
atmosphere instead and wind and air diffusion spreads the heat over a much larger area
than hot water can distribute heat in a body of water. Some coal-fired and nuclear power
plants located in coastal areas do make use of once-through ocean water. But even there,
the offshore discharge water outlet requires very careful design to avoid environmental
problems.

Petroleum refineries also have very large cooling tower systems. A typical large
refinery processing 40,000 metric tonnes of crude oil per day (300,000 barrels (48,000
m3) per day) circulates about 80,000 cubic metres of water per hour through its cooling
tower system.

The world's tallest cooling tower is the 200 metre tall cooling tower of Niederaussem
Power Station.

ASH HANDLING SYSTEMS:

Ash Handling Systems is the none / un combusted portion or residue, after taking
combustion of any solid fuel. Solid fuel is usually coal. And any coal contains some non
combustible portion which is called ash. Content of that coal.

There are different types of ashes.

1. Bottom ash
2. fly ash

Bottom ash is the residue which remains in the solid form at the bottom and fly ash is the
light particle which goes out along with exhaust gases, and usually they are collected in
chimneys.

Taking their so formed ash away from the Plant / Boiler is called – "ASH HANDLING
SYSTEM" This is done in either

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1. Mechanical conveying
2. Pneumatic conveying

Mechanical system requires conveyors, and Pneumatic system requires – compressed air to carry
out the ash.

1. Ash Handling Systems

Bulk Material Handling Systems
Conveyors And Material Handling Equipments
Process Equipments And Storage Equipments
Portable Handling Equipments
Rotary Equipments
2. Pneumatic Conveying Systems
Magnetic Equipments
Vibratory Equipments
Spares
Overhead Bag Handling Systems

COMBUSTION EQUIPMENTS:

Combustion control options range from electro / mechanical through to full

microprocessor control systems to match both application and customer needs.

Cochran supply an extensive range of fuel handling equipment to complement and help
ensure that the optimum performance from the combustion and control equipment is
maintained. Fuel handling equipment includes gas boosters, oil pumping and heating
stations, fuel metering and instrumentation packages are available to match individual
installation requirements.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Questions Opt1 Opt2 Opt3 Opt4 Answer

Standard frequency usually for
50 Hz 60 Hz 50 to 60 Hz 50 to 55 Hz
electric supply is 50 Hz
reserve
reserve reserve
generating capacity of
generating generating
capacity that the part of the
In power station practice "spinning capacity that is capacity that is
is available plant that reserve generating
reserve" is in operation connected to bus
for service remains under capacity that is
but not in and ready to take
but not in maintenance connected to bus and
service the load
operation ready to take the load
fibrous
portion of
low quality a fuel consisting sugarcane a kind of rice
Bagasse is
coal of wood left after straw
extracting a fuel consisting of
the juice wood
low moisture low calorific low carbon
Low grade fuels have low ash content
content value content low ash content
Which variety of coal has lowest
Steam-coal Bituminous coal Lignite Anthracite
calorific value? Bituminous coal
Non-
In a steam locomotive the engine is Single cylinder Vertical Condensing
condensing Non-condensing
The boilers using lignite as fuel do under feed traveling grate spreader all of the
not use stoker stoker stoker above under feed stoker
In a steam turbine cycle, the lowest
turbine inlet boiler condenser super heater
pressure occurs in condenser
Steam pressure in modem thermal
up to more than 100
plants of 100 MW and above 10 kg/cm2 50 kg/cm2
100kg/cm2 kg/cm2
capacity may be exacted to be more than 100 kg/cm2

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The overall efficiency of a boiler in a

thermal power plant is of the order 10% 25 to 30% 40 to 50% 70 to 80%
of 70 to 80%
Chemical composition of coal is Proximate Orast All of the
Ultimate analysis
given by analysis analysis above Ultimate analysis
Which coal will have highest ash Bituminous Grade I steam
Coking coal Lignite
content ? coal coal Lignite
Ash content of most of the Indian
1% 5% 10% 20% 20%
coals is around
mixing with
Ash content of coal can be reduced
slow burning washing pulverizing high grade
by
coal washing
A 100 MW thermal power-plant will
consume nearly how many tonnes of 50 tonnes 150 tonnes 1500 tonnes 15,000 tonnes
coal in one hour ? 50 tonnes
The steam consumption per kWh of
electricity generated in a modem 1-2 kgs 2-4 kgs 5-7 kgs 10-12 kgs
power plant is of the order of 5-7 kgs
For low head and high discharge, the
Kaplan turbine Francis turbine Peltonwhe Jonual turbine
hydraulic turbine used is Kaplan turbine
Soot is virtually nothing but ash cinder gas carbon carbon
Downstream
Power is water is Water is re
Water is stored
produced by pumped up- circulated
In pumped storage by pumping to
means of stream through Water is stored by
high pressures
pumps during off turbine pumping to high
load periods pressures

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If the air standard efficiency of. a

thermodynamic cycle is given as η=
Atkinson None of the
1 - ( k ( r-1 ) ) / ( rk-1 ) where r = Lenoir cycle Brayton cycle
cycle above
compression ratio, k = Cp/ Cv the
cycle is Lenoir cycle
A graphical representation between
Monograph Hectograph Topograph Hydrograph
discharge and time is known as Hydrograph
Cost of operation of which plant is Gas turbine Thermal power Nuclear Hydroelectric
least ? plant plant power plant plant Hydroelectric plant
In a hydro-electric plant a conduct
system for taking water from the
Dam Reservoir Penstock Surge tank
intake works to the turbine is known
as Penstock
Inward flow Inward flow Axial flow
Outward flow
A Pelton wheel is impulse reaction impulse Axial flow impulse
impulse turbine
turbine turbine turbine turbine
No load
Actual
speed when 90% greater
Running away speed of a Pelton operating
Full load speed governor than the No load speed when
wheel is speed on no
mechanism normal speed governor mechanism
load
fails fails
Velocity of jet
Actual
Ideal velocity 50% of ideal under
Spouting velocity is velocity of
of jet velocity of jet specified
jet
conditions Ideal velocity of jet
are partly
may be
impulse
are impulses are reaction impulse or
Outward radial flow turbines partly
turbines turbines reaction
reaction may be impulse or
turbines
turbines reaction turbines
Inward flow Inward flow Outward Outward flow Inward flow reaction
A Francis turbine is
reaction impulse turbine flow impulse turbine

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turbine reaction turbine

turbine
an reaction
a high head an impulse
turbine, low head axial
A Kaplan turbine is mixed flow turbine, inward
outward flow turbine low head axial flow
turbine flow type
flow type turbine
cohesion is
shear
more effective
the fluid momentum stresses are
than
particles move transfer is on generally
In turbulent flow momentum
in orderly molecular scale larger than
transfer in shear stresses are
manner only in laminar
causing shear generally larger than in
flow
stress laminar flow
Heating value of diesel oil is the 1000-1200 2000-5000 5000-9000 9500-11000
range kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg 9500-11000 kcal/kg
Weight of Weight of air
Weight of Weight of
Which of the following relation is air = 0.23 =2.33 x
oxygen = 0.32 oxygen = 0.32
correct ? weight of weight of Weight of oxygen = 0.32
weight of air weight of air
oxygen oxygen weight of air
How many kg of air are required for
the combustion of one kg of diesel 1 kg 1.3 kg 4 kg 15 kg
fuel ? 15 kg
Due to burning of 1 kg of pure
carbon with a minimum quantity of
air required, the percentage of 10% 19% 29% 39%
carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas
would be 29%
Octane Cetane
Diesel engine fuels are rated by H.U.C.R. CRF number
number number Cetane number
The formula for cetane is C16 H34 C12H32 C10 H32 C8H16 C16 H34

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Unit – III
NUCLEAR AND HYDEL POWER PLANTS
LECTURE NOTES
NUCLEAR POWER

Nuclear power is the use of sustained Nuclear fission to generate heat and do useful
work. Nuclear Electric Plants, Nuclear Ships and Submarines use controlled nuclear energy to
heat water and produce steam, while in space, nuclear energy decays naturally in a radioisotope
thermoelectric generator. Scientists are experimenting with fusion energy for future generation,
but these experiments do not currently generate useful energy.

Nuclear power provides about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's
electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear
generated electricity. Also, more than 150 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been
built.

Just as many conventional thermal power stations generate electricity by harnessing the
thermal energy released from burning fossil fuels, nuclear power plants convert the energy
released from the nucleus of an atom, typically via nuclear fission.

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NUCLEAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY

When a relatively large fissileatomic nucleus (usually uranium-235 or plutonium-239)

absorbs a neutron, a fission of the atom often results. Fission splits the atom into two or more
smaller nuclei with kinetic energy (known as fission products) and also releases gamma radiation
and free neutrons. A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and
create more fissions, which release more neutrons, and so on.

This nuclear chain reaction can be controlled by using neutron poisons and neutron
moderators to change the portion of neutrons that will go on to cause more fissions. Nuclear
reactors generally have automatic and manual systems to shut the fission reaction down if unsafe
conditions are detected.

Three nuclear powered ships, (top to bottom) nuclear cruisers USS Bainbridge and USS
Long Beach with USS Enterprise the first nuclear powered aircraft carrier in 1964. Crew
members are spelling out Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2 on the flight deck.

There are many different reactor designs, utilizing different fuels and coolants and
incorporating different control schemes. Some of these designs have been engineered to meet a
specific need. Reactors for nuclear submarines and large naval ships, for example, commonly use
highly enriched uranium as a fuel. This fuel choice increases the reactor's power density and
extends the usable life of the nuclear fuel load, but is more expensive and a greater risk to
nuclear proliferation than some of the other nuclear fuels.

A number of new designs for nuclear power generation, collectively known as the
Generation IV reactors, are the subject of active research and may be used for practical power
generation in the future. Many of these new designs specifically attempt to make fission reactors
cleaner, safer and/or less of a risk to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Passively safe plants
(such as the ESBWR) are available to be builtand other designs that are believed to be nearly
fool-proof are being pursued. Fusion reactors, which may be viable in the future, diminish or
eliminate many of the risks associated with nuclear fission. There are trades to be made between
safety, economic and technical properties of different reactor designs for particular applications.
Historically these decisions were often made in private by scientists, regulators and engineers,

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but this may be considered problematic, and since Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, many
involved now consider informed consent and morality should be primary considerations.

Cooling system

A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area
of the plant, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other
useful work. Typically the hot coolant will be used as a heat source for a boiler, and the
pressurized steam from that boiler will power one or more steam turbine driven electrical
generators.

Flexibility of nuclear power plants

It is often claimed that nuclear stations are inflexible in their output, implying that
other forms of energy would be required to meet peak demand. While that is true for the vast
majority of reactors, this is no longer true of at least some modern designs. Nuclear plants are
routinely used in load following mode on a large scale in France. Unit A at the German Biblis
Nuclear Power Plant is designed to in- and decrease his output 15 % per minute between 40 and
100 % of it's nominal power. Boiling water reactors normally have load-following capability,
implemented by varying the recirculation water flow.

PWR
A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of
elements such as uranium and plutonium. In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released from
continuous fission of the atoms in the fuel as heat is used to make steam. The steam is used to
drive the turbines which produce electricity (as in most fossil fuel plants).
In a PWR the primary coolant (water) ispumped under high pressure to the reactor core where it
is heated by the energygenerated by the fission of atoms. The heated water then flows to a steam
generatorwhere it transfers its thermal energy to a secondary system where steam isgenerated
and flows to turbines which, in turn, spins an electric generator. In a PWR, there are two
separatecoolant loops (primary and secondary), which are both filled
withdemineralized/deionized water.

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NUCLEAR FISSION:

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction

in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei), often producing
free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays). The two nuclei produced are most
often of comparable size, typically with a mass ratio around 3:2 for common fissile
isotopes.[1][2] Most fissions are binary fissions, but occasionally (2 to 4 times per 1000
events), three positively-charged fragments are produced in a ternary fission. The smallest
of these ranges in size from a proton to an argon nucleus.

Fission is usually an energetic nuclear reaction induced by a neutron,

although it is occasionally seen as a form of spontaneous radioactive decay, especially in
very high-mass-number isotopes. The unpredictable composition of the products (which
vary in a broad probabilistic and somewhat chaotic manner) distinguishes fission from
purely quantum-tunnelling processes such as proton emission, alpha decay and cluster
decay, which give the same products every time.

Fission of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which can release large

amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments
(heating the bulk material where fission takes place). In order for fission to produce
energy, the total binding energy of the resulting elements must be less than that of the
starting element. Fission is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments
are not the same element as the original atom.

NUCLEAR FUSION:

In nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry and astrophysicsnuclear fusion is the

process by which two or more atomic nuclei join together, or "fuse", to form a single
heavier nucleus. This is usually accompanied by the release or absorption of large
quantities of energy. Large-scale thermonuclear fusion processes, involving many nuclei
fusing at once, must occur in matter at very high densities and temperatures.

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The fusion of two nuclei with lower masses than iron (which, along with nickel,
has the largest binding energy per nucleon) generally releases energy while the fusion of
nuclei heavier than iron absorbs energy. The opposite is true for the reverse process,
nuclear fission.

In the simplest case of hydrogen fusion, two protons must be brought close
enough for the weak nuclear force to convert either of the identical protons into a neutron,
thus forming the hydrogen isotopedeuterium. In more complex cases of heavy ion fusion
involving two or more nucleons, the reaction mechanism is different, but the same result
occurs— smaller nuclei are combined into larger nuclei.

Nuclear fusion occurs naturally in all active stars. Synthetic fusion as a result of
human actions has also been achieved, although this has not yet been completely
controlled as a source of nuclear power (see: fusion power). In the laboratory, successful
nuclear physics experiments have been carried out that involve the fusion of many
different varieties of nuclei, but the energy output has been negligible in these studies. In
fact, the amount of energy put into the process has always exceeded the energy output.

Uncontrolled nuclear fusion has been carried out many times in nuclear weapons
testing, which results in a deliberate explosion. These explosions have always used the
heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (H-2) and tritium (H-3), and never the much more
common isotope of hydrogen (H-1), sometimes called "protium".

Building upon the nuclear transmutation experiments by Ernest Rutherford, carried

out several years earlier, the fusion of the light nuclei (hydrogen isotopes) was first
accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932. Then, the steps of the main cycle of nuclear
fusion in stars were first worked out by Hans Bethe throughout the remainder of that
decade.

Research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940s as part of the
Manhattan Project, but this was not accomplished until 1951 (see the Greenhouse Item
nuclear test), and nuclear fusion on a large scale in an explosion was first carried out on
November 1, 1952, in the Ivy Mikehydrogen bomb test. Research into developing

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controlled thermonuclear fusion for civil purposes also began in the 1950s, and it continues
to this day.

WASTE DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES IN NUCLEAR POWER

PLANT:
Types of radioactive waste

Although not significantly radioactive, uranium mill tailings are waste. They are
byproduct material from the rough processing of uranium-bearing ore. They are
sometimes wastes, from the section of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act that defines them.
Uranium mill tailings typically also contain chemically hazardous heavy metals such as
lead and arsenic. Vast mounds of uranium mill tailings are left at many old mining sites,
especially in Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah.

Low level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industry, as well as the nuclear
fuel cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters, etc., which contain small
amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity. Commonly, LLW is designated as such as a
precautionary measure if it originated from any region of an 'Active Area', which
frequently includes offices with only a remote possibility of being contaminated with
radioactive materials. Such LLW typically exhibits no higher radioactivity than one would
expect from the same material disposed of in a non-active area, such as a normal office
block. Some high activity LLW requires shielding during handling and transport but most
LLW is suitable for shallow land burial. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or
incinerated before disposal. Low level waste is divided into four classes, class A, B, C and
GTCC, which means "Greater Than Class C".

Intermediate level waste (ILW) contains higher amounts of radioactivity and in some
cases requires shielding. ILW includes resins, chemical sludge and metal reactor fuel
cladding, as well as contaminated materials from reactor decommissioning. It may be
solidified in concrete or bitumen for disposal. As a general rule, short-lived waste (mainly
non-fuel materials from reactors) is buried in shallow repositories, while long-lived waste

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(from fuel and fuel-reprocessing) is deposited in deep underground facilities. U.S.

regulations do not define this category of waste; the term is used in Europe and elsewhere.

Spent Fuel Flasks are transported by railway in the United Kingdom. Each flask is constructed of
14 in (360 mm) thick solid steel and weighs in excess of 50 tons

High level waste (HLW) is produced by nuclear reactors. It contains fission products and
transuranic elements generated in the reactor core. It is highly radioactive and often
thermally hot. HLW accounts for over 95% of the total radioactivity produced in the
process of nuclear electricity generation. The amount of HLW worldwide is currently
increasing by about 12,000 metric tons every year, which is the equivalent to about 100
double-decker buses or a two-story structure with a footprint the size of a basketball court.
A 1000-MWe nuclear power plant produces about 27 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel
(unreprocessed) every year.

Transuranic waste (TRUW)as defined by U.S. regulations is, without regard to form or
origin, waste that is contaminated with alpha-emitting transuranic radionuclides with half-
lives greater than 20 years, and concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g (3.7 MBq/kg),
excluding High Level Waste. Elements that have an atomic number greater than uranium
are called transuranic ("beyond uranium"). Because of their long half-lives, TRUW is
disposed more cautiously than either low level or intermediate level waste. In the US it
arises mainly from weapons production, and consists of clothing, tools, rags, residues,
debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements (mainly
plutonium).

The Government is using latest technology for disposing the nuclear waste generated
during operation of nuclear power plants. The details are as follows:

(i) The low and intermediate level radioactive waste generated during operation and
maintenance of nuclear power plants is segregated, its volume reduced using various
technologies and solidified. This solid/solidified waste is packaged in suitable containers to
facilitate handling, transport and disposal.

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(ii) Disposal of low and intermediate level waste is carried out in specially constructed
structures such as stone lined trenches, reinforced concrete trenches and tile holes. These
disposal structures are located both above and underground in access-controlled areas. Disposal
system is designed based on multi barrier principle for ensuring effective containment of the
radioactivity. The areas where the disposal structures are located are kept under constant
surveillance with the help of bore-wells laid out in a planned manner. The underground soil and
water samples from these bore wells are routinely monitored to confirm effective confinement
of radioactivity present in the disposed waste.

(iii) Gaseous waste is treated at the source of generation. The techniques used are
adsorption on activated charcoal and filtration by high efficiency particulate air filters. The
treated gases are then diluted with exhaust air and discharged through a tall stack with
monitoring.

(iv) Liquid waste streams are treated by various techniques, such as filtration, adsorption,
chemical treatment, thermal and solar evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis etc. The
concentrate from treatment of liquid waste are immobilized in inert materials like cement,
polymer etc.

The nuclear waste handling, treatment, storage and disposal is carried out as per the well
laid down procedures and guidelines stipulated by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
(AERB).

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Questions Opt1 Opt2 Opt3 Opt4 Answer

For the same maximum pressure and
Brayton cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle Dual cycle Brayton cycle
heat input the most efficiency cycle is
For the same temperature limits and
Carnot cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle Brayton cycle Carnot cycle
heat input, the most efficient cycle is
nuclear power steam power diesel engine hydro-power diesel engine power
An air filter is used in
plants plants power plants plants plants
Which of the following is not a part of
Cooling tower Penstock Oil pump Strainer Penstock
diesel engine power plant?
Of the total heat supplied to a diesel Heat loss in
Heat lost to Heat lost in
engine plant, which one has the highest Useful output friction radiation, Useful output
cooling water exhaust gases
proportion ? etc

overloading operating the supplying

operating engine supplying pressurized
Supercharging of a diesel engine means the engine for engine with pressurized air
at higher altitudes air during suction
peak load age during suction

Which power plant cannot have single Steam power Nuclear Hydroelectric Diesel engine Diesel engine power
units of 100 MW capacity? plant power plant power plant power plant plant
In a thermal power plant, heat from the de-super
chimney economizer condenser economizer
flue gases is recovered in heater
Which of the following is not a fire Lancashire Babcock and Babcock and Wilcox
Cochron boiler Locomotive boiler
tube boiler ? boiler Wilcox boiler boiler
pressure rises,
pressure rises, pressure remains both pressure and pressure remains
temperature
In a super-heater temperature constant and temperature constant and
remains
drops temperature rises remains constant temperature rises
constant

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fibrous portion of
a fuel fibrous portion of
a variety of sugarcane left a kind of rice
Bagasse is consisting of sugarcane left after
coal after extracting straw
wood etc extracting the juice
the juice
Which of the following is not an Feed water
Condenser Economizer Air pre-heater Condenser
accessory for a boiler ? pump
pressures pressures above
pressures below pressures above and
fluctuating above and below
A compound pressure gauge indicates atmospheric below atmospheric
pressures atmospheric atmospheric
pressure pressure
pressure pressure
For the same cylinder size and rpm
Super-charged
which engine will produce more power Gas engine Petrol engine Diesel engine Super-charged engine
engine
?

The internal combustion engines never Dual combustion

Diesel cycle Rankine cycle Otto cycle Rankine cycle
work on cycle

two adiabatic
two isothermal two constant
and two two isothermal two adiabatic and two
and two volume and two
A Joule cycle consists of constant and two constant constant pressure
adiabatic constant pressure
pressure volume processes processes
proces processes
processes
In ideal diesel cycle the working mixture of air and any combustible
air diesel air
substance is diesel gas
constant volume adiabatic
constant volume
engine is processes are processes are
The efficiency of an otto cycle will engine is run processes are replaced
operated at replaced by replaced by
approach that of Carnot cycle when at high load by isothermal
high rpm isothermal isothermal
processes
processes processes
Which power plant normally operates Diesel engine Petrol engine Steam turbine Hydro-electric
Steam turbine plant
at high speeds? plant plant plant power plant

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Which instrument can be used to

measure the flow of a liquid through a Pitot tube Venturimeter Pressure gauge Orifice Venturimeter
pipe
energy, pressure
energy of pressure of energy and
A pitot tube is used to measure and discharge of pressure of liquid
liquid liquid pressure of liquid
liquid
velocity of viscosity of discharge of
A rotameter is used to measure density of fluids discharge of fluids
fluids fluids fluids
Vacuum can be measured by venturimeter pitot tube U tube manometer rotameter U tube manometer

uses a fluid at uses fluid in uses two different uses two different
uses same fluid
A binary vapor cycle two pressures liquid and vapors as working vapors as working
twice
in the cycle vapor form fluid fluid

In a steam power plant water is used

boiler economizer condenser super-heaters condenser
for cooling purposes in
dry and
super-heated dry and saturated
wet steam at saturated wet steam at 10
Which steam will have least enthalpy steam at 10 steam at 100 kg/s
10 kg/cm2 steam at 10 kg/cm2
kg/cm2 cm2
kg/s cm2
In which part of the steam power plant
the pressure of steam is less than the Condenser Boiler Turbine Super beater Condenser
atmospheric pressure ?
In a thermal power plant a cooling steam from steam from water from water from
water from condenser
tower cools boiler turbine economizer condenser

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Unit – IV
DIESEL AND GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
LECTURE NOTES
GAS TURBINES POWER PLANT:
Gas turbines operate on an open cycle, as shown in Fig. Fresh air at ambient
conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature and pressure are raised.
The high pressure air enters into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned at
constant pressure.
The high temperature gases then enter the turbine, and expand to the atmospheric
pressure.
The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are not recirculated, causing the cycle to be
classified as an open cycle. The open gas-turbine cycle described above can be modeled as a closed
cycle, as shown in Fig., by utilizing the air-standard assumptions. Here the compression and
expansion processes remain the same, but the combustion process is replaced by a constant-pressure
heat-addition process from an external source, and the exhaust process is replaced by a constant
pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air. The ideal cycle that the working fluid undergoes in
this closed loop is the Brayton cycle, which is made up of four internally reversible processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

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OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE

CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE

LAYOUT OF HYDEL POWER PLANT:

Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into
electrical energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available. The
layout covered in this article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts
of hydroelectricplant.The different parts of a hydroelectric power plant are
(1)Dam:
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.The reservoir
stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The
dams collect water during the rainy season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through
the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The
dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on
it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The
height of water in the dam is called head race.
(2)Spillway

A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams.
It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping
of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type
or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a

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particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.

(3) Penstock and Tunnel

Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power
station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems.Water under high
pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used
when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.
(4) Surge Tank
Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the purpose of
reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The sudden surges of
water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the water requirements increase, it
supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and pressure inside the penstock.
(5) Power Station
Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the power
station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This
rotational torque is transfered to the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is
released through the tail race. The difference between head race and tail race is called gross head
and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to the turbine for generation
of electricity.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF DIESEL POWER PLANT

The major components of the plant are:

a) Engine
Engine is the heart of a diesel power plant. Engine is directly connected through a gearbox to the
generator. Generally two-stroke engines are used for power generation. Now a days, advanced
super & turbo charged high speed engines are available for power production.
b) Air supply system

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Air inlet is arranged outside the engine room. Air from the atmosphere is filtered by air filter and
conveyed to the inlet manifold of engine. In large plants supercharger/turbocharger is used for
increasing the pressure of input air which increases the power output.

c) Exhaust System
This includes the silencers and connecting ducts. The heat content of the exhaust gas is utilized
in a turbine in a turbocharger to compress the air input to the engine.
d) Fuel System
Fuel is stored in a tank from where it flows to the fuel pump through a filter. Fuel is injected to
the engine as per the load requirement.

e) Cooling system
This system includes water circulating pumps, cooling towers, water filter etc. Cooling water is
circulated through the engine block to keep the temperature of the engine in the safe range.
f) Lubricating system
Lubrication system includes the air pumps, oil tanks, filters, coolers and pipe lines. Lubricant is
given to reduce friction of moving parts and reduce the wear and tear of the engine parts.
g) Starting System
There are three commonly used starting systems, they are;
1) A petrol driven auxiliary engine,
2) Use of electric motors,
3)Use of compressed air from an air compressor at a pressure of 20 Kg/cm
h) Governing system
The function of a governing system is to maintain the speed of the engine constant irrespective of
load on the plant. This is done by varying fuel supply to the engine according to load.
ADVANTAGES:
1. More efficient than thermal plant
2. Design, Layout etc are simple and cheap
3. Part load efficiency is very high
4. It can be started quickly
5. Simple & easy maintenance

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6. No problem with fuel & dust handling

7. It can be located in the heart of town
8. Less cooling water required.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. There is a limitation for size of a diesel engine
2. Life of plant is comparatively less
3. Noise pollution is very high
4. Repair cost is very high
5. High lubrication cost

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Questions Opt1 Opt2 Opt3 Opt4 Answer

Suspended solids can be removed from
settling coagulation filtration any of the above any of the above
water by
Dissolved solids in water can be
distillation demineralization softening any of the above any of the above
removed/reduced by
Small domestic electric power generators
10 kVA 5 kVA 1 kVA 100 VA 1 kVA
are usually of capacity around
Producer gas is a by product from fertilizer plants steel plants paper plants sugar mills steel plants

evolves
significant produces light
is corrosive amounts of fractions which
Sour crude all of the above all of the above
when heated hydrogen require
sulphide on sweetening
distillation

Chimney : Coal: Steam Gas turbine: Reactor: Reactor: Nuclear

Dam: Hydro plant::
Gases plant Steam turbine Nuclear plant plant

high speed high pressure low head high head

Bulb turbines are low head turbines
turbines turbines turbines turbines

Inward flow Inward flow Outward flow Outward flow Inward flow reaction
A frauds turbine is
reaction turbine impulse turbine reaction turbine impulse turbine turbine

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Initial cost is Initial cost as Initial cost is Initial cost as

Initial cost is high
high and well as low and well as
In hydro power plants and operating cost is
operating cost is operating costs operating cost operating cost is
low
low are high is high low

In which of the following power plant the Solar power Tidal power Geothermal
Wind energy Wind energy
availability of power is least reliable ? plant plant power plant

a renewable alternative inexhaustible

Geothermal energy is any of the above any of the above
energy resource energy source energy source

availability in
The disadvantage of renewable sources lack of
low energy intermittency all of the above all of the above
of energy is decidability
densities
In the Geysers steam is continuously
vented through fissures in the ground. vent holes pot holes fumaroles sun spots fumaroles
These vents are called
Geologists believe that below the earth's
crust, the molten mass exists in the form magma vent hot cell liquation magma
of
hot water or
In hydrothermal source of geothermal hot gases are molten lava is none of the hot water or steam is
steam is
energy available available above available
available

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only part of the

available head water is
it is possible it is possible to
is converted admitted over it is possible that the
In axial flow turbines that the wheel regulate the
into velocity part of the wheel may run full
may run full flow
before the water circumference
enters the wheel

In hydrothermal systems when steam,

water and dissolved solids are available centrifugal none of the
filters strainers centrifugal separators
as source of energy, the entrained solids separators above
are removed by
Presence of sand in geopressurized water water
erosion heat exchange all of the above erosion
is likely to cause problems of circulation
Presence of non-condensable gases in corrosion of
pollution flow problems all of the above all of the above
geopressurized water causes parts
When geothermal energy is available in
flashed-steam binary-cycle total flow
the form of saline water, power is any of the above any of the above
system system system
developed using
large
Petrothermal systems are composed of no underground no underground
underground petrochemicals dense gases
hot dry rock with water water
water
In petrothermal systems of geothermal
energy there is hot dry rock but no circulating creating water none of the
pumping water pumping water
underground water. In such systems compressed air wells above
energy is obtained by
Reflecting mirrors used for exploiting
diffusers ponds heliostats mantle heliostats
solar energy are called
Which of the following area is preferred high rainfall
mountain tops hot arid zones coastal areas hot arid zones
for solar thermal electric plants ? zones
In solar thermal conversion systems the
water-steam liquid metals molten salts any of the above any of the above
solar heat is transferred to

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Photovoltaic solar energy conversion none of the

fuel cell solar cell solar pond solar cell
system makes use of above
Solar cells are made of silicon germanium silver aluminium silicon
The voltage of a single solar cell is 0.5 V 1V 1.1 V 5W 0.5 V
The output of a solar cell is of the order
0.1 W 0.5 W 1W 5W 1W
of

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Unit – V
OTHER POWER PLANTS AND ECONOMICS OF
POWER PLANTS
LECTURE NOTES

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC )uses the difference between cooler
deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful
work, usually in the form of electricity.

A heat engine gives greater efficiency and power when run with a large
temperature difference. In the oceans the temperature difference between surface and
deep water is greatest in the tropics, although still a modest 20oC to 25oC. It is therefore
in the tropics that OTEC offers the greatest possibilities. OTEC has the potential to offer
global amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than other ocean energy options
such as wave power. OTEC plants can operate continuously providing a base load supply
for an electrical power generation system.

The main technical challenge of OTEC is to generate significant amounts of

power efficiently from small temperature differences. It is still considered an emerging
technology. Early OTEC systems were of 1 to 3% thermal efficiency, well below the
theoretical maximum for this temperature difference of between 6 and 7%.[2] Current
designs are expected to be closer to the maximum. The first operational system was built
in Cuba in 1930 and generated 22 kW. Modern designs allow performance approaching
the theoretical maximum Carnot efficiency and the largest built in 1999 by the USA
generated 250 kW .

The most commonly used heat cycle for OTEC is the Rankine cycle using a low-
pressure turbine. Systems may be either closed-cycle or open-cycle. Closed-cycle engines

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use working fluids that are typically thought of as refrigerants such as ammonia or R-
134a. Open-cycle engines use vapour from the seawater itself as the working fluid.

OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-product . This can be used
for air conditioning and refrigeration and the fertile deep ocean water can feed biological
technologies. Another by-product is fresh water distilled from the sea.

CYCLE TYPES

Cold seawater is an integral part of each of the three types of OTEC systems:
closed-cycle, open-cycle, and hybrid. To operate, the cold seawater must be brought to
the surface. The primary approaches are active pumping and desalination. Desalinating
seawater near the sea floor lowers its density, which causes it to rise to the surface.

The alternative to costly pipes to bring condensing cold water to the surface is to
pump vaporized low boiling point fluid into the depths to be condensed, thus reducing
pumping volumes and reducing technical and environmental problems and lowering
costs.

CLOSED CYCLE:

Diagram of a closed cycle OTEC plant

Closed-cycle systems use fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, to
power a turbine to generate electricity. Warm surface seawater is pumped through a heat
exchanger to vaporize the fluid. The expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Cold

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water, pumped through a second heat exchanger, condenses the vapor into a liquid, which
is then recycled through the system.

In 1979, the Natural Energy Laboratory and several private-sector partners

developed the "mini OTEC" experiment, which achieved the first successful at-sea
production of net electrical power from closed-cycle OTEC.[12] The mini OTEC vessel
was moored 1.5 miles (2 km) off the Hawaiian coast and produced enough net electricity
to illuminate the ship's light bulbs and run its computers and television.

OPEN CYCLE:

Diagram of an open cycle OTEC plant

Open-cycle OTEC uses warm surface water directly to make electricity. Placing
warm seawater in a low-pressure container causes it to boil. The expanding steam drives
a low-pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its
salt and other contaminants in the low-pressure container, is pure fresh water. It is
condensed into a liquid by exposure to cold temperatures from deep-ocean water. This
method produces desalinized fresh water, suitable for drinking water or irrigation.

PUMPED STORAGE:

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Pumped-storage hydroelectricity is a type of hydroelectricpower generation used by

some power plants for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of water,
pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost off-peak electric
power is used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored
water is released through turbines. Although the losses of the pumping process makes the
plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more
electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest. Pumped
storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage now available.

GREEN ENERGY AND VARIOUS GREEN ENERGY SOURCES

FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are
naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and
geothermal heat.

Types of green energy

Research into renewable, non-polluting energy sources is advancing at such a fast

pace, it's hard to keep track of the many types of green energy that are now in
development. Here are 6 of the most common types of green energy:

Solar Power - The most prevalent type of renewable energy, solar power is
typically produced using photovoltaic cells, which capture sunlight and turn it into
electricity. Solar energy is also used to heat buildings and water, provide natural lighting
and cook food. Solar technologies have become inexpensive enough to power everything
from small hand-held gadgets to entire neighborhoods.

Wind Power - Air flow on the earth's surface can be used to push turbines, with
stronger winds producing more energy. High-altitude sites and areas just offshore tend to
provide the best conditions for capturing the strongest winds. According to a 2009 study,

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a network of land-based, 2.5-megawatt wind turbines in rural areas operating at just 20%
of their rated capacity could supply 40 times the current worldwide consumption of
energy.

Hydropower - Also called hydroelectric power, hydropower is generated by the

Earth's water cycle, including evaporation, rainfall, tides and the force of water running
through a dam. Hydropower depends on high precipitation levels to produce significant
amounts of energy.

Geothermal Energy - Just under the earth's crust are massive amounts of thermal
energy, which originates from both the original formation of the planet and the
radioactive decay of minerals. Geothermal energy in the form of hot springs has been
used by humans for millennia for bathing, and now it's being used to generate electricity.
In North America alone, there's enough energy stored underground to produce 10 times
as much electricity as coal currently does.

Biomass - Recently-living natural materials like wood waste, sawdust and

combustible agricultural wastes can be converted into energy with far fewer greenhouse
gas emissions than petroleum-based fuel sources. That's because these materials, known
as biomass, contain stored energy from the sun.

Biofuels - Rather than burning biomass to produce energy, sometimes these

renewable organic materials are transformed into fuel. Notable examples include ethanol
and biodiesel. Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's fuels for road transport in 2010, and
have the potential to meet more than 25% of world demand for transportation fuels by
2050.

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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POWER GENERATION:

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SOLAR POWER PLANT

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Questions Opt1 Opt2 Opt3 Opt4 Answer

Baryon is one of the class of
heavy elementary particles that hyperons neutrons protons all of the above all of the above
includes
Isotopes of uranium U235 U234 U238 all of the above all of the above

Beaufort scale is used to beta and gamma

with speed isolation depth of sea with speed
measure radiations

Beaufort scale is graded from 0

10 12 22 100 12
to
API gravity is expressed in dimensionless
gm/cc degrees none of the above degrees
terms of numbers
high moisture low moisture low mineral
Argillaceous rocks have high clay content high clay content
content content content
ASTM coal classification is
proximate analysis ultimate analysis orsat analysis none of the above proximate analysis
based on
One barrel is nearly 0.96 cubic meter 0.44 cubic meter 0.16 cubic meter 0.013 cubic meter 0.16 cubic meter

paints and
production of carbon purification of
Activated carbon is used for absorption, of gases varnishes as
steels water
coloring agent
absorption, of gases
Solid or liquid panicles of
microscopic size which are
aerosol hyperon geognosy eluvium
suspended in air or another gas
form what is known as aerosol
air conditioned solar energy air conditioned
Air curtains find applications in green houses nuclear power pants
spaces systems spaces
The percentage of carbon in more than 90% around 75% between 50% and below 50% more than 90%

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anthracites is generally 70%

Fluidized bed combustion helps
boiler size pollution both (A) and (B) All the above
to reduce both (A) and (B)
In a boiler, the carry over of
slugs of water into the piping beating foaming seal ping pitting
due to dirty water is termed as foaming

re circulated after
In geothermal power plants discharged back to evaporated in
cooling in cooling discharged into sea
waste water is earth ponds discharged back to
towers
earth
Grade of the coal is the same as ultimate analysis proximate analysis orsat analysis rank rank
API gravity of water is taken as zero 1 10 100 10
Liquids lighter than water (such
as petroleum oils) have APT less than 1.0 greater than 1.0 greater than 10 around 100
gravities numerically greater than 10
All of the following arc hard
Anthracite Lignite Bituminous Semi bituminous Lignite
coals except
All of the following are heavy
Mercury Sodium Chromium Cadmium Sodium
metals except
Which of the following is heavy
Gasoline Kerosene oil Diesel oil Bunker oil Bunker oil
oil ?
Deuterium oxide is used in
fuel moderator shield regulator moderator
nuclear reactors as

solar energy is neutron energy is geothermal energy is wind energy is solar energy is
Heliochemical process is the
utilized through converted into converted Into converted into utilized through
process by which
photosynthesis thermal energy electrical energy electrical energy photosynthesis

Fixed carbon in case of

70% 50% 35% 15% 70%
bituminous coals is less than

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Humacite is the name radioactive

lignites bitumens refrigerants bitumens
associated with minerals
In case of humic coals,
hydrogen percentage varies 4 to 6 percent 10 to 15 percent 16 to 20 percent 20 to 30 percent 4 to 6 percent
from

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