Unit-1
Unit-1
Unit-1
1.0 Bt~'f
1.1 SI«'1lq11
1.2 ~ ~ ~ 'lW'IT13TICOT~ ~
1. 2.1 ~ 'I1TlSIT
1.2.2 ~ 'I1TlSIT
1.3 ~~~fufq
1.3.1 ~, quf ~ fffiq
1.3.2 ~~~~
1.4 ~~~fufq~m~~q1PI~-q~
1.5 ~ ~ ~ -q CfUf1lCf fl~l'1dlQ ~ ~
1.6 ~ COTl3'cilI{OPld ~
1.7 ~ cfi l3'cilI{Ollld ~ 'fT"¥.t fl~«IIQ
1.8 ~ ctt 'mg' ~ '~' ffl ~ fc!~~
1.9 ~tnfH
1.10 mU~T
1.11 ~ ~~ cfi \rtR
~~cfi~cfi~\3lN :
• ~~~'lW'ITCOT~~~mi
• ~~~mfl~l'1id(~qof~I<:'1lcoT~~i
• ~~l3TIcfi~WTRm~~~mi
• ~ ~~ ctt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ qrol COT~ -q RilQjd{OI coB -q \3lR
~ WWITI3TI coT wrw mi ~
• ~~~~~cttWTRm\3lr:~~ml
1.1 !HflleFt!
\3lN w.ffi ~ fch ~~T ~ 'lW'IT13TIctt qof%:rll -q corqft ~ %' I~ 'fT ~ -q:
~ CliB cfi fW:r ~ Clof~I<:'1I13TI trfum \3lTCf~<lq)
COTg<:'111<;~Cf) mm %' I~ ~ -q
JiT11CflT~ ~ ~ Clof~I<:'1I13TI
ctt \i11'1Cf)I~~ ~ \RCOT g<:'11i1:~Cf)trfum ~ \ill'l:flITI
~ er; ~ ~ <fur mm ~ COT qm;r ~ ~ ~ ~ CfiBT \3lr: ~ ~ Ch'T
~ ~ 'lW'IT-q ~ iRfT %' I~ ~ CfiTm' cfi fW:r ~ 'lW'IT13TIctt qOfli 1<:'1
1 COT mr
~ ~ \3lTCf~~ %' I ~ -q: 'f.Itr 'lW'IT Ch'T~RR1C1lilCf) ~13TI, '1{pilRilCf)"1'11=IT ~ coT
~ 'lW'IT -q: RlQ4'di'{e1 CfiBT mm %' I~ cnr<f cfi ~ 1fT Gf:Il 'lW'IT13TICh'Tqof~I<:'1I, ~
~ COT~~ ~ \3lTCf~<lq)m \1fKiT %' I ~ ~ et ~ -q: ~
qli2.<O!A5~ ~ CflT
fc!~~~%'1
5
1.2.1 ~~
.
~ 'I1Tm ~ (cqm; + ~) 'llTm\3IT cfi ~ ~ ~ ~m9T ~ ~ ~ I~
'llTm ~ ~ tit Ire ~ \3Wf 'I1Tm ~ vft9r \iIT ~~, ~ ~ cfi ~ ~
~ ~~ ~ m 1~ ~ ~ TST \3qJlIRl~l ~ 'I1Tm l:fRT \ifR1T ~ I ~ ~
~ ~~cfi ~~cfi~Wfftil~~ I
6
qjf ~~T ~ ~ ~ ~ -q:~ m, cnff ~T ~ ~ 'q'fl:IT0IT-q: m~
~~~-q:~ml
~'q'fl:IT~~~cficfR~~coTmMI~~~cficfR~
~ ~ ~ cfi cfR coT1fUT ~ et\" -mrr eft TJt I~ ~ coT l=IR ~ "Cf{950 ~ 1350 t.
Wfi ~ fiti1: 1350 ~ 1800 t Wfi ~"l'fm % 113r1I(iq'j" 00 cfi ~ 1ql~1'1 ~ ~ ~
'\WIT ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ i3fR 'lffiCf -q:tt~, it fcr~c:r -q:~ I3q~~ ~ ~ .
coT~ f1t;rrI ~ ffi"m cfR -q:'q'fl:ITcfi *'CI1I,IiCh ~ coT~-~, uWr ~ coT
!>IllilfiJlCh~ c:qCl~d m"Cf{ fcr~ \i1T{ ~"l'fm I ~ tt, ~ 'q'fl:ITcoT 1i1'1ct1<tld m cfi
~ ~ Fm 'Rr I ~ furr -q: t~~ fClEll("flll< (1820-1891) qjf ~ 00qft % I ~
~lIt5Iljs:j)Rd ~ ~-~ f.n:rtIT ~ ~ ~ ~ coT c:qCl~d M I ~: ~ cfi
~ ~ ~ qjf (icf~<tld l{Rq) ~ ftm m ffqjf I~ ~ ~ ~ -q:w;ft ~ fct ~
ill~~et\" cffi;ft ~ cfi ~ (phonetic) M % 1~ ~ -q:~ ~ cfi ~
~ "WJf coW st men -q:~ m \ifTffi % I ~-~ ~ ~ qRClRfd \ilR tf9dT % fct ~
~ ~ <IT'1«"1Rllld ~ cfi zm (iIi$l111 tf9dT %I
~et\"(iIR>~&l~~~~I<tlRlClI(i,~,~~,~~~,
t~qW; fClElI("fIlI<,iiFcM=cj~,<c{j'"?\11~, ~~, ~~, ~~~, l1m~, 11lfUrq:j
~,~~,wm~,~f?Br,wom~,~~~~~
~ coT~ M % 11i(\~'i\0f ~ ~ fct ~ ~ 1Cl\i1lll<OIqjf ~ *mrr-q:
ir.T cfi CfiRUT~ cfi ~ -q:~ mTffi ~ ~ ~ m % I 1Cl\i1lll<OI~ ~ ~
~ am;rt (i1R>~Ch ~ i3fR furr0IT coT~ ~ ~ ~ m~ mm0IT 411
~ fc8rr % I ~ ~ 'q'fl:IT~ ~ 411~ qjf ijjfCl~<O~lI <irrGR m % I
1.2.2 ~ 'qTqJ
~ 'q'fl:ITqjf ~ ~~T ~ 11RT \ifffiT % I 'E'§tT ~~ cfi 0ITtf-'lffi ~ qjf 1)I'qJCf~ ~
7
m w m ffi ~~T COT~ ~ ~~T if ~ w m I ~ ~-~ ~1('1IRG41'(<rr-ft~
wft) ~!1T COT~1(1iill(11W ,3fR ~ ~
('1q) c6t ~ w fffisft 1lW I ~ 'qffif ~ ~
rt~iT('1q) ,3fR ~ ~ if ~ ~ g\3IT,3fR ~ ~ ~ W1'I\ifif 'Ifi ~ tto m ~ I
ftcfrCfiT~~~~-3ITif~~~~il'WN~~~~
crrt COTi I 'qffif ~ ~ ~ if ~ \iA(IT &TU wmt ,3fR ~ \ifR c:mft ~ ~ ~
CN<UT~ 'l1mf ctT ~ ~ crm ~ CfiT~ ~ >rrt<1 m~ i I~ czrrqco m
,3fR\3RT~~-3IT~~~~ctT~~~~~c6t~cf;~
~ 1TitfT~ ~ c.;:rrqco 1Rffi ~ ~ ~ 'qffif ftcfr ~ '(i"qT ctT ~ ctT ~ I ~
~ GfTG: ~ ~ ctT mu 343 if ftcfr coTWr ctT ~ ~ fctm 'lm i I ~ ~
~mT~ ~ ~ coT'Ifi ~ ~ "{Ciq"if ~ ~ 'lm i ill 'Ifi 'qffif mcnT< ctT ~-
;ftft1 ~ ~ >f~mR if ftcfr CfiT1Jll'Tlft 1;(~ fctm ~ w i I ~ mm
ctT ~ ctT ~ ~
fro COT~ fcT~qctT ~ BR ~-3IT if ~ ~ i I ~"{l1S?; Wr c6t ~ ~-3IT if
m
ftcfT coT 'Ifi ~ ~ CfiTwwr w ~ I 'qffif ctT f11111~Ch~ ~ ~ ~ "{Ciq"if fro
~ ~~fT fcr~qfclElI(141if ~ ~ WT i I ftcfT ~ ~ ctT ~ ~ ~ ~ if
fclCh~d mWT i I ~ ~i3IT ~ ~ ~ ql<~f{Ch ~ ~ ~ TfTUll1 ~"{Ciq"if ftcfT
ctT I3q41fTldl ~ ~ WT i I ~ ~ ~ 'Ifi ~-fro ~ ctT ,3fR ftcfr-~ ~ ctT
1lPT ~ WT i I ftcfr ~ if ~ m~ ~ ~w ~ I ftcfr m
\iA(IT if 'Ifi ~ ~
ctT ~ ~ m
WT i I cfRT ~'* ~ ql<~f{Ch ~-'SIGR' if ~ ~ ~ ~ mm
I
8
fmq ~ ~;wrtT ~ im ~ ~ fmq ~ 8'* I~ Wfll1T 1fcl?~ crsf cfi ~.q
~ wr.q cot ~ ~ I ~' icfiur ~ ctt ~'* CliT rlfR .q &Cfl{ lfi ~
~ fcm "l"fQ" ~ I
-------------------------------------------
1.3 ~ Clofl1l(f1l ~ fuN
1.3.1 tqf.{, quf ~ fuN
~ fcl1 \3lN q 1i2.11A)ti1 ctt ~ 'ff&:rr-6 'Cjof%:rll' .q qg; ~ ~, M 'qTl:ITCliT~ ~
~ ~ ~ mm %" I 'qTl:ITctt Cjofti1i!11~ ~ CliT ~ "Cfl«ft %" I 'qTl:ITctt
~~~c:rm cto ~ J~IRd ~~ ~cfilfTUfl1~ mmt I
t.:qf.f CliT ~ wr quf \3f~ fmq m Cfl(;i!1ldl t I quf CliT \3fW lfi ~ \iffiIT t I M 'qTl:IT
ctt ~ CliT ~ wr .q ~ ~ qffi fmq Nf.J CliT ~ ~ CjofJi1(T1ICfl(;(T1IdIt I ffcft
Rim ~ ~ fmq Nf.J .q ffi@T \rffift %" \ffi ~Cj11 J 1t1~ ~ I
9
rfi ~ # mm ~ ~--
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s, sr, 1Jf, ';f ~ 11 cztvR~ I
(w)~
~~~~~\WmUT~~1AcIT6~Cfitt~tmftim~~mm~1
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• ''q"' rfi ~ ~~ me ~ e;qr cn1 ~ -{rco ~ ~ i3fR m ~ ~ ~I
• '"fT' rfi \WmUT# ~ $I ;ftqj Cffif rfi fcrtrfur W5{ ~ ~ $I ~ qmft ~ ~ ~
~ ~ PtCfl{itd~~ I
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q; '{9 11" tf S
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c- o s ~ or
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m1:R '\31T' ctT 11r3IT (T) cfi ~ ~ q)T m fctm \iffifT (JIT, 'f) ~ - Hospital
~ --
e;IRxlc<'i lW, \i) \3fR g;-~, 1:fimfT \3fR ~ ~ ft<ft if.:mt ~ ~ I 'w' ctT \i'flTQ '(Sf' q)T
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~ m ffi ft ~ m ~ @ cm cID
<: 'U ft fT (i ~ t '1: fr fI
~'&1~i1- ~ CIuf
<fi + ~ = <fi~~ ~ + ~ = ~
Cfi + So = ciffi 13: + ~ = l=lf=~
<fi + \5 ~=<ro'l '1 + ~ = '1J=~
Cf + 'ff = CRI' = crcRlT ~ + c:r = ~==~
12
"l + 1T "lJ=~ ~, qui, ~, <RAT CfiT
~ + 1T = ~~
~afu~
+ <:f ~<:r = ~<:fIl1
~ + <:f = &=~ ~~
+ 1T ~'ijJ ~ + 1T 'l'I'J=~
9f + \5 ~~ ~ + Iq" ~=~
'!{ + (f = ~=~ ~ + "1 ~ =fflt;
\Sf + 1T ~ 9f + ~ ~=C$!
'!{ + \ ~=Wr
'ii: + <:f = ~=~
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88 ~ ~!(T \S~ i/cll 1:'11
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Cl:b- ~ i3lTCFf ~t i3JOlCR
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M~ ~1"1<lil~ fu"lI1~I~ ~c.. ~ ~nr
~'1 ~1"l<1'i1~ flldl1SSjl~ ~\9 mrRit ~nr
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~ 3fR ~ \{l'q'fajf ~ Cil'b- \!iTtU1"1<1C1l: i31lcI1€.Gj)~ ~~ ~ ~Ul
~ CilCil ml"1*1l: f.:I<l1~l~ ~~ f.:I;::ql1~ ~Ul
~oo ~~ T:%~T ~~o m dft
1.5 ~ ~ ~ ij ~ fl¥o(l'1dl1:fCf ~
~~~#,~cm~Clof~I{I1I,*#~%I~~~m~,~~~
~ wm tzrR if \3N~~w-;rr ~ I
Wcft if '~' ("\) ~m 'it' m cfiT ~ quf ~ \1iG"{ wmr ~ I ~ ~ if <fr.TI m ~ quf ~
~ wffiT ~ I ~--
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cfi, 't -~, ~
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~ if ~ ctT cm '~' ~ ~ ~ cM ( c, ) cfi ~ 'R CfUP:m;rr
if ~ ~ %-0fu ~
':i' cfi~~~lf<IT%-~~m~~if~%-1 ~~iffcRft
~ quf cfi ~ if '~' qj)-11RffiT ~ ~ %-I
• w~ '-3f' ffi ~ ~ ~ ffi 'tT' 0fu '~' \3lffiT %- ill '~' 0fR 'WT' ~ ~~ (
'mr' 0fR 'flcRill' Ch'T~ l3iillRd Qffi ~ I ~ ~ w;rr ~ fch ~ if '~' cnr
~ '~' tmrr %--- ~ ~ qG ~ \3lTN if NI ~ ~ ~, WIT (=wrr), ~
(=frgfij), ~ (=~) I ~ ~ '~' ffi cnr l3'*lIRd ~ 'CRSf' WIT -- ~, ~
(=~), ~ (=~), ~ (=~) ~ I
17
• ~ if '<:f' oo i3fu '\if' (is?) ~ ~ if ~ ~ ~I~ '<:f' cor ~
~ i3fu ~ ~ '\if' ~ tt ~ % I ~, Cfll4fift4 ( CflIG1fift4), t.Wf (=~) I
• ~ if 'eft';iT ~
-- ~, l:l, ~ -- cor ~ ~ '~T'tT ~ % I ~, ''tflTR:'
(=~TJ1R),'~"Tl:l' (=~), '~T~rt.R'(=~~rt.R) I ~ ~ '~' %- ~ iWR ~ c.$R
quf cor zi17T m m ~ ~ '~' tT mrr % I 13~1<(;OIll!f -- '~', 'fFru', '~'
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ if tT 13€tlIRd ~ ~ I
• iWR <:fCfiT(if ~ ('<:f' cfi ~ '"(' cor m-) m aT ttG ~ ~ ~ >3Rf if ~ q"{ ~
~ coT ~-~
'lWIT ctt ClufJOfI(TII tR ~ fcl&Rf ~ q- tf~TIfua ~
'lOl1~1f4~1 CllCl~ct
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ctt ~ ~~~ ~cffi;ft ~ cffi;ft ~ ~~~m ~~ ~
@IT ~ t I <l(; ~ 0Mffi &m m~ ctt \ilT ~ t I~ ~ cffi;ft ~
~ ~~ ~ t I ~ ~ ~ ~ cM q)f ~ ~ t ~ -3tm ffi& \Iffill t,
froT m l3iillRct mm t I
~ iW 13~1$<urT
~ lfIUP1 ~ ~ m q)f ~ ~ ~ fct ~ ~ ~~ q)f ~
~ fcRr ~ ~ \JfRf ~ I~ 'lWIT ctt CRMT ~ m crm ~ qujf ~
~ coT t1lR ~ "{@Cfi"{ ~ fcmR ~ ~ ~~~ f4Elltilll{ (1820-1891t) q-
~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-cpf coT t1lR ~ "{@Cfi"{ 1:flif
q)f ~ ~ tf~OO .qr ~ m I m &m ~ 'cM ~' ~ (1855 t) \3lT\if
coT{ %q; tfr .qr "$Tm ~
tffiTT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tI
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ctt m, ~ ~ ~ 26 -3l~
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tR~~~~ ~ ~ctt ~q)f ~ '!fi ~~~;rtf I ~coT"(TI)iT
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~:
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Cfil~~ ~ ~T--
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l{CMlftI'1 ~ M I"
fifi<rr Wf
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'~' ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ 'm' ~iRT~ ~ ~ ~I~ ~ # '~f(gllH)',
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• ~ ~ ~ BCRfGRf ~ ~if i31lfctT~ # ~ ~;rtf~1 ~if~
~, ~ ~ &iT ~ ~ \iITffi' ~ ~ ~if ~ ~ cor ~mm ~I ~ {Of
GRf ~ ~ ~ ctT CllI&i<fOICli0TR CllIc/~I~Ch ~ mt-mt tf1n'qf N ~ ~ 0TR
~T~~w:rq;r~mifmff~1 .
20
• '~M' ~crQR, ~imrCfiltctt ~~Ofm<IT~~Ofml
~CfW 'men M' ii!T~~~m ~~~CfiltlR~1
~
• qfTffi -q' fro ctt ~ tr ~ "ffiOfw.m ~ ~ I qfTffi -q' \3R ~ ~ Gf ~ ~ --
~i ~ lTl{cII~Ch (~ 0l1~<<tilCh) I ~ cl> imr,
(1) ~ -- ~ <ffi,! ~ <it (crQCRill t) I
(2) lTl(CII~Ch <IT 0l1C;<<tilCh -- ~ ~ ftlf.f m (~~ ~)I
~~~"ffiOf~m~~--
~ - ~~ ~ qjfur (=~ CRill %)
~ - ~<m:r Wr cg (=WT ~ m)
lTl<cW?lCf) - \5Tf9fR ~ ~ m (=\3lN ~ %)
qmr
qfTffi -q' fro ctt ~ tr "ffiOfCfil'"{ff ~ -- ~, ~ ~ ~ I~ Cfil'"{ff ~ ~
ctt CfWOftf mml ~ ~ ~ ~ '1WU~ ~~ ~Cfil'"{ff ilG~ ~ w.m~
-q' ~ ~ I qfTffi ~ ctt ~ -q' m Gf w.m ~ ';fTlf ~ 'll{ % I~ Oftf, m'g
~ ~ 'l1Tm ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .qr ~ \jfffif tI~ ~ lR ~ Cfil'"{ff-1)cIT cfiT
~, ~~, i3lmR, ~, WIff, ~-~, ~-~ ~ ';fTlf ~ 'lr<:fT ~ I
~ %, ~ ';fTlf ~ &@:;{Ol ~ imr 'll{ % ~ ~ ~ it ~ ~ ~ ~:
;w:r '3GI~{OI
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g<IE&~ ~ - <flrn~~ ~ (=~ ~, CO{~ ~)
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wmur ~ - ~ Cffur (=fchm)
~ ~ -. q:;fur (=qmrr)
'€fCI1R ~ <flrnC'lb~il4 ChRdfu<:'1 (=cg m ~)
g<IEli'et1.arem <flrnllj~il4 Cf)R~lfu<:'1 (=fchm~)
21
arPm atR tfft ~ <Ill mtmUT~ - ~ ~(=~)
~ ~~ - ~ ~(=~)
g<IElR(1 ~ - ~~ eR ~ (=qmrr m)
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