TINY TOT’S UNIQUE SCHOOL, DEWLAHLAND

CLASS- X
CHEMISTRY
Chapter - 6
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Prepared by: SIR A. UPANANDA SINGH
Contact no. +919862824609

OCCURRENCE: In nature carbon occur in free state as well as in combined state.

Only 0.02% of carbon is found in the earth crust in the form of carbonate, bicarbonate,
carbides, coal and petroleum.
0.03% of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.

Allotropy: The phenomenon of existence of an element in different physical forms in

nature is known as allotropy.

Allotropes: Different physical forms of an element that exist in nature are known as
allotropes.

Allotropes of carbon: Carbon occur in three allotropes

1. Diamond
2. Graphite
3. Fullerene

Q1. Diamond and graphite are made up of carbon atoms only, then why are they so
different physically?
Ans: It is because of different arrangement of carbon atoms in their crystals.

Q2. How can you show that diamond and graphite are chemically identical, both are
made up of carbon atoms only?
Ans: When equal quantities of diamond and graphite are strongly heated in air, they produce
the same amount of carbon dioxide gas leaving no other residues. This shows that diamond and
graphite are chemically identical.

Q3. How are the carbon atoms in a crystal of diamond and graphite crystals?
Ans: In diamond each carbon atoms lies at the centre of a regular tetrahedron linking with four
other carbon atoms located at the four vertices of the tetrahedron by covalent bonds. All the
four bonding electrons are used up leaving no electrons free.
But in graphite each carbon atom is linked with three other carbon atoms forming layers of
hexagonal network. The layers are separated by a comparatively larger distance, due this the
formation of chemical bond between the carbon atoms of different layers is not ruled out. Thus,
the fourth valence electron is left free.
Q4. Why is diamond an extremely hard substance?
Ans: In diamond each carbon atoms lies at the centre of a regular tetrahedron linking with four
other carbon atoms located at the four vertices of the tetrahedron by covalent bonds. Such a
tightly bonded three-dimensional arrangement of carbon atoms makes diamond an extremely
hard substance.

Q5. Why is diamond a bad conductor of electricity?

Ans: : In diamond each carbon atoms lies at the centre of a regular tetrahedron linking with
four other carbon atoms located at the four vertices of the tetrahedron by covalent bonds. All
the four bonding electrons are used up leaving no electrons free. This is why diamond is a bad
conductor of electricity.

Q6. Why is graphite a good conductor of electricity even though it is a non-metal?

Ans: In graphite each carbon atom is linked with three other carbon atoms forming layers of
hexagonal network. The layers are separated by a comparatively larger distance, due this the
formation of chemical bond between the carbon atoms of different layers is not ruled out. Thus,
the fourth valence electron is left free and makes it a good conductor of electricity.

Q7. Why is graphite slippery to touch?

Ans: In graphite each carbon atom is linked with three other carbon atoms forming layers of
hexagonal network. The layers are separated by a comparatively larger distance and can slide
over another. This is why graphite slippery to touch.

Q8. What is fullerene?

Ans: Fullerene is an allotropic form of carbon in which sixty carbon atoms are arranged in
pentagonal and hexagonal layers in the form of a football.
Since, it looks like the geodesic dome designed by US Architect Buckminster Fuller, the
molecule is named as Fullerene.

Q9. Why is carbon chemically unique?

Ans: Of all the elements only carbon atoms can combine with themselves by covalent bonds to
form long and branched chains. A long chain in turn provides a convenient back bone to which
other atoms or group of atoms can attach in a variety of ways to form an incredible number of
compounds of carbon. This is the reason why carbon is chemically unique.

Q10. What is catenation?

Ans: The ability of self-combination of carbon atoms by covalent bonds to form long and
branched chains is known as catenation.

Q11. What is the reason for having a very large number of compounds of carbon?
Ans: Carbon is chemically unique, of all the elements only carbon atoms can combine with
themselves by covalent bonds to form long and branched chains. A long chain in turn provides
a convenient back bone to which other atoms or group of atoms can attach in a variety of ways
to form an incredible very large number of compounds of carbon. This is the reason why carbon
have a very large number of compounds.
Q12. Draw the crystal structure of i) Diamond ii) Graphite.
Ans:

Hydrocarbons: The compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms are known as

hydrocarbons.

Saturated hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are linked only by single
bonds only are known as saturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are also known as
ALKANES.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are linked by double
or triple bond are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Note: Unsaturated hydrocarbons are usually more reactive than saturated ones, it is
because of the presence of double/triple bonds in them.

Acyclic hydrocarbons: Open chain hydrocarbons are known as acyclic hydrocarbons.

Cyclic hydrocarbons: Closed chain hydrocarbons are known as cyclic hydrocarbons.

Aromatic hydrocarbon/Arenes: Hydrocarbons containing at least on benzene ring are

known as aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes.

Word root: The part of the name of a hydrocarbon which indicated the number of carbon
atoms present in the main chain.

Word root for the hydrocarbon containing upto 10 carbon atoms:

No. C-atoms Word Root
1 Meth
2 Eth
3 Prop
 4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec

ALKANES: Saturated hydrocarbons (Hydrocarbons containing single bonds only between

the carbon atoms) are known as ALKANES.

General formula of ALKANES: CnH2n+2; n=1,2,3,…..

Notes:
1. Alkanes are the most unreactive hydrocarbons.
2. Alkanes are excellent fuels.
3. The major source of alkane is petroleum.
4. Alkanes burn in air producing carbon dioxide, water and heat.
5. Alkanes react by substitution. Substitution reactions are the characteristic reactions of
ALKANES.

Homologous series/Homologue family: A series of carbon compounds having the same general
formula and consecutive compounds differ by a CH2 group is know as a homologous series or
a homologue family.

Homologous series of ALKANES containing the first ten members:

No. of C-atoms Molecular Formula Name

1 CH4 Methane
2 C2H6 Ethane
3 C3H8 Propane
4 C4H10 Butane
5 C5H12 Pentane
6 C6H14 Hexane
7 C7H16 Heptane
8 C8H18 Octane
9 C9H20 Nonane
10 C10H22 Decane
Structures of first few members of ALKANES:

Electronic structures of ALKANES:

Isomers: Organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures
are known as isomers.
Note: Hydrocarbons containing up to 1-3 carbon atoms have no isomers.

Types of isomers:
1. Structural isomers: Isomers having the different carbon chains and branches are known
as structural isomers.
2. Position isomer: Isomers having the same carbon chains but differ in the position of
double bond and triple bond are known as position isomers.

Isomers of Butane:

Isomers of PENTANE:

Isomers of HEXANE: Left for students

ALKYL: The group of hydrocarbons obtained by removing one H-atom from an alkane
molecule are known as alkyls.
The general formula alkyl is -CnH2n+1; n=1, 2, 3, …..
Alkyls are not compounds they are group atoms attached to the carbon chains. The first few
members of alkyls are

No. of C-atom Molecular Formula

1 -CH3 Methyl
2 -C2H5 Ethyl
3 -C3H5 Propyl

CYCLO-ALKANES: Cyclic hydrocarbons containing single bonds only between the carbon
atoms are known as cyclo-alkanes.
The first member of cyclo-alkanes is cyclo-propane, because at least three carbon atoms is
needed to form a closed chain.

The general formula of CYCLO-ALKANE is CnH2n; n=3,4,5,….

The first few members of cyclo-alkanes are:

ALKENES: Hydrocarbons containing double bond between the carbon atoms are known as
alkenes.

The general formula of ALKENE is CnH2n; n=2,3,4,….

Note:
1. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes, because they are unsaturated compounds.
2. Alkenes react by addition.
3. Alkenes upon hydrogenation in presence Nickel catalyst produces alkanes.
4. Alkenes burn with sooty flame; it is because of the presence high percentage of carbon
in them.

Homologous series of ALKENES:

No. Of C-atoms Molecular formula IUPAC Name Common Name

1 x x x
2 C2H4 Ethene Ethylene
3 C3H6 Propene Propylene
4 C4H8 Butene Butylene
5 C5H10 Pentene Pentylene
6 C6H12 Hexene Hexylene
7 C7H14 Heptene Heptylene
8 C8H16 Octene Octylene
9 C9H18 Nonene Nonylene
10 C10H20 Decene Decylene

Structures of ALKENES:
Q1. Why is the first member of alkene family ethene?
Ans: There must be at least two carbon atoms to hold the double bond.

Q2. Give the the carbon skeletons of the isomers of butene.

Ans: Left for students.

Q3. How will you distinguish ethene from ethane?

Ans: Ethene decolourise bromine water but ethane does not.

Q4. Draw the structure of i)1-chloropropane ii) 2-chlorobutane iii) 2-chloro 2-methyl
propane iv) 1-chloro 2-methyl propane.
Ans:

Q5. Draw the possible structures of C4H8.

Ans: Left for students
ALKYNES: Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing triple bond between the carbon atoms
are known as alkynes.

The general formula of ALKYNES is CnH2n-2; n= 2,3,4,5,…..

Note:
1. Alkynes are the most reactive hydrocarbons; it is because of the presence of the triple
bond in them.
2. Like alkenes alkynes react by addition.
3. The use of ethyne in industries has been replaced by ethene because ethyne is very
reactive.

The first member of alkyne family is Ethyne (HC ≡ CH), commercially it is also known as
Acetylene. It is used to produce oxy-acetylene flame used in welding and cutting metals.

Isomers of Butyne:

Q1. Why does butyne have two isomers?

Ans: Because there are two possible positions of the triple bond.
Q2. Are there any structural isomers of butyne?
Ans: No, there is no structural isomer of butyne.

Arenes: Cyclic hydrocarbons containing at least on benzene ring are known as Arenes.

The general formula of Arenes is CnH2n-6; n= 6,7,…..

Structure of Benzene Ring:

Functional groups:

Heteroatoms and group of atoms attached to the hydrocarbon part forming stable
molecule which characterise the specific properties of the compound irrespective of the
nature and length of the carbon chain are known as functional groups.

Functional group of some carbon compounds:

Compound Functional group

ALCOHOL/ALKANOL -OH
ACID/CARBOXYLIC ACID -COOH
ALDEHYDE/ALKANAL -CHO
KETONE/ALKANONE -CO-
ESTER/R-ALKANOATE -COO-

ALCOHOL/ALKANOL: Organic compounds containing -OH(hydroxyl) group are known as

alcohols. The general name of alcohol is ALKANOL

The general formula of ALCOHOL is CnH2n+1-OH; n=1,2,3,…

The first few members of ALCOHOLS are

No. of C-atoms Molecular Formula IUPAC Name Common name

1 CH3OH Methanol Methyl alcohol
2 C2H5OH Ethanol Ethyl alcohol
 3 C3H7OH Propanol Propyl alcohol
4 C4H9OH Butanol Butyl alcohol
5 C5H11OH Pentanol Pentyl alcohol

Isomers of Propanol:

ACID/CARBOXYLIC ACIDS: Organic compounds containing -COOH group are known as

carboxylic acids.

The general formula of acids is Cn-1H2n-1COOH; n= 1,2, 3, ….

The first few members of acid are-

No. of C-atom Molecular Formula IUPAC name Common name

1 HCOOH Methanoic acid Formic acid
2 CH3COOH Ethanoic acid Acetic acid
3 C2H5COOH Propanoic acid Propionic acid
4 C3H7COOH Butanoic acid Butyric acid

ALDEHYDE/ ALKANAL: Organic compounds containing -CHO are known as

aldehydes or alkanals.
e.g. HCHO Methanal
CH3CHO Ethanal
C2H5CHO Propanal

Aldehydes are intermediate products obtained when alcohols oxidise-

𝑎𝑙𝑘.𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4
CH3OH + [O] → HCHO + H2O
Methanol Nascent oxygen Methanal

𝑎𝑙𝑘.𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4
C2H5OH + [O] → CH3CHO + H 2O
Ethanol Nascent oxygen Ethanal
KETONE/ ALKANONE: Organic compounds containing -CO- are known as ketones/alkanones.

e.g. CH3 – CO – CH3 Propanone

ESTER/R-ALKANOATE: Organic compounds containing -COO- are known as esters/R-

ALKANOATE (R is an ALKYL). Esters are fruity smelling compounds obtained when alcohols
react with carboxylic acids.

ESTERIFICATION: The process of formation of an ester when an alcohol react with a

carboxylic acid is known as esterification.

ALCOHOL + ACID → ESTER + WATER

CH3OH + HCOOH → HCOOCH3 + H 2O

Methanol Methanoic acid Methyl methanoate
(Methyl alcohol) (Formic acid) (Methyl Formate)

CH3OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOCH3 + H 2O

Methanol Ethanoic acid Methyl ethanoate
(Methyl alcohol) (Acetic acid) (Methyl acetate)

C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H 2O

Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate
(Ethyl alcohol) (Acetic acid) (Ethyl acetate)

Nomenclature of carbon compounds: The name of an organic compounds consists of three

parts
1. Word root: It is the basic unit of the name. It denotes the number of C-atoms present in
the main chain including the carbon atoms present in the functional group.
No. C-atoms Word Root
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-

2. Suffix: It is the part of the name following the word root. There are two types of suffixes
i) Primary Suffix: It is the part of the name added to the word root indicating
carbon-carbon single bond or carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
Type of bond Primary suffix
Single bond -ane
 Double bond -ene
Triple bond -yne

ii) Secondary suffix: It is the part of the name added to the primary suffix to
denote the functional group.
Compound Secondary suffix
Alcohol -ol
Aldehyde -al
Ketone -one
Acid -oic acid
Ester -oate

3. Prefix: It is the part of the name placed just before the word root. There are two types
of prefixes-
i) Primary prefix: It is the part which is used to distinguish open chain
compounds from closed chain compounds, e.g. the prefix ‘Cyclo’ is used to
denote cyclic compounds. For open chain compounds primary prefix is not
used.
ii) Secondary prefix: It is part of the name placed just before the primary
prefix/word root (in case of open chain compounds) to denote the substituents
attached to the carbon chain which are not considered as functional group.

Thus, the complete name of a carbon compound consists of

Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + Word root + Primary suffix + Secondary suffix.

Q. Identify the different parts of the name of the compound 2-chloro butanal.
Ans: Secondary prefix : 2-chloro
Primary prefix : NIL
Word root : but
Primary suffix : an(e )
Secondary suffix : al

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
Q1. An organic compound ‘X’ has the molecular formula C2H6O when oxidise in presence
of alkaline KMnO4 produces an aldehyde which on further oxidation produces an acid.
Identify the compound X, the aldehyde and the acid. Give the relevant chemical
equations.
Ans: The compound X is ethanol (C2H5OH), the aldehyde is ethanal (CH3CHO) and the acid
produce is ethanoic acid(CH3COOH).
𝑎𝑙𝑘.𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4
C2H5OH + [O] → CH3CHO + H 2O
Ethanol Nascent oxygen Ethanal

𝑎𝑙𝑘.𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4
CH3CHO + [O] → CH3COOH
Ethanal Nascent oxygen Ethanoic acid
Q2. An organic compound ‘X’ has the molecular formula C2H6O which affects the central
nervous system when consumed when react with acetic acid produces a sweet-smelling
substance. Identify the compound X and the sweet-smelling substance. Give the relevant
chemical equation.
Ans: The compound X is ethanol (C2H5OH) and the sweet-smelling substance is an ester, ethyl
ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5). The reactions is
C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanol Ethanoic acid Ethyl ethanoate
(Ethyl alcohol) (Acetic acid) (Ethyl acetate)

Q3. One H-atom of a methane molecule is replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) group and another
H-atom by a methyl group(-CH3) to form a compound X. The compound X when dehydrated
by heating at 1700C in presence of conc. H2SO4 produces a gas Y. How will the gas Y react
with bromine water? Give the relevant chemical equations.
Ans: The compound X is ethanol/ethyl alcohol and the gas Y is ethene(H2C=CH2) gas. Ethene
react with bromine water forming 1,2 di-bromo ethane.

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ; 1700 𝐶

CH3CH2OH → CH2 = CH2 + H 2O
Ethanol Ethene

CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2Br – CH2Br

Ethene 1,2 di-bromo ethane

Q4. An acyclic compound X has cyclo-propane as its structural isomer. How will the
compound react with H2 gas in presence of Ni catalyst?
Ans: The compound X is propene (C3H6), it will undergo addition reaction with hydrogen
producing propane.
𝑁𝑖
CH2 = CH - CH3 + H2 → CH3 - CH2 - CH3

Q5. What is a substitution reaction? Give an example.

Ans: A chemical reaction in which one or more H-atoms of a saturated compound is/are
replaced by other reactive atoms or group of atoms to form a new compound is known as a
substitution reaction.
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
e.g. CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
Methane Chloro-methane

Q6. What is an addition reaction? Give an example.

Ans: A chemical reaction in which an unsaturated compound react with reactive atoms or
group of atoms to form a single product is known an addition reaction.
e.g. CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2Br – CH2Br
Ethene 1,2 di-bromo ethane

. CH2 = CH2 + HCl → CH3 – CH2Cl

Ethene 1-chloro ethane
Q7. Alkenes and alkynes burn with sooty flame. Give reason.
Ans: It is because of the presence of high percentage of carbon in them.

Q8. What happens when

i. Ehanol react sodium metal.
ii. Acetic acid reacts with zinc metal.
iii. Acetic acid reacts sodium carbonate.
iv. Propanol reacts with acetic acid.
v. Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate.
Ans: Left for the students.

Q9.Write the chemical formula of chloroform.

Ans: Left for the students.

Q10. Draw a label diagram showing the formation of ester.

Ans: Left for the students.

END OF CHAPTER 6