1.3. MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

1.1.
MICROBIAL
DIVERSITY
To classify living organisms
To identify groups of microorganism.
To suggest the importance of microorganisms
Classification of Living things
Unicellular, no nucleus True nucleus
Prokaryote Archaea Eukarya DOMAINS
KINGDOMS Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Nomenclature (Carl Linnaeus, 1753)
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

• Eukarya • Animalia • Chordata • Mammalia • Primates • Hominidae • Homo • Homo
sapiens
PROKARYOTE
Abundant in the environment.
Single cell ( 0.1 mm to 10 mm)
No membrane-bound organelles.
No nucleus. Have single circular DNA as

genetic material and plasmid.
Have mesosomes for respiration.
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.

Bacteria
Morphology
• Colony formation
• Cell morphology/ shapes
Cell wall
• Layers of peptidoglycan
• Capsules
Endospores
Various metabolic pathways and growth requirement
• Oxygen
• pH, Temperature, osmotic pressure
• Mode of nutrition
• Sources of Carbon and Energy
Example
Escherichia coli, (E. coli)
Rod shape.
Gram negative.
Facultative anaerobic.
No endospores.
Commonly found in the intestines of animals.
Some produce toxins.
Chemoheterotrophic Obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds.

Mode of
nutrition
Energy sources
• Light
• Phototroph
• Organics
• Chemotrophs
Carbon sources
• CO2
• Autotrophs
• Organics
• Heterotrophs
ARCHAEA
Single cell, lack nucleus, size and shape similar to bacteria.
Inhibit extreme environments, including human (mouth, skin guts), salty lake, hot springs.
Genes and some metabolic pathways similar

Especially for the enzymes involved in protein synthesis.
to those of eukaryotes
Involved in carbon fixation, nitrogen cycling, bioremediation and maintaining microbial

communities.
Task: Differentiate between prokaryote, archaea and eukaryote.

EUKARYOTE
Larger than bacteria.
Cellular structure more complex.
Nucleus is present
Membrane bound organelles

• Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum,
chloroplasts.
Microscopic and higher organisms
Fungi, protozoa, algae
Plants, animals
Fungi
• Yeasts, moulds, mushrooms.
• Have filamentous structure (except for
yeasts)
• Produce spores for reproduction (yeasts –
budding)
• No chlorophyll
• Heterotrophic
• Store food in the form of starch.
• Produce many industrial-significance
enzymes.
Mode of nutrition
Saprophytic Parasitic Symbiotic
• Obtain nutrition by • Absorb nutrients • Having an

feeding on dead from their host interdependent
organic substances. (animals and plants). relationship with
• Examples: Rhizopus, • Examples: Taphrina other species in
Penicillium and and Puccinia. which both are
Aspergillus. mutually benefited.
• Examples: Lichens
(with algae) and
Mycorrhiza (with
plants).
Mode of reproduction
Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
• Fusion of two • Sac fungi. • Mushrooms and • Fungi imperfecti.

different cells. • Coprophilous, mostly parasites. • Do not reproduce
• The sexual spores decomposers, • Sexual reproduction sexually.
are known as parasitic or occurs by • Asexual reproduction
zygospores. saprophytic. basidiospores. occurs by conidia.
• Asexual spores are • The sexual spores • Asexual reproduction • Trichoderma.
known as are called occurs by conidia,
sporangiospores. ascospores. budding or
• The hyphae are • Asexual reproduction fragmentation.
without the septa. occurs by • Agaricus.
• Mucor. conidiospores.
• Saccharomyces
(yeast).
Environmental significance
Important decomposers.
Mycoremediation
Degrade organic pollutants

• Breaks down environmental pollutants by using special enzymes.
Tolerate high concentration of heavy metals.

• Aspergillus niger and Penicillium absorb heavy metals
Soil stabilizer
Nutrient cycling.
Protista
Simple eukaryotic organisms (neither plants nor animals or fungi).
Unicellular in nature but can also be found as a colony of cells.
Habitats – aquatic, damp terrestrial environments, in animals (parasites)
Autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Movement through cilia and flagella. Some produce pseudopods.
Asexual reproduction.
Protozoa, slime moulds, diatoms, algae

Protozoa
Amoeboid protozoans
•Have pseudopodia to change shape and engulf food.
• E.g. Amoeba.
Flagellated
•Have flagella.
•Free-living and parasitic.
•E.g. Euglena.
Ciliated
• They have cilia all over their body which help in locomotion as well as nutrition.
•They are always aquatic.
• E.g. Paramecium.
Sporozoans
•These organisms are so-called because their life cycle has a spore-like stage.
•E.g. Plasmodium (the malarial parasite).
Typanosoma evansi
Algae
Photosynthetic organisms (plant-like).
Produce oxygen, capture CO2.
Mostly aquatic (marine and freshwater).
Indicators for water quality.
Ranging from single (diatoms) to multicellular (kelps,

seaweed).
Classification based on pigments.
Produce important compounds including precursor for

biofuels.
Classification of Algae
Environmental significance of Protista
• Basis of the food chain.
• Symbionts – having a close relationship between two species in which, one is
benefited.
• Produce oxygen and may be used to produce biofuel.
• Harvested for food and other industrial applications.
• Primary sources of food for many animals.
• Phytoplankton is one of the sole food sources for whales
• Seaweed.
• Zooplankton is fed on by various sea creatures including shrimp and larval crabs.
• Indicators for water quality.
VIRUS
Parasites - live inside host cells.
Contain either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat.
Popular opinion - originated from cells and have evolved alongside their hosts
over a long time.
To reproduce, viruses rely on the specialized machinery of host cells.
A complete virus particle is called a virion.
Virions deliver their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into host cells to be replicated.
The viral genome is packaged inside a protein capsid, forming the nucleocapsid.
Enveloped viruses – protein coat is covered by a lipid bilayer obtained from the
host cell membrane and studded with virus envelope proteins.

1.3. MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

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1.1.

Unicellular, no nucleus True nucleus

Prokaryote Archaea Eukarya DOMAINS

KINGDOMS Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Single cell ( 0.1 mm to 10 mm)

No nucleus. Have single circular DNA as

Have mesosomes for respiration.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.

Various metabolic pathways and growth requirement

Commonly found in the intestines of animals.

Some produce toxins.

Chemoheterotrophic Obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds.

Genes and some metabolic pathways similar

Involved in carbon fixation, nitrogen cycling, bioremediation and maintaining microbial

Task: Differentiate between prokaryote, archaea and eukaryote.

Cellular structure more complex.

Membrane bound organelles

Microscopic and higher organisms

Fungi, protozoa, algae

• Obtain nutrition by • Absorb nutrients • Having an

• Fusion of two • Sac fungi. • Mushrooms and • Fungi imperfecti.

Degrade organic pollutants

Tolerate high concentration of heavy metals.

Simple eukaryotic organisms (neither plants nor animals or fungi).

Unicellular in nature but can also be found as a colony of cells.

Habitats – aquatic, damp terrestrial environments, in animals (parasites)

Movement through cilia and flagella. Some produce pseudopods.

Protozoa, slime moulds, diatoms, algae

Produce oxygen, capture CO2.

Mostly aquatic (marine and freshwater).

Indicators for water quality.

Ranging from single (diatoms) to multicellular (kelps,

Produce important compounds including precursor for

Parasites - live inside host cells.

Contain either RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat.

A complete virus particle is called a virion.

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