Coupling Circuit

Chapter VII [Russell M Kerchner, George F Corcoran, Alternating-Current Circuits,

Fourth Edition]
Chapter 21 [Boylestad, Introductory Circuit Analysis, Tenth Edition]

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan

Department of EEE, Faculty of Engineering
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
Two circuits are said to be “Coupled” when energy transfer takes place from one circuit
to the other when one of the circuits is energized.

When interchanging energy takes places from one circuit to other, the circuits are
said to be mutually Coupled.

Energy transfer from one circuit to the other can be done by:
Conductive [Conductively Coupled Circuit]
Electrostatic [Electrostatically Coupled or Capacitive Coupled Circuit]
Electromagnetic [Magnetic or Inductive Coupled Circuit]

2
Two circuits are said to be
“Conductively Coupled” when energy
transfer takes place from one circuit to
the other by electrical current
conduction that means conductively or
electrically.
The energy is transferred by the mutual
resistance R12.

Two circuits are said to be

“Electrostatic or Capacitive Coupled”
when energy transfer takes place from
one circuit to the other by electric fields
or charges that means electrostatically.
The energy is transferred by the mutual
capacitance C.
3
Two circuits are said to be “Magnetic or
Inductive Coupled” when energy transfer takes
place from one circuit to the other by magnetic
field or flux that means magnetically or
inductively.
The energy is transferred by the mutual flux (12
or 21) or inductance.

Capacitive coupling favors transfer of the higher frequency

components of a signal, whereas inductive coupling favors
lower frequency components, and conductive coupling favors
neither higher nor lower frequency components.
4
Driving or Primary Circuit: Circuit 1 is called driving or primary circuit since the source
is connected in this circuit.
Receiving or Secondary Circuit: Circuit 2 is called receiving or secondary circuit since the
energy is received in this circuit from the source of circuit 1.
Z12 is called mutual impedance since this impedance is common in both circuits.
According to KVL the mesh equation for Loop 1:  Z1  Z12 I1  Z12 I 2  E
According to KVL the mesh equation for Loop 2:  Z12 I1   Z 2  Z12 I 2  0

Let, Z11  Z1  Z12 and Z 22  Z 2  Z12 then

Z11I1  Z12 I 2  E
 Z12 I1  Z 22 I 2  0
5
Mesh Equations in Matrix form:
 Z11  Z12   I1   E 
 Z     
 12 Z 22   I 2   0 
Z11  Z12 2
Let, D  Z11Z 22  Z12
 Z12 Z 22
The coupling coefficient of two
E  Z12  conductively coupled circuit is defined
D1     Z 22 E
0 Z 22  as:
 Z11 E
D2     Z12 E km 
Z12
 Z12 0 Z11Z 22
D Z 22 E
Then I1  1  2
D Z11Z 22  Z12
D2 Z12 E
I2   2
D Z11Z 22  Z12 6
 Method
Z11I1  Z12 I 2  E (1)
Z 22 E
I1  (4)
 Z12 I1  Z 22 I 2  0 (2) 2
Z11Z 22  Z12

Form (2) we have:

Substitute (4) into (3) then:
Z
I 2  12 I1 (3) Z12 Z 22 E
Z 22 I2  2
Z 22 Z11Z 22  Z12
Substitute (3) into (1) then:
Z  I2 
Z12 E
Z11I1  Z12  12 I1   E 2
 Z 22  Z11Z 22  Z12
 Z 2 
 Z11  12  I1  E
 Z 
 22 
7
 i1 (t) 1
1 is self-flux since this is the total flux which is
produced by the current i1.
v1(t)

2 i2 (t)

2 is self-flux since this is the total flux which is v2(t)

produced by the current i2.

Self Flux: The total flux which is generated by supplying a current through a
coil is called self flux. 8
The direction of flux depends on the arrangement of conductor and the direction of flow
of current.
An electric current passes through a coil
(solenoid), resulting in a magnetic field.
When wrapping the right hand around the
coil (solenoid) with the fingers in the
direction of the conventional current, the
thumb points in the direction of the magnetic
north pole.

An electric current passes through a straight

wire. Grabbing the wire points the thumb in the
direction of the conventional current (from
positive to negative), while the fingers point in
the direction of the magnetic flux lines.
9
 Leakage Flux: The portion of self- Mutual Flux: The portion of self-flux is
flux does not link with other coils linked with other coils is called mutual
is called leakage flux. flux.

i1 (t) i2 (t) i2 (t)

11
i1 (t) 21
22
12
v1(t) v2(t) v1(t) v2(t)

11 is leakage flux which is the portion 12 is mutual flux which is the portion of
of self flux 1 due to current i1. self flux 1 linked to coil 2.
22 is leakage flux which is the portion 21 is mutual flux which is the portion of
of self flux 2 due to current i2. self flux 2 linked to coil 1.
10
Self Flux: Self flux is the summation of leakage flux and mutual flux.

Self  Flux for current i1 : 1  11  12

Self  Flux for current i2 : 2  22  21

11
 If a time-changing source is applied to a coil, the
produced flux also will be time-changing. According to i (t)
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction an (t)
electromotive force (emf) is induced in the coil.
v(t) e(t)
The induced emf opposes the supply voltage (according
to Lenz’s Law). The induced emf in coil with N number
of turns can be given by:

d (t ) d (t ) di (t ) di (t )
e(t )   N  N  L d (t )
dt di (t ) dt dt
Where, LN
di (t )
N is number of turns of a coil.
 di (t )
If the relation of flux and current is linear then: L  N  e(t )
i dt
Here, L is called self-inductance which is the proportionality constant of an induced
emf that is proportional to di/dt.
12
 d11 (t ) d (t ) d12 (t ) d (t )
L11  N1 L22  N 2 22 M12  N 2 M 21  N1 21
di1 (t ) di2 (t ) di1 (t ) di2 (t )
If the relation of flux and current is linear If the relation of flux and current is linear
then: then: 12 21
11 22 M12  N 2 M  N
L11  N1 L22  N 2 i1
21 1
i2
i1 i2
Mutual inductance represents the capability of one inductor to induce an emf in
neighbor coil or inductor when a coil is energized.
If the permeability () of the mutual flux path is assumed to be constant then
M12  M 21  M
The unit of self-inductance and mutual inductance is henry (H).
Self  Inductance for coil 1 : L1  L11  M12  L11  M

Self  Inductance for coil 2 : L2  L22  M 21  L22  M 13

 If v1(t) and v2(t) are sinusoidal. Then we
have:
V1  jL1I1  jMI 2

V2  jL2 I 2  jMI1

Let, Self  reactance of coil 1 : X1  L1

The induced emf of coils 1 and 2 are given Self  reactance of coil 2 : X 2  L2
by: Mutual  reactance between coils 1 and 2 :
di (t ) di (t ) X m  M
v1 (t )  e1 (t )  L1 1  M 2
dt dt
Then, V1  jX1I1  jX m I 2
di2 (t ) di (t )
v2 (t )  e2 (t )  L2 M 1
dt dt V2  jX 2 I 2  jX m I1
14
The coefficient of coupling can be defined as the ratio of mutual inductance
M to the square root of the product of self inductances of coil 1 and coil 2.

 M  M  M
km  k   12  21  
 L1  L2  L1L2

 M  km L1L2

The range of coefficient of coupling is between 0 and 1. 0  km  1

15
If km=1 that means the flux due to one coil is fully linked with the other. In this case,
coils are said to be perfectly coupled. This is an ideal case.

If km=0 that means the flux due to one coil does not link with the other. In this case,
coils are said to be magnetically isolated from each other.

If 0<km<0.5 that means more than 0% and less than 50% of self flux is
linked with the other. In this case, coils are said to be loosely coupled.

If 0.5<km<1 that means more than 50% and less than 100% of self flux is
linked with the other. In this case, coils are said to be tightly coupled.

16
The sign (either positive or negative) depends on the arrangement of conductor and the
direction of flow of flux.

The sign of M is positive if the total flux

is increased that means the self-flux and
the mutual flux are additive.

The sign of M is negative if the total

flux is decreased that means the self-
flux and the mutual flux are
opposite.
17
Instead of showing the actual modes of winding, a conventional method employing a dot-
marked terminal, as shown in the following figures. The dots are also known as positive
polarity marks of mutual voltage.

Practical Coils

In coupling coils, if both currents are enter or leave to the dotted

terminal, the sign of M is positive.
If a current enters a dot in one coil, then mutually induced voltage in
other coil is positive at the dotted end.
18
If one current enters to one dotted terminal and other
current leaves to another dotted terminal, the sign of
M is negative.

19
 M is Positive


v(t )   L1
di (t )
M
di (t )   di (t )
  L2 M
di (t ) 
 dt dt    dt dt 

di (t )

v(t )  L1  L2  2 M 
dt
di (t ) di (t ) di (t )
v(t )  Leq  Leff  Lsp
dt dt dt

Leq  Leff  Lsp  L1  L2  2M

20
 M is Negative


v(t )   L1
di (t )
M
di (t )   di (t )
  L2 M
di (t ) 
 dt dt    dt dt 

di (t )
v(t )  L1  L2  2 M 
dt

di (t ) di (t ) di (t )
v(t )  Leq  Leff  Lsn
dt dt dt

Leq  Leff  Lsn  L1  L2  2M

21
Applying KVL: Applying KCL:
di (t ) di (t ) i (t )  i1(t )  i2 (t ) (3)
M is Positive
v(t )  L1 1  M 2 (1)
dt dt
di (t ) di (t )
v(t )  L2 2  M 1 (2)
dt dt
Solving Eqs. (1) to (3) we have:
L1L2  M 2 di (t )
v(t ) 
L1  L2  2 M dt
di (t ) di (t ) di (t )
v(t )  Leq  Leff  L pp
dt dt dt
L1L2  M 2
Leq  Leff  L pp 
L1  L2  2 M
22
Applying KVL: Applying KCL:
di (t ) di (t ) i (t )  i1(t )  i2 (t ) (3)
M is Negative
v(t )  L1 1  M 2 (1)
dt dt
di (t ) di (t )
v(t )  L2 2  M 1 (2)
dt dt
Solving Eqs. (1) to (3) we have:
L1L2  M 2 di (t )
v(t ) 
L1  L2  2 M dt
di (t ) di (t ) di (t )
v(t )  Leq  Leff  L pn
dt dt dt

L1L2  M 2
Leq  Leff  Lpn 
L1  L2  2 M 23
Example: Two inductively coupled coils have self-inductances 50 mH and 200 mH. If the
coupling coefficient is 0.5 (i) find the value of mutual inductance between the coils, and
(ii) what is the maximum possible mutual inductance?
M
Solution: (i) We know that, km 
L1L2

M  km L1L2  0.5  50 103  200 103   50 103 H

(ii) For maximum value of M, km = 1 thus

M  km L1L2  1.0  50 103  200 103   100 103 H

24
Example: Find the total inductance of the series coils of following Figure.

For Coil 1: Leq1  L1  M12  M13

M13=0.1 H
For Coil 2: Leq 2  L2  M12  M 23
M12=2 H M23=3 H
For Coil 3: Leq3  L3  M13  M 23
L1=5 H L2=10 H L3=15 H
Total: Leq  Leq1  Leq 2  Leq3

Here:
M12=M21 is positive Leq  L1  L2  L3  2 M12  2 M 23  2 M13
M13=M31 is negative
M23=M32 is negative
Leq  5  10  15  2  2  2  3  2 1  26 H

25
Example: The coefficient of coupling between two coils is 0.6. When the two coils are
connected in series such that their fluxes are in the same direction, the net inductance is 1.8
H. However, when connected in series such that fluxes are in opposite directions, the net
inductance is 0.8 H. Determine the mutual inductance and the self-inductances of the two
coils.
Solution: Given:
Lsp  1.8 H Lsn  0.8 H km  0.8 H

We know that: Lsp  L1  L2  2 M  1.8 H (i)

Lsn  L1  L2  2 M  0.8 H (ii)

Subtracting (ii) from (i) 4 M  1.0 H  M  0.25 H

Adding (i) from (ii) 2 L1  L2   2.6

L1  L2  1.3 (iii) 26
 M 0.25  2
km   0.8 H L1L2 
M 0.25
 
L1L2  
L1L2   0.1736 (iv)
0.8 0.8  0.8 

By solving (iii) and (iv) we have: L1  L2 2  L1  L2 2  4 L1L2

L1  L2  L1  L2 2  4 L1L2  0.9978

L1  L2  1.3 (iii)
L1  L2  0.9978 (v )

By solving (iii) and (v) we have:

L1  1.149 H L2  0.151 H
27
Transformers

Airport Metal Detectors

Pacemakers
Transformer is a static device which transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to
another circuit without changing frequency.
Transformers are used in both communication and power circuits.

Iron-core Transformer Air-core Transformer

Symbol of Transformer

Air-core Iron-core Variable Iron-core 31

 The winding of a transformer at which the source is connected is called primary side and
the winding of a transformer at which the load is connected is called secondary side.

VG: Source voltage

VL: Load impedance

Ep: Primary-side induced emf

Es: Secondary-side induced emf
The expression of induced voltages:
Ip: Primary-side current E p  4.44 fN pm
Is: Secondary-side current
Es  4.44 fN sm
Np: Number of turns in primary coil Relation between primary and
Ns: Number of turns in secondary coil secondary voltage:Es N s

Ep N p
The ratio of the magnitudes of the induced voltages is the same as the ratio of the
corresponding turns. 32
 In ideal case (neglecting losses): E p  VG ; E s  VL
VL E s N s Ns
Thus:    a Where, a 
VG E p N p Np
a is called Transformation (or turns) ratio.

If a>1 that means secondary side voltage is greater than primary side voltage, the
transformer is called step-up transformer.
If a<1 that means secondary side voltage is smaller than primary side voltage, the
transformer is called step-down transformer.

In ideal case (neglecting losses) the input power equals to output power that means:
Is E p N p 1
Pin  Pout Pp  Ps E p I p  Es I s   
I p Es N s a

The primary and secondary currents of a transformer are therefore related by the
inverse ratios of the turns. 33
 VL
The load impedance can be obtain by: ZL 
Is
VL  aVG 1
We know that Is  I p
a
aVG 2 VG
Thus, load impedance can be given by: ZL  a
1 Ip
Ip
a
VG 2 2
 Zp   Es  1  Ep 
Ip  ZL  a Z p  
2  Z p and Z p  2 Z L    Z L
 Ep   Es 
  a

The impedance of the primary circuit of an ideal transformer is the inverse of

transformation ratio squared times the impedance of the load.
If a transformer is used, therefore, an impedance can be made to appear larger or
smaller at the primary by placing it in the secondary of a step-down (a < 1) or step-up (a
> 1) transformer, respectively. 34
The following figure shows the equivalent circuit of a transformer. The winding of a
transformer at which the source is connected is called primary side and the winding of a
transformer at which the load is connected is called secondary side.

Rp or R1: Resistance of primary-side

Rs or R2: Resistance of secondary-side
Lp or L1: Self-inductance of primary-side
Ls or L2: Self-inductance of secondary-side
M: Mutual inductance between two coils
36
 di di
v   Rs  R1 i1   Ls  L1  1  M 2
dt dt
di 1 di
0   R2  R i2   L2  Ls  2   i2 dt  M 1
dt C dt

If v  Vm sin t   v  then

X1  L1 X 2  L2 X s  Ls X M  M
1
X L  L XC 
C

V   Rs  R1 I1  j  X s  X1 I1  jX M I 2
0   R  R2 I 2  j  X 2  X L  X C I 2  jX M I1
37
 Let, Z s  Rs  jX s Z1  R1  jX1 Equivalent Impedance:
Z 2  R2  jX 2 Z L  R  jX L  jX C Z eq  Z i 
V
I1
Z M  jX M

From the equation of I1, we have:

then  Z s  Z1 I1  Z M I 2  V
 Z s  Z1  Z 2  Z L   Z M
2
Z M I1   Z 2  Z L I 2  0 Z eq  Z i 
Z2  Z L 
By solving the above equation we have: 2
ZM
 Z 2  Z L V Z eq  Zi   Z s  Z1  
I1  Z2  Z L 
 Z s  Z1  Z 2  Z L   Z M
2

ZMV
I2  
 Z s  Z1  Z 2  Z L   Z M
2
38
Example: A 1000o V, 314 rad/s supply voltage is applied to the primary circuit of an air-
core transformer as shown in following figure with the parameters of: Rs= R1= 2 ohms, R2 =
R = 3 ohms, Ls= 0.0032 H, L1= 0.0064 H, L2 = 0.0127 H, M = 0.0048 H, L= 0.0255 H and
C=0.08 F. Find (i) the primary current, I1, and the secondary current I2, and (ii) the
equivalent impedance, and (iii) the consumed power.
Solution: From the given values, the reactances are:
X s  314  0.0032  1.0  X1  314  0.0064  2.0  X 2  314  0.0127  4.0 
1
X M  314  0.0048  1.5  X L  314  0.0255  8.0  XC   4.0 
314  0.08 106

The impedances are defined as:

Z s  2  j1 Z1  2  j 2 Z2  3  j4

Z M  j1.5 Z L  3  j8  j 4  3  j 4

39
 4  j 3 j1.5   I1  100
 j1.5 6  j8  I    0 
  2   

Let,

The loop equation can be given by: 4  j 3 j1.5

D  2.25  j 50
 Z s  Z1 I1  Z M I 2  V j1.5 6  j8

Z M I1   Z 2  Z L I 2  0
100 j1.5
In Matrix form we have: D1   600  j800
0 6  j8
 Z s  Z1 Z M   I1  V 
 Z     
 M Z2  Z L I2   0 
4  j 3 100
Here, Z s  Z1  4  j 3 D2    j150
j1.5 0
Z 2  Z L  6  j8
40
 D1 600  j800
I1    16.51  j11.26  19.98  34.3 A
D 2.25  j 50

D2  j150
I2    2.99  j 0.135  2.997  177.42 A
D 2.25  j 50

V 100
Z eq  Zi    4.14  j 2.82 
I1 16.51  j11.26

P  VI1 cos(34.3)  100 19.98 cos(34.3)  1650.7 W

41
NETWORKS WITH MAGNETICALLY COUPLED COILS
Here, M is positive.
Let, self-impedance for first coil: ZL1
self-impedance for second coil: ZL2
Mutual Impedance : ZM
 Z1  Z L1  Z 2 I1   Z M  Z 2 I 2  E1
 Z M  Z 2 I1   Z 2  Z L 2  Z3 I 2  0

Here, M12 negative and M13 positive.

 Z1  Z L1 I1  Z M 12 I 2  Z M 13 I 3  E1
 Z M 12 I1   Z 2  Z L 2 I 2  0

Z M 13 I1   Z 3  Z L3 I 3  0
42
Example: For the following circuit write the loop equations and calculate (i) the currents, I1,
and I2, and (ii) the equivalent impedance. and (iii) the consumed power.
Let, Vs  1000  100 V Z L1  j 20 
Z L 2  j 40  Z M  j10 
Z1  60  j100 
Z 2  80  j 60 
Z3  30  j 50 
Loop equations:
 Z1  Z L1  Z 2 I1   Z M  Z 2 I 2  Vs
 Z M  Z 2 I1   Z 2  Z L 2  Z3 I 2  0
We have: Z1  Z L1  Z 2  60  j100  j 20  80  j 60  140  j 20 
Z 2  Z L2  Z3  80  j 60  j 40  30  j50  110  j50 
Z M  Z 2  j10  80  j 60  80  j 50  43
Loop equations become:
140  j 20I1   80  j50I 2  100
D2 8000  j 5000
I2    0.7346.36 A
 80  j50I1  110  j50I 2  0 D 12500  j 3200
Let, V 100
140  j 20  80  j 50 Z eq  Z i  
D  12500  j 3200 I1 0.9364  38.8
 80  j 50 110  j 50
 83.22  j 67 
100  80  j 50
D1   11000  j 5000
0 110  j 50 P  100  0.9364 cos( 38.8)  73 W

140  j 20 100
D2   8000  j 5000
 80  j 50 0

D 11000  j 5000
I1  1   0.9364  38.8 A
D 12500  j 3200
44
 Example: For the following circuit write the loop equations and find the
currents I1 and I2.

For the following circuit write the loop equations and find
the currents.
Let, E  500  50 V Z1  3  j 4 

Z2  8  j6  Z L1  j12 
Z L2  j9  Z M  j10 

 Z1  Z L1 I1   Z M  Z L1 I 2  E

  Z M  Z L1 I1   Z 2  Z L1  Z L 2  2 Z M I 2  0

45
 To step up or step down voltage and current
(useful for power transmission and distribution).
 To isolate one portion of a circuit from another.
 As an impedance matching device for
maximum
 power transfer.
 Frequency-selective circuits.
Basic of Coupling Circuit

48
Example 3.1.2: Find the total inductance of the series coils of following Figure.

For Coil 1: Leq1  L1  M12  M13  4  2  3.6  1.6 H

Here: For Coil 2: Leq 2  L2  M12  M 23  6  2  4  8 H

M12=M21 is negative
M13=M31 is negative
M23=M32 is positive For Coil 3: Leq3  L3  M13  M 23  9  3.6  4  9.4 H
M13
Km 
L1L3 Total: Leq  Leq1  Leq 2  Leq3  1.6  8  9.4  15.8 H

M13  K m L1L3  3.6 H

49
Example 3.1.2: When the two identical coils are connected in series such that their fluxes
are in the same direction, the net inductance is 1.8 H. However, when those coils are
connected in series such that fluxes are in opposite directions, the net inductance is 0.6 H.
Determine the mutual inductance and the self-inductances of the two coils.

Since, Two coils are identical, L1=L1=L

Solution: Given: Lsp  1.8 H
from Eq. (i) we have
Lsn  0.6 H
We know that: 2 L  1.8  2 M  1.8  0.6  1.2

Lsp  L1  L2  2 M  1.8 H (i)

L  0.6 H
Lsn  L1  L2  2 M  0.6 H (ii)

Subtracting (ii) from (i) 4 M  1.2 H

 M  0.3 H 50
Example 3.1.3: The coefficient of coupling between two coils is 0.456. When the two
coils are connected in series such that their fluxes are in the same direction, the net
inductance is 32 H. However, when connected in series such that fluxes are in opposite
directions, the net inductance is 12 H. Determine the mutual inductance and the self-
inductances of the two coils.
Adding (i) from (ii)
Solution: Given: Lsp  32 H
2 L1  L2   44
Lsn  12 H
L1  L2  22 (iii)
We know that:
Lsp  L1  L2  2 M  32 H (i) 2 2
M 
   
5
L1L2   
Lsn  L1  L2  2 M  12 H (ii)  km   0.456 

Subtracting (ii) from (i) 4 M  50 H

L1L2  120.23 (iv)
 M 5 H 51
By solving (iii) and (iv) we have: L1  L2 2  L1  L2 2  4 L1L2

L1  L2  L1  L2 2  4 L1L2  1.75

L1  L2  22 (iii)
L1  L2  1.75 (v )

By solving (iii) and (v) we have:

L1  11.88 H L2  10.12 H

52
Transformer Circuit

54
Example: The parameters of a certain transformer are R1= 200 ohms, R2 = 100 ohms, L1= 9
H, L2 = 4 H, Km = 0.5. The transformer couples an impedance consisting of an 800 ohm
resistor in series with a 1 F capacitor to a sinusoidal voltage source. The 300 V source has
an internal impedance of 500 + j100 ohm and a frequency of 400 rad/s. (a) Construct the
equivalent circuit showing the all resistances and reactances. (b) find (i) the primary current,
I1, and the secondary current I2, and (ii) the equivalent impedance, and (iii) the consumed
power.
Solution: From the given values, the reactances are: M  K m L1L2  0.5 9  4  3 H
X1  400  9  3600  X 2  400  4  1600  X M  400  3  1200 
1
XC  6
 2500 
400 110

Here, M is negative.
Loop Equations: 500  j100  200  j 3600I1  j1200 I 2  300 (i )
 j1200 I1   j1600  100  800  j 2500I 2  0 (ii )

Simplify the loop Equations: 700  j 3700I1  j1200 I 2  300 (iii )

 j1200 I1  900  j 900I 2  0 (iv)
Let, E  300 V; Z11  700  j 3700 ; Z 22  900  j 900 ; Z12  j1200 

Z11I1  Z12 I 2  E (v ) Z12 I1  Z 22 I 2  0 (vi)

 Z11  Z12   I1   E 
Mesh Equations in Matrix form:  Z     
 12 Z 22   I 2   0 

Z11  Z12 2
D  Z11Z 22  Z12
 Z12 Z 22
 5400000  j 2700000
 E  Z12 
D1     Z 22 E  270000  j 270000
0 Z 22 
 Z11 E
D2     Z12 E  j 360000
 Z12 0

D1 Z 22 E
I1   2
 20  j 60 mA  63mA71.57
D Z11Z 22  Z12

D2 Z12 E
I2   2
 27  j 53 mA  59mA63
D Z11Z 22  Z12

V
Z eq  Z i   1500  j 4500 
I1

P  EI cos e  i   5.98 W
Example 3.2.1: For the following circuit write the loop equations and calculate (i) the
primary current, I1, and the secondary current I2, and (ii) the equivalent impedance. and (iii)
the consumed power.
Solution: Here, M is negative.
Loop equations:
8  j 6I1  j10 I 2  100 (i)  j10 I1  8  j8I 2  0 (ii )
From Eq. (ii):
j10 j10
I2  I1  I1  0.625  j 0.625I1 (iii )
8  j8 8  j8
Substitute I2 from Eq. (iii) in to Eq. (i): 8  j 6I1  j100.625  j 0.625I1  100
100
14.25  j 0.25I1  100 I1 
14.25  j 0.25
 7.0  j 0.123  7.01.0

j10 V
I2  7.0  j 0.123  4.3  j 4.46  6.246 Z i   14.25  j 0.25 
8  j8 I1
P  100  7 cos(1.0)  701.53 W 58
Basic of Coupling Circuit

59
Self-Practice 2.1.1: Two coupled coils with coefficient of coupling 0.433, have self
inductances of 8 H and 6 H. Determine the equivalent inductance of the combination when
they are connected in parallel such that (i) the mutual inductance assists the self-inductance,
and (ii) the mutual inductance opposes the self-inductance.

Self-Practice 2.1.2: Two identical coupled coils are connected inn series. When the mutual
inductance assists the self-inductance the effective inductance is 4 H and when the mutual
inductance opposes the self-inductance the effective inductance is 0.8 H. Calculate the self-
inductance, the mutual inductance and the coefficient of coupling.

Self-Practice 2.1.3: A coil of inductance 200 mH is magnetically coupled with another coil
of inductance 800 mH. The coefficient of coupling between two coils is 0.5. Calculate the
equivalent inductance of (i) series aiding, (ii) series opposing, (iii) parallel aiding, and (iv)
parallel opposing combinations.
60
Self-Practice 2.1.4: The combined inductance of two coils connected inn series is either 0.75
H or 0.25 H, depending on the relative direction of the current in the two coils. If one of the
coils, when isolated, has a self inductance of 0.5 H. Calculate (i) the mutual inductance, (ii)
the coefficient of coupling between the coils.

Self-Practice 2.1.5: Find the total inductance of the series coils of following Figures

(a) (b) (c)

Figure for 3.5
61
Self-Practice 2.1.6: Two similar coils have a coupling coefficient of 0.25. When they are
connected cumulatively in series, the total inductance is 80 mH. Calculate the self-inductance
inductance of each coil. Also, calculate the total inductance when the coils are differentially
connected in series.

Self-Practice 2.1.7: Two inductively coupled coils have self-inductances 7.5 H and 25 H. If
the coupling coefficient is 0.8 (i) find the value of mutual inductance between the coils, and
(ii) what is the maximum possible mutual inductance?

Self-Practice 2.1.8: In a air-core transformer the self inductance of primary coil is 50 mH,
the mutual inductance is 80 mH. Calculate the self inductance of secondary coil for (i) km
=0.8, (ii) km = 1, and (iii) km= 0.2.
62
Transformer Circuit

63
Self-Practice 2.2.1: A 1000o V, 314 rad/s supply voltage is applied to the primary
circuit of an air-core transformer as shown in following figure with the parameters of:
Rs= R1= 2 ohms, R2 = 3 ohms, Ls= 0.0032 H, L1= 0.0064 H, L2 = 0.0127 H, M = 0.0048
H. Find (i) the primary current, I1, and the secondary current I2, and (ii) the equivalent
impedance, and (iii) the consumed power.

64
Self-Practice 2.2.2: For the
following circuits write the loop
equations and calculate (i) the
currents, I1, and I2, and (ii) the
equivalent impedance. and (iii) the
consumed power. Figure for 3.12

Self-Practice 2.2.3: For the

following circuits write the loop
equations and calculate (i) the
currents, I1, I2, and V0, and (ii)
the equivalent impedance. and
(iii) the consumed power. Figure for 3.13
65
Self-Practice 2.2.4: For the following circuits
write the loop equations and calculate (i) the
currents, I1, and I2, and (ii) the equivalent
impedance. and (iii) the consumed power.

Figure for 3.13

Self-Practice 2.2.5: (a) For the following circuits

write the loop equations. (b) calculate (i) the
currents, I1, and I2, and (ii) the equivalent
impedance. and (iii) the consumed power. Assume,
R1=RL= 8 ohm, L1=10 H, L2=15 H, M= 8 H, E1 =
100 V with 400 rad/s. Figure for 3.15

66
Self-Practice 2.2.6: For the following circuits write the loop
equations and calculate the currents, I1, and I2.

Figure for 3.16

67