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ME3492 Hydraulics and Pneumatics Notes (Unit II)

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134 views31 pages

ME3492 Hydraulics and Pneumatics Notes (Unit II)

Notes

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1. Define critical Reynolds number. What is its typical value for flow over a
flat plate and flow through a pipe? (May 2013, Nov/Dec 16)
The critical Reynolds number refers to the transition from laminar to
turbulent flow.
The critical Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate is 5*105; the critical
Reynolds number for flow through a pipe is 4000.
/
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PORIYAAN APP LINK

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Time
3. Differentiate viscous sub layer and buffer layer. (May 2014)
In the turbulent boundary layer, a very thin layer next to the wall where
viscous effect is dominant called the viscous sub layer. The velocity profile in this
layer is very nearly linear and the flow is streamlined.
In the turbulent boundary layer, next to viscous sub layer, a layer called
buffer layer in which turbulent effects are becoming significant, but the flow is
still dominated by viscous effects.

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4. Define grashoff number and prandtl number. Write its significance. (May
2014 & Nov 2014 & Nov 2015-Reg 2008)(Nov 2015) (APR/MAY 2017)
Grashoff number is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and
buoyancy force to the square of viscous force.
Gr = Inertia Force * Buoyancy Force [HMT Data Book, P.No 112]
(Viscous Force)2
Significance: Grashoff number has a role in free convection similar to that
played by Reynolds number in forced convection.
Prandtl number is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity
63
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PORIYAAN APP LINK

Pr = Momentum Diffusivity [HMTnd Data n ma P.No. -112]
c s - a
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5. Definew velocity

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6. Airh at 27
p s: OCwand or yaa .in/pflow
ww 1.patmospheric p eover yda flat plate at a speed of 2m/s.
t
h pst : / / w r i n / p a r / h
w .po iyaa .in ape
Calculate htt boundary ://w wwlayer r n
p //w w.po thickness aa .in/at
s p a distance 40 cm from leading edge of
t t r i y n
h ps: w po iyaa
plate. At 27 httOCpsviscosity ://w ww.(air) p or = 1.85 *10-5 kg/ms. (Nov 2012)
t / w .
ht :/ w
Given Data:https ://ww
h t tps
T = 27OC = 27+273 = 300K
P = 1 atm = 1 bar = 1.01325 * 105 N/m2
U = 2 m/s
µ = 1.85 *10-5 kg/ms. (At 27OC)
R = 287 (Gas constant)
To Find: δ at X = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Solution:
Step: 1 Density ρ = P/RT
= 1.01325 * 105
(287*300)

Step: 2 Reynolds Number Re = ρUX/ µ [HMT Data Book, P.No. 112]

= 1.177*2*0.4
1.85 *10-5
= 55160. (Re < 5*105, flow is laminar)
/
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Step: 3 Boundary layer thickness δ = 5* X * (Re)-0.5euma tics -63/
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y l - a m c

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Length
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ww .por plate a anX =in40 /p cm e=r0.4m
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htt ps://w ww .pori aan
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htttemperature /w iy
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ht ps:/ /
t w ww
Fluidhtemperature
t : / / Tα = 300K = 270C
t t ps
h
ΔT = (Tw- Tα) = 400-300 = 100
To Find: δ at X = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Solution:
Step: 1 Film Temperature (Tf) = Tw+ Tα
2
= 127+27 = 770C = 350K
2
Step: 2 Properties of air at 770C (apprx 750C)
[HMT Data Book, P.No.34]

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
= 4.24 * 108 - a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u t i 3
u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
Step: 5 Boundary layer thicknessyd δr=a3.93 c*s X * (Pr) d -0.5e* (0.952+Pr)
at -60.25 * Gr-0.25
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uli s-an d-pn eum tics 63/

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/ h r a
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ap r/hy drau i[HMT s Data Book, P.No.135] t
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a a=n 3.93 n /p* 0.4 p e*r (0.693) y dr -0.5 - a nd pne 0.25
li*c (0.952+0.693) m a* t(4.24*10
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ww or =a0.0155 /pm er d r lic n ne a s- /
/ /w w.p oriya an.in /pap er/hy drau lics-a nd-p neum atic s-63

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p . p y a .i n p y u - a - p m ic 3/
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
htt ps://w wwBoundary
y layer . thickness δhat X (0.4m) = s 0.0155 m u i
. pori yaan .in/pa per/ ydra ulic -and -pne mat ics-6

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htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
tt s://w ww oriy an. /pa er/h dra lics nd neu
8.hDefine p the term .pthermal ya boundary.in p layer y thickness.u -a(Nov -p2013)

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htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and
//w ww of y . h
httThe s :thickness orithe an in/paboundary
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tp / w . p i y a . a p /h a u
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surfacehtis t defined
s ww as .the
: / /w w or distance
a an infrom /p pthe er/ surface at which the temperature
t p p y .
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa
difference equals to 0.99(T -Ty), in general
htt ps://w ww .poα ri s aan
. T=0.99Tα
y
htt ps://w ww .pori
t
ht ps:/ / w
t w ww
9. Why heat t
h transfer : / / coefficient for natural convection is much lesser than
ps
htt
that for forced convection? (Nov 2013 & May 2016)
Heat transfer coefficient depends on the fluid velocity.
In natural convection, the fluid motion occurs by natural means such as
buoyancy. Since the fluid velocity associated with natural convection is relatively
low, the heat transfer coefficient encountered in natural convection is low.
The reason for higher heat transfer rates in forced convection is because
the hot air surrounding the hot body is immediately removed by the flow of air
around it. This is why forced convection heat transfer coefficient is greater than
natural convection heat transfer coefficient.

11. Mention the significance of boundary layer. (Nov 2015)

Boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding
surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.
/
s -63 /
12. What is Dittus Boelter equation? When does it apply? c (Nov 2015)
ati cs-63 /
m
Dittus-Boelter equation (for fully developed n eu ati cflow
internal s -63- turbulent flow)
p m 3/

less accurate when there is ear/large hy rtemperature ddifference across 6the fluid. It is

N
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a p / h yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/
er for r e
tailored to smooth tubes, /p puse
.in pso ydrough c an
uli tubes - (most ma tics- applications)
-pn commercial /

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d r a
l i c s n d n e u a s- 63
a n y a p m c /
is cautioned. riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /

A
p o a p y - p m c
w w. oriy aan.i n/pa er/h drau lics and- neu ati s-63 /
p i p y u - p m c
The //w ww. oriyequation
:Dittus-Boelter n. /is: pa er/h ydra lics and- pneu mati s-63 /

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s p a a n p - ic
p . y .i u - 3
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in0.8/pa nper/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
htt ps:// ww w NuD=0.023 ri y Ren D Pra
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ra Data cs Book, d P.No.126]
e u ti -6
. po iyaa n.in/p ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn uma tics

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.p y in/
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.between yd
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ufactor n friction
-pn macoefficient?
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu

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(May htt2016) s ://w ww poriy aan. n/pa per/h ydra lics -and
p . y .i u
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

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t
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s:/ wfactor, w .p ar dimensionless n aper /hydr used in the Darcy–Weisbach
a
t p / i y a . i
ht ps:/ w or aan n/p r
equation, t t for :the
/ / w wdescription
w .p riy ofnfriction .i papelosses in pipe flow as well as open-
h ps w o aa n/
h tt s://w ww.p oriy an.i
channel flow. p Friction coefficient.p ya applied at the value of x (x=x-Local friction
htt ps://w ww .pori
coefficient,hx=L //w ww friction coefficient)
tt –s:Average
p
ht ps://w
t
14. Differentiate htt free and forced convection. (May 2016) ( Nov/Dec 16)
Natural convection, or free convection, occurs due to temperature
differences which affect the density, and thus relative buoyancy, of the fluid. Free
convection is governed by Grashoff number and Prandtl number.
Example: Rise of smoke from a fire.
In forced convection, fluid movement results from external forces such as a
fan or pump. Forced convection is typically used to increase the rate of heat
exchange. It is governed by the value of the Reynolds number.
Example: Cooling of IC engines with fan in a radiator.

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15. Differentiate hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer. (May 2016)
The hydrodynamic boundary layer is a region of a fluid flow, near a solid
surface, where the flow patterns (velocity) are directly influenced by viscous drag
from the surface wall. The velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
velocity.
The thermal boundary layer is a region of a fluid flow, near a solid surface,
where the fluid temperatures are directly influenced by heating or cooling from
the surface wall. The temperature of the fluid is less than 99% of free stream
temperature. /
s -63 /
c
ati cs-63 /
16. What are the difference between natural eu ati s-63 / and forced
m convection
p n m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
convection? ( Nov/Dec 16) - a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u t i 3
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Natural convection is a mechanism ra s nheat
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Forced convection riy is n
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i n ap r/hor y type
rau of c heat
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po iyaa n.in/p ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn uma tics 63/

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is generatedww .by r external
oan aa .in/source p er(like dar pump, c ansuction
uli fan, ne ma etc.) s-
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r i y n a p / h y
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ps w .po ya .in pe yd ul -a -pn m ics 3/
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
y . i
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
y . i

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htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
1.hAir
tt at iy an. /papressure
s:25
//w0Cwat w theoratmospheric er/ ydis raflowing
lic -aover
s nd a flat
ne plat at 3m/s.
h u
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ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and 0
If the
htt plate ://w isww 1m wide y and . the temperature h Ts = 75 C. Calculate the
s ori yaan .in/pa per/ ydra ulic w

P
t tp / / w . p i n a /h a
ww .poof r a in/p r r
following
h ps
t t at: a//wlocation i1m
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h ps : w r
w .po iyaa .in ape / p r
htt ps://w ww boundary
a) Hydrodynamic . po iyaa layer
r n
in/ thickness,
p
t t / / w w r n .
h ps: w .po iyaa
b) Local htt friction: / /w coefficient,
w r
t t ps //ww w.po
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htt ps://w
coefficient,
d) htt
Local heat transfer coefficient.

Given Data:
Fluid temperature, Tα =250C
Velocity, U=3m/s
Wide, W = 1m
Plate surface temperature, Tw=750C
Distance, x = 1m
To Find: δhx , Cfx, δTx , hx ,

Film temperature, Tf =

= 323K

Tf = 500C
Properties of air at 500C:
[From HMT Data Book, P.No.34]
Density, ρ =1.093kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity, v=17.95 x 10-6 m2/s /
s -63 /
c
Prandtl number Pr=0.698 m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
p m
Thermal conductivity, k =0.02826 W/mk and- pneu matic s-63 /

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- c
l i cs and- neu mati s-63 /
Reynolds number, Re =UL/v u s- [From -p HMT
dra ulic -and -pne mat ics-6 3/
u Data icBook,3 P.No.112]
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

N
r/h ra cs d eu t -6
[∵x=L=1m] a pe /hyd rauli s-an d-pn euma tics 63/
/p r ic n a -
.in pape r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn eum atics -63/
p o
aa
w. oriy aan.i n/pa
://w ww. porRe=1.67*10
w p
n
n/ =1.67*10

iy an. /p<5*10
i 5
p
a
e

p e
yd5

y
li
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /
a

A
y u
u A
an pn
- p
r/h5 dra lics and- neu mati s-63 /
-
r/h dra lics and- neu mati s-63 /
p
m
m
cs
c
c
/

Y
s a n e y p ic
tp ://w w. 5 riy an.i /pap r/h u s- - u 3
dra ulic -and -pne mat ics-6 3/

I
htSince
p s Re=<5*10w . p oflowyais laminar.i n p e y
w . h u
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/ ydra ulics -and -pne mat cs-6
w oriyflow. n. /pa er/h dra lics nd neu ati

R
htt the
For s //w wlaminar
:plate, a
p . p y a .in p y u -a -p m
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu
[From icsHMT dData Book, P.No.113 ]

O
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra u l -an
t t // w w r i y n . a r / h r a c s
ps
:
1.h tHydrodynamic o yaa layer
w .pboundary /p pe yd uli
.in thickness,

P
h t ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra
hδthxt =5*x*
t p
t
ht=5*x* p
/w -0.5
s:/ w

s
Re
w w 5)-0.5
://(1.67*10
htt ps://w ww .pori
δhx h=0.0122m
tt s://w ww
w . p
iy
ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p
o riy an.
ya
. a /h

p
htt ps://w
htt
2. Local friction coefficient, [From HMT Data Book, P.No.113 ]

Cfx, =0.664 Re-0.5

=0.664*(1.67*105)-0.5
Cfx, =1.62*10-3

3. Thermal heat transfer coefficient,

[From HMT Data Book, P.No.113]

δTx =0.01375

4. Local heat transfer coefficient, hx

[From HMT Data Book, P.No.113]
Local nusselt number Nux = 0.332 Re0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (1.67*105)0.5 (0.698)0.333
/
s -63 /
Nux = 120.415 c
ati cs-63 /
m
eu HMT
[From
n ati cData
s -63 Book, P.No.112]
p m 3/

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- i
-a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u ti 3
Nux= u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
ra s d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h r e
er d lic n n a s- 3/
120.415= ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic [∵x=L=1m]
/ p
n ape /hy l s-6 3/

A
. i a u s -a -p u m t i c
an /p r r ic nd e a -6
r i ya n.in pape r/hyd raul cs-a nd-pn eum atics -63/
/ i

A
w .po riyaa n.in pape r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn eum atics -63/
w .p
/wLocal
o
i
a /
ya n.incoefficient, a p e
/
d
hyh =3.4W/m
a uli s-2an d-pn eum tics 63/
ps //ww w.po riya n.in ape r/hyxd rauli cs-Kan d-pn eum tics -63/
heat transfer
/ r r

IY
: w a / p r c a -
t t : p a
h ps w .po yaa .in/ pe yd uli -an -pn m ics 3/
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
htt psResult:
://w ww poriy aan. n/pa per/h ydra lics -and pneu mati
htt ps://a)

htt psb)
w w.

://w
Cw
w

O R
δhx =0.0122m .p o riy an.i n/pa er/h drau lics and- neu
ya
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and
=1.62*10
y
.i
.
w ori -3 aan n/pa er/h dra lics
p y u - -p

P
fx, w p p y
t t
h ps: / /
w w. oriy aan.i n/pa er/h drau
p i p y
htt c) sδ:/Tx/w=0.01375
w w. oriy aan. n/pa er/h
p .p y .i p
htt ps://w ww .p2ori aan in/pa
d) h =3.4W/m K y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan
y
htt ps://w ww .pori
t
ht ps:/ / w
t w ww
t
h ps : / /
htt
2. Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 1m
long and 0.5 m wide. The pressure of the air is 6 KN/m2. If the plate is
maintained at a temperature of 70C, estimate the rate of heat removed
from the plate.
Given:
Fluid temperature T = 290C
Velocity U = 6 m/s.
Length L = 1 m
Wide W= 0.5 m
Pressure of air P = 6 KN/m2 = 6 103N/ m2

Film temperature Tf =

Tf =

Tf=180C
Properties of air at 180C (At atmospheric pressure) /
s -63 /
ic -63
atP.No.34]
[From HMT Data Book, m cs /
n eu ati s-63 /
-p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

3
 = 0.799 Kg/m3 -and -pneu mat ics-6 3/
c s d e u a t -6
 = 32.49 ra10 ul-6i ms2-/asn d-pn eum tics 63/
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

yd auli s-an d-pn um tics- 63/

c a

N
/ h
Pre=r 0.681 r e
a p / h yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/
/p r r -3lic an e a -
.in pKap=e r37.80 yd 10 -pn eum atics -63/

A
n / h r a u W/mK s - d
a in/ e d li c n pn s 3/
Note: Pressure ya nthan
riother .
/ ap r/hy drpressure
atmospheric
p au ics-aisngiven, d- nso e um tic s-6viscosity
kinematic
a

A
p o a a n p e y l -a p m c /
w w. oriy aan.i n/pa er/h drau lics and- neu ati s-63 /
will :vary
/w with p
. pressure.
iy Pr,
. K, C
i a are /same
p h y for
a all pressures.
u s - -p u m ti c 3
s / www .por yaan .in/p p per hydr ulic s-and -pne uma ics-6 3/

IY
t p i a a t
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p per/ ydr ulic -and -pne ma cs-6 3/
tt s://w viscosity
hKinematic w w oriy aan. n/pa er/h dra lics and neu ati s-6
p .p y .i p y u - -p m ic

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
t
htbar=1×10 /w w oriy an. /pa er/h dra lics nd neu
[∵1 p s:/ ww 5N/m .p2] ya .in p y u -a -p

O
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and
t
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra
t / w i y . a /h
ht ps:/ ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
t ://
ht viscosity w w or aa-4n 2 n/p
Kinematic t tps //ww w =5.145×10
.p riy mn.i/s
h ps: w . p o a a
y
htt ps://w ww .pori [From HMT Data Book, P.No.112]
t
ht ps:/ / w w
w
htt ps://w
Reynolds number Re=
htt

Re = 1.10×104-5×105
Since Re<5×105,flow is laminar
For plate, laminar flow, UL ν
[From HMT Data Book, P.No.113]
Local nusselt number Nux =0.332 Re0.5 (Pr)0.333
=0.332 (1.10×104)0.5 (0.681)0.333

NUx=

30.63 = hx 1 [  L = 1 m]
37.80 10−3
Local heat transfer coefficient hx =1.15 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx
h = 21.15 /
s -63 /
c
h = 2.31W/m2K m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
Heat transferred Q= h A (Tα -Tw) p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
- a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u t i 3
=2.13×(1×0.5)×r(563-343) u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
a s d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h r e
Q=254.1W er d lic n n a s-
/ p ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
n ape /hy l -a d-p eum tics 63/
n.i side rau

A
Heat transfer from aboth / p of the
r plate = 2 i 
c s254.1 n a -
ya n.i pap r/hy rau cs-a nd-pn eum atics -63/
n e d l
r i / yd auli s-a d-pn um tics 63/

A
.po riyaa n.in pape r/h= 508.2
w
w .p o y a a
. in ap/ e y dr uW. lic -an -pne uma ics- 3/
/ w i / h a s t
/ r n r lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/

Y
:
s ww .po ya w a n / p e r d
t p i . i a p h y a u s
:// Heat / the ndWpne mat cs-6 /

I
htResult:
p s w wtransfer
.p or yfrom a an both in /p side p erof y drplate u l ic= 508.2
- a - 3
. i
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/ ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
w h
iy an . height i

R
3.
htA t large /w w orplate /h dra lics atnd606C u aexposed
s:/ wvertical a 4m n/p aperis/hmaintained ne and to
a t
t p w .p iy . i y a u s -a -p u m
ht ps:/ / w r a n / p r d r ic n d n e
w .po iya .in pape the l
s-a nd
atmospheric air w at o106C. nCalculate /hyheat rautransfer is-pthe plate is 10 m

O
htt ps://w w r a n / e r d li c a
.p ya .i p y u -
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
wide. y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra
t / w i y . a /h
Givenh: t tps:/ /www .por iyaan .in/p aper
ht ps:/ ww .por iyaan .in/p
t t
Vertical
h psplate : / / w length
w o(or) r Height, n L=4m
t / w w . p i y aa
t
h ps:/ w w o r
tt s://w wwT.pw = 606C
Wallhtemperature,
p
htt ps://w
Air temperature,
htt T = 106C
Wide, W = 10 m
To find:
a) Heat transfer, (Q)
Solution: [From HMT Data Book, P.No.113]

Film temperature Tf =

Tf =356C

Coefficient of thermal expansion β =

1 1 /
= = -63 /
356 + 273 629 c s
ati cs-63 /
 = 1.58 10-3K−1 n
m
eu ati s-63 /
p
g nd- L ne m tic 63

PORIYAAN APP LINK

3 uT
a a s- /
Grashof number Grlic =s nd- 2 neum atic s-63
- p
a p m c /
rau lic-3s- an3vd- neu ati s-63 /
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

d
9.81hy 2.4 u 10 s-(4) -(606 p −u106)m ic

N
3
 Gr =per/ ydra ulic -an−6d 2-pne mat ics-6 3/
a /h a ics10 nd u t 6
n/p aper /hydr (55.46 l a ) -pne uma tics- 3/

A
. i a u s -
an in/p per ydr ulic -and -pne ma ics-6 3/
r i ya n . Gra= 1.61 r/h 10r11a cs d eu t -6
po iyaa n.in/p ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn uma tics 63/

A
. r
ww .por 11iyaa .in/p aper hyd aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/
Gr sPr://=w1.61  10  0.676 / d 6
ww .por iyaan .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/

IY
tp w r/
ht ps:// ww .po r
11 yaa
n p r c
in/ ape /hyd rauli s-an d-pn eum tics 63/
d e a -6
Gr
t t Pr = / 1.08
/ w w 10 r i n . r
h ps: w .po iyaa .in/p ape hyd auli s-an -pn uma tics- c

R
t w
t
h pGr
Since
/ /
s: Prw>w10 w 9 or aan n/p
,
. pflow is
y turbulent. i p er/ ydr ulic -and -pne uma
t
ht ps:/ / i a /h a s d
ww .por iyaan .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne

O
t t / w n / d
Forhturbulent
ps //wflow,
: / w r
w .po iyaa .in/ ape hyd auli s-an p r r c
t t w r n r / r c
h ps: o yaa .in/p pe d i
hy raul

P
w
Nusselt httnumber : / /w Nuw=.p0.10 o r i [GraPr] n 0.333 a
/ p r / d
ps w .p ya .in pe /hy
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa 11 r
p]e0.333
t t : / / w  w Nu =r i y [1.0810
0.10 n . p a
h ps w .po iyaa .in/
htt ps://w Nu ww= .471.20p or yaan
t
h ps:/t / w i
ww .por
ht ps:/t / w
ww
[From HMT Data Book, P.No.112]
h pstt : / / w
hL
Nusselt number htt Nu =
K
h 4
 472.20 =
49.08 10-3
Heat transfer coefficient h = 5.78 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = h A T
=h× W × L× (Tw - T )
=5.78×10×4× (606-106)
Q =115600 W

4. A thin 100 cm long and 10 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a

uniform temperature of 150C in a large tank full of water at 75C. Estimate
the rate of heat to be supplied to the plate to maintain constant plate
temperature as heat is dissipated from either side of plate.
/
s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
Given : n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
nd pneu mat cs-6 /
Length of horizontal plate, L = 100 scm
- a = 1m- u t i 3
u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
ra lic=s0.10 d ne t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

Wide, W y=d10acm u -an m p ma tics- 63/

N
r/ h r c s d - e u -
a pe /hyd rauli s-an d-pn euma tics 63/
Plate temperature, / p Twpe = y150C
r d i c n
ul s-a d-pn eum tics 63/
a -

A
n .in p a r / h r a
a /
ya n.in Tpape =r/75C h yd auli s-an d-pn um tics- 63/
c a
Fluid p temperature,
r i
o yaa .in/ r
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/
e

A
. p e
i n a / h r e
ww por aa in/p per yd uli
c an
- pn ma cs- /
Tosfind:
://w ww. poriy aan. n/pa per/h ydra lics -and- pneu mati cs-63 /

IY
p //w w. y .i pa /h drau lics nd- neu ati s-63
htt pa)
s :
Heatw loss p ori from
(Q) a aneither n / side erof plate
y -a -p m 3/
. y . i p u ic
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
w
y . i

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu

O
y .
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and
t
Solution: w
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
y . h
htt ps://w ww
Film temperature, T f=.p ori yaan .in/pa[From p er/ HMT y draData Book, P.No.113]
t
ht ps:/ / w i a / h
t w ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
t /
h ps
t
: /
w ww .por iyaan .in/p
h ps: =w
t // 323Kw or aan
p
t t
h ps:/ /w
w w. oriy
htt ps:/T /w w.p 0
f =w 112.5 C
htt ps://w
Properties ofhwater tt at 112.50C
Ρ =951Kg/m3
V= 0.264×10-6 m2/s
Pr =1.55
K=683×10-3W/mK

Coefficient of thermal expansion β = = = 2.59×10-3k-1

Lc = 0.05 m

Gr=

Gr=3.41×109
GrPr=3.14×109×1.55 /
s -63 /
Gr Pr = 5.29  109 c
m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
Gr Pr value is in between 8  10 and 10 6 11 p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
-a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u ti 3
i.e., 8  106 < Gr Pr < 1011 u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
ra s d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h r e
For horizontal plate, upperapsurface er ydheated: c
uli s-an d-pn eum tics 63/
a -
/ p r / h r a i c n a -
n ape /hyd0.333 ul s-a d-pn eum tics 63/
Nusselt number aaNu n.i = 0.15 (Gr Pr)

A
/ p r r a i c n a -
r iy n .in pape r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn eum atics -63/
/ i -an d-HMT

A
w .po riyaa n.in pape r/hyd raul cs[From pn u
e
m Book,
Data a
s 3/
tic s-P.No.114
6 ]
w .p o a a i /
n ap e y d u l i - a n p n m tic 63/
:/ / w r i y n . / h r a s d - e u

Y
w /p per 9y)d0.333 c a -
t ps //ww w.po riy Nu aa= 0.15 .in (5.29×10 a / h a uli s-an d-pn eum tics 63/

I
t
h ps : n
w .po iyaa .in/ ape hyd auli s-an -pn um tics- 3/ p r r c a
t t / / w an in/p per/ ydr ulic -and -pne ma ics-6
h ps: ww .porNu y =259.41
a .

R
t t / w i a /h a s d u t
h ps:
t
/
w ww .por iyaan .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne uma
ht ps:/ / w or aan n/p huLcer / r ic nd e
w
Nusselt .p number Nu.i = pap r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn

O
t t : / / w w r i y n
h ps w .po yaa .in/ Kape hyd auli s-an
htt ps://w ww .pohri 0.05 an in/p per/ ydr ulic

P
t w u iya . h
ww=.p683 or ya−a3n .in/pa per/ ydra
t
h ps: 259.41 / /
t
ht ps:/ / w i 10 a /h
t w ww .por iy2aan .in/p aper
ht psh:u//= 3543.6 ww .pW/m or yKaan .in/p
t t / w i
h ps: / w .por iyaan
w
Upper surface h pheated,
t t
s:/ wwheat
/ w w transfer or coefficient hu = 3543.6 W/m2K
t / .p
ht ps:/ ww surface heated:
For horizontal t t plate, : / / lower
w
h ps
htt
Nusselt number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr] 0.25

Nu = 0.27 [5.29× 109]0.25

Nu =72.8
[From HMT Data Book, P.No.113]

Nusselt number Nu =

72.8 =

https://mech.poriyaan.in/
s://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poriyaan.poriyaan
s://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poriyaan.poriyaan
s://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poriyaan.poriyaan
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https://www.poriyaan.in/
PORIYAAN
= 994.6W/m2K
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h1 = 994.6 W/m2K
Total heat transfer Q = (hu + h1)  A  T
= (hu + h1)  W  L  (Tw - T)
= (3543.6 + 994.6)  0.10  (150 – 75)
Q = 34036.5 W
Result:
Total heat transfer Q = 34036.5 W
/
s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
5. Explain in detail about the boundary layer nconcept. eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

point for the simplification of the y dequationu of- motion p and m energy.

N
h a s - u i 3
p er/ ydr ulic -and -pne umat ics-6 3/
h
When a real i.e., viscous a
n/p fluid, er/flow ra lic
dalong a sstationarynd pnesolid t s-6 a layer of
boundary,
a
tic s-63/

A
. i a p / h y a u s - a - u m
a n / p e r d r l i c n d ne a
a in ap with /hyboundaryau ics -a
d-pand m tic 63/
fluid which comes riy ainn.contact r r surface e undergoes
u retardation
/ p n ma tics- 63/

A
. p o y a . in ap e y d u l -a - p n
i n /h r a s d e u
ww or iyafurther
this:/retarded
a in/p per yd c an
uli for -pn eumlayer
a cs-
3/ fluid.
/w w.p layer r n . causes a retardation
/h ra s- the d adjacent ti of the
-6

Y
s w o a a n / p e r d l i c a n n m a s /
p y p c
p //w w.
httSopsmall riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /

I
: region
s w .p is developed
o ya .i in the p immediate y u vicinity - of -the p boundary m ic surface
3 in
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
iy anflowing . i

R
tt s:the//w velocity a h s nd u at
hwhich ww .porofiythe a n/p afluid dra ulic
er/ increases rapidly a from nezero at boundary
t p
ht ps:/ / w w r n . i
/ p
p
r /h y
r a i c s -
n d -p
e um
w .po iya a e d l a pn
.in pap /hy stream. rau lics- and-

O
surface
htt psand ://wapproaches
w w or the a velocity
n
n / of main
e r d
.p ya .i p y u -
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
Types htof
t boundary/w layeriy . a /h a
tp s:/ www .por yaan .in/p per hydr
ht 1. :// r i n a /
t ps Velocityw ww boundary .po riyaa n layer /p per
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t
h ps : //
w w
. p o yaa .in/ a
ht2.t pThermal /w ori yaalayer n
t s:/ wwwboundary . p
t
h ps:/ / i
ww .por
Velocity boundary t
h pst : / / w layer
ww (or) hydrodynamic boundary layer
t
h pst : / / w
In the hVelocity
tt boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free
steam velocity.
The fluid approaches the plate in x direction with uniform velocity u ∞. The
fluid particles in the fluid layer adjacent to the surface get zero velocity. This
motionless layer acts to retard the motion of particles in the adjoining fluid layer
as a result of friction between the particles of these two adjoining fluid layers at
two different velocities. This fluid layer then acts to retard the motion of particles
of next fluid layer and so on, until a distance y =d from the surface reaches, where

Thermal boundary Layer:

In the Thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than 99%
of free steam temperature.
If the fluid flowing on a surface has a different temperature than the
surface, the thermal boundary layer developed is similar to the velocity boundary
/
layer. Consider a fluid at a temperature T∞ flows over as-surface at a constant
63
i c
t s-6 3 /
ma tithe
temperature Ts. The fluid particles in adjacent layer
eu to
c plate
-63 get the same
/
a
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y - a p m cs /

N
r/h dra lics and neu mati s-63 / -
e y
developed in the fluid layers /
p
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a tic s-63in the fluid
/

A
n y p m
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flow, which ranges riy from
a
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n atpther/surface
hy rauto fluid cs temperature
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d-p eum T∞ ticsufficiently
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A
.
from the
/ w
w or in yaadirection.
wsurface . p i y . i n/p aper /hydr aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/
s:/ www .por yaan .in/p per hydr ulic s-and -pne uma ics-6 3/

IY
t p
htVelocity
p s :// boundary
w w ori layer
p a an on i n /apaflatp eplate:
r/
y dra ulic -and -pne mat ics-6 3/
. y .
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/ ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
w h
Ithtis
t most ://w essentialw oriytoadistinguish n. /pa ebetween r/h dra laminar ics -aandnd pturbulent
eu ati boundary

R
s w a n l n
h tt s://w ww. oriy an. /pa er/h dra lics nd- neum
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layers. pInitially, the .pboundaryya layer
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p y uis laminar-a as-pshown in figure for

O
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and
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htt pover
the flow s:/ wawflat plate. n
aa .in/p aupon
Depending
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ydflow ics and fluid properties, at

Pt t / / . p i y n p /h a u
h ps:
t w ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr
some critical
t
h ps : distance
/ /
ww .fromp or the a aleading
n
i n /p edge p er/small disturbances in the flow begin
t w y .
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa
to get amplified,
htt ps://w a transition
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a n. takes place and the flow becomes turbulent.
w p a
tt s://w ww. oriy
In laminarh boundary p layer, .pthe fluid motion is highly ordered whereas the motion
htt ps://w ww
in the turbulent htt pboundarys ://w layer is highly irregular with the fluid moving to and
htt
from in all directions. Due to fluid mixing resulting from these macroscopic
motions, the turbulent boundary layer is thicker and the velocity profile in
turbulent boundary layer is flatter than that in laminar flow.

/
Velocity boundary layer on a tube: s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
Laminar Boundary Layer Flow n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

contains swirls or "eddies." The r a

ylaminar
d u flow
l -a creates p less mskincfriction / drag than

N
e r/h dra lics and- neu mati s-63 /
the turbulent flow, but is ap less hy raBoundary
r/stable.
u
cs and
- -p eu atic -63
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/ p e d l i

A
n
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n r c d e a -6
aa .in/ ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn um tics 63/
begins as a smooth riy alaminar n flow. As the flow continues back from the leading
n/p aper /hydr aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/

A
. p o y a . i
w or aa i n r dr in c and ne ma s-6 3/
wwlaminar
edge,://the . p boundary
i y . i n/player a p eincreases
/ h y a u lithickness.
s - -p u t ic
s www .por yaan .in/p per hydr ulic s-an -pne uma ics-6 3/ d
t p
p s

httsome
At
t
:// w
htTurbulent

p
ht ps:/ / w
w ori Layer
Boundary
/w w back
s:/ distance
w
.

/w w.p oto
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p

w .por iyafrom
y

r
a

o ya I Y
an Flow
iy an. the

R a
. i

n
n

.
/pa per/ ydra ulic -and pne mat cs-6 /
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
w
i
n
n.i /pap
/
a
n/p leading
p a p er/ y
e r
h
/ h
dra uthe
edge,
r a
lic smooth
yd aul s-a d-pn ic s -a
-
s nd laminar
n d -p
u
ne maflow
e u
i
t i
3
breaks

O
down htt and :/transitions ri a turbulent flow. r /hFrom r a drag standpoint, it is advisable
t t s w
p //w w.p riya n.i a n a p e
/ h yd aulic s-an
h ps: n/p to r r lic as far aft on the wing as
w .pofrom aalaminar e yd aflow

P
to have t t the transition
// w i y n . i a p turbulent
/ h u
h ps:
t w ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr
t
h or : // w or aan n/p /
ersurface
possible, t p shave w a
wlarge .p amount y of . ithe wingp within the laminar portion of
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa
the boundary htt pslayer. ://w w The
w low o riyenergy a n. laminar flow, however, tends to break down
.p y a
htt ps://w ww .pori
more suddenly ht pthan
t
s:/ w
/w the
ww turbulent layer.
t
h ps t : / /
htt

Thermal boundary Layer on a flat plate:

Consider a fluid of uniform temperature Tα approaching a flat plate of constant
temperature Ts in the direction parallel to the plate. At the solid/liquid interface

/
s-63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
neu ati s-63 /
p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
- a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u t i 3
u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
ra s d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h r e
er d lic n n a s-
/ p ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
e l s /

A
n a m
a n.i /pap er/hy drau lics- nd-p neu atic s-63 /
a n a
riy n.i ap r/hy rau cs- d-p eum tic -63
po iyaa n.in/p ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn uma tics 63/

A
.
www .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/
/ /
s:/ www .por yaan .in/p per hydr ulic s-and -pne uma ics-6 3/

IY
t p a
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and -pne mat cs-6 3/
i
y . i
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
y . i

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
Velocity iy .
htt ps:/and/w Temperature
ww .por iyaanboundary i n /pa perlayer/h d(Profile)
y
ra lics for
u - a nda vertical
- p ne
u plate

O
t w . a h s
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra
t / w iy . a /h
ht ps:/ ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
t w
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan
y
htt ps://w ww .pori
t
ht ps:/ /w
t w ww
t
h ps : //
htt

6. In a long annulus (3.125 cm ID and 5 cm OD) the air is heated by

maintaining the temperature of the outer surface of inner tube at 50C. The
air enters at 16C and leaves at 32C. Its flow rate is 30 m/s. Estimate the
heat transfer coefficient between air and the inner tube.
Given : Inner diameter Di = 3.125 cm = 0.03125 m
Outer diameter Do = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Tube wall temperature Tw = 50C
/
Inner temperature of air Tmi = 16C s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
Outer temperature of air tmo = 32C n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
Flow rate U = 30 m/s s - - u t i 3
u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
s
dra ulic -and -pne mat ics-6 3/
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

To find: Heat transfer coefficient y(h)

N
r / h r a cs d eu t -6
a pe /hyd rauli s-an d-pn euma tics 63/
Solution: /p r ic
.in pape r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn eum atics -63/
n a -

Step 1. Mean
/ w
.p o
i
aa
riy an.i n/T
temperature
y a
n

n
n/ ape /hyd auli s-an -pn um tics 3/
. i
pm = er ydr
a p

A / h
ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hyd aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/
/
s:/ www .por yaan .in/p= Tpme=r hydr ulic s-an -pne uma ics-6 3/
r a u s
A
lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
d
d
t 6

IY
t p
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/ ydra ulic -and -pne mat cs-6 3/
y . i
htt ps://w ww .pori aan24°C in /pa per/h ydra ulics -and pneu mat cs-6
y . - i

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
y . h u
htt ps://wof w
Properties airwat 24°C
.p ori yaan .in/pa per/ yd[From ra licHMT
u
s nData
- a
d book
- p ne page no. 34]

O
t w
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and a h s
httρ p=s1.185
://w wKg/mw 3oriy aan. n/pa er/h dra lics

P
.p y .i p y u
htt ps://w ww -6.po2ri aan in/pa per/h ydra
ν = 15.53 x 10 m /sy .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h
Pr
t
ht= 0.702
s :// ww pori aan. n/pa
w y
p . y .i
htt ps://w ww .pori aan
tt s://wW/mK
k =h0.02634 iy
tp w ww .por
ht ps:/ /
ww
Step 2. Hydraulic t t
h ps or: / /wEquivalent diameter
h t t
Dh = =

= Do - Di
= 0.05 – 0.03125
Dh = 0.01875 m
Step 3. Reynolds number, Re =

Nu = 88.59
/
s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
Step 5. Nu = n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
- a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u ti 3
88.59 = ulic -and -pne ma cs-6 3/
ra s d u ti 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h r e
er yd c
ul2i s-an d-pn eum tics 63/
a -
/ p ahp= 124.4r / h W/m r a K i c n a -
.in pape r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn eum atics -63/

/w
w
p
.
o
w. oriy Heat
p

A
aa

iy
n

a a
n/

. i n
e yd
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /
a
n.itransfer p coefficient,
y
li
u h = 124.4
/pa per/h ydra ulics -and pneu mat cs-6 /
a
s:/ www .por yaan .in/p per hydr ulic s-and -pne uma ics-6 3/
/h a A
an pn
-
s
-W/m
p
-
m
2Km

u
cs
ic
ti
3
/

3
t p

t t
h ps:
ishpassed
tt s://w
p
/w w condenser,
h7.ttInpsa:/surface
/ / w w

R Y
cross
.
w o
p

.
i
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p per/ ydr ulic -and -pne ma cs-6 3/

I p
y
ori yaan .water
i
flow
r
a
.
n
over
i n
an ithe
a
/pa p

n
a
ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne uma
in w
er/ y
flows
/p tubes.
p
h
/ h
er/ The
a
through
a
s nd
dra ulicstaggered
s
r temperature
yd aulic s-an d-pn
- a
d - p
d and
eu awhile
ntubes
u m
t
ti s-the
t i c
e velocity of air
6 air

O
t t : / /w w r i y n . p a r/ h r c
h ps
are h30°C w m/s .po respectively. a / pe longitudinald li an transverse pitches
tt sand ://w 8 w o r iya an.in /paThe e r /hy drau lics-and

P
p //ww w.p riya n.in ap r/hy rau
are 22 httmm ps and
: w20 .mm po irespectively. /p
ya n.in papThe e tube yd outside diameter is 18 mm
a
t
h pst : / /w w r / r / h
w po iyaa n.in ape
and tube htt psurface s ://w ww.temperature po iyaa n.inis
r /p 90°C. Calculate the heat transfer
t t / / w w . r
h ps: w .po yaa
coefficient. htt ps://w ww .pori
htt ps://w ww
htt ps://w
Given: htt

Fluid temperature, T∞ = 30°C

Velocity, U = 8 m/s
Longitudinal pitch, Sl = 22 mm = 0.022 mm
Transverse pitch, St = 20 mm = 0.020 m
Diameter, D = 18 mm = 0.018 m
Tube surface temperature, Tw = 90°C

Solution:
We know that,
Film temperature, Tf =

= /
s -63 /
c
Tf = 60°C m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
Properties of air at 60°C p m ic

N
ν = 18.97 r/h -6dm ra/s lics and neu at s-6 /
a pex 10 / h y 2a p
r u lics- and- neu ati s-63 /
m c
/ p e r d

A
n y
ap r/h drau ics- nd- neu atic -63 p m
a Prn.i= 0.696
/ p
a n e y l a p m cs /
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /

A
p o a = 0.02896 y p m c
w. oriy K n.i /pap W/mK u -
w a a n e r/h dra lics and- neu mati s-63 /
p i p y u - p c
://w ww. poriy aan. n/pa per/h ydra lics -and- pneu mati cs-63 /

Y
s
htStep
tp 2. Maximum
://w w. ovelocity,
riy an.iUn /pa
max = U xr/h drau ics nd- neu ati s-63

I pe ul
p s w . p y a . i y -a -p m ic 3/
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
w
y . r/h = dra lics and neu mati

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aaUnmaxin=/p8ax pUemax y u - -p
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu
htt ps://w ww .pori 80 anm/s

O
y .
a i n /pa per/h ydra ulics -and
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P w oriy Rea=an. n/pa er/h ydra

Step 3.htReynolds
t /w Number,
s:/ ww p p
t p
ht ps:/ /
w w oriy aan.i n/pa er/h
.
.p y .i p
htt ps://w ww .pori = aan in/pa
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan
y
htt ps://w ww .Re p or=i 7.5 x 104
t
ht ps:/ / w
t w ww
t
h ps : / / = = 1.11
htt

= 1.11

= = 1.22

= 1.22

= 1.11, = 1.22, corresponding C, n values are 0.518 and 0.556 respectively.

[From HMT data book, page No. 123 ]

C = 0.518 n = 0.556

Step 4. Nusselt Number, Nu = 1.13 (Pr)0.333 [ C (Re)n]

[From HMT data dook, Page No. 123 ]
Nu = 1.13x(0.696)0.333x[ 0.518 x (7.5 x 104)0.556]

Nu = 266.3

Step 5. Nusselt Number, Nu =

/
-63 /
266.3 = c s
m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
8. A thin 100 cm long and h
er10 cm
/ d wide
r lic horizontal
n n platea is maintained
e s- at a
/ p ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
n apeºC/h l ics 3/Estimate

A
uniform temperature a n.i of/p150 r iny adlarge
rau lic s-a n
tank d-pofne
full um atat
water 75 -º6C.
a n e y a p m c s /
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /

A
the rate wof.p heat o
riy toanbe .i supplied
a p yto the u plate - to -maintain
p m constant
ic 3 plate
w p o a i n/pa per/h ydra ulics -and pneu mat cs-6 /
/w . iy an. /pa er/h dra ics nd- neu ati s-63
s:/ www .p orheat

Y
temperature
p as ya is dissipated
.in p from y either ul side -a of -plate.
p m ic 3/
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
t
p
htt psof://horizontal
w w
.p

R I
tt s://w ww oriy an. /pa er/h dra lics nd neu ati s-6
hGiven:
ya .in
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
Length plate
iy L =. 100 cm
p
a = 1m
w .por iyaan .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne
y
/h
u
a
-a
s
-p
d u
m ic

O
t
ht Wps w
:// ww por aan n/p per/ ydr c d
Wide t t = 10/ / w cm =w 0.10
. m
r iy n . i a / h r a uli s-an
h ps: o a /p e r d li c

P
w
t t / /w w.p oriya an.in /pap er/hy drau
Plate temperature
h ps
: w Tw.p= 150yºaC .in p y
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h
y .
htt ps://w w
Fluid temperature T∞ w = 75
. p orºiC yaan .in/pa
htt ps://w ww .pori aan
y
htt ps://w ww .pori
t
ht ps:/ / w w
To find: Heat t loss :(Q)
t / / w from either side of plate:
w
h ps
Solution: htt

Step 1. Film temperature, Tf =

=
Tf = 112.5ºC
Properties of water at 112.5ºC:
[From HMT data book, Page No. 22]
ρ = 951 Kg/m3
ν = 0.264 x 10-6 m2/s

Step 2. Grashof Number, Gr =

For horizontal plate,
Characteristic length, Lc = =

Lc = 0.05 m /
s -63 /
c
Gr = m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
Gr = 1.0853 x 109 - a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u t i 3
u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
GrPr = 1.0853 dxr10 a xic1.55
9 s d at -6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
y ul s-an d-pn eum tics 63/

N
r / h r a
GrPr p=a1.682 pe /hxy10 d 9 ulic -an -pn a s-
/ r r a i c s nd e um atic -63/
e d ul s-a d-pn eum tics 63/

A
n /hy dra
GrPr value is in ibetween a n.i 8/pxap 10 6 r
and 10 11 ic n a -
r ya n.i pap r/hy raul cs-a nd-pn eum atics -63/
n e
/ i

A
.po riyaa 11 .in pape r/hyd raul cs-a d-pn eum atics -63/
i.e., 8 x 10 w
6<
w GrPr o <10 a n / e d li n n s /
/ /w w.p oriya an.in /pap er/hy drau lics-a nd-p neum atic s-63

IY
s : w p a n y a p m /
tp horizontal
htFor ://w ww. plate, o riy uppera n.i surface/ p e r /h drau lics- nd- neu atic s-63
ap heated:
s a n a /
ttp s://w ww.p oriy an.i /pap er/hy drau lics- nd-p neum atic s-63
hStep p3. Nusselt Number, .p ya Nu .=in0.15 (GrPr) p y
0.333 u -a -p m ic

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
y . u
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h yd[From ra liHMT
u
cs adata
- nd pbook,
- ne Page No. 136]

O
t w y . a h s
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and
htt ps://w ww .porNu iy =a0.15 n. [1.682 a /h 9]0.333 ra s
n/p apexr 10 yd aulic

P
t / w i y a . i / h
t
h ps: / ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr n
t t /w Nu = 177.13 /
h ps
t
: /
w ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p
Step 4. Nusselthtt ps:Number, //w ww Nuo= riy an.
. p ya
htt ps://w ww .pori
htt ps://w177.13 ww =
t
h ps t : / / w
htt hu = 2419.7 W/m K 2

Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient

hu = 2419.7 W/m2K
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:
Step 5. Nusselt Number Nu = 0.27 [GrPr]0.25
[From HMT data book, Page No. 136]
Nu = 0.27 [1.682 109]0.25
Nu = 54.68

Step 6. Nusselt Number, Nu =

54.68 =

hl = 746.94 W/m2K

Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient, hl = 746.94 W/m2K

Step 7. Total heat transfer, Q = (hu + hl) x A x ΔT

= (hu + hl) x W x L x (Tw - )
= (2419.7 + 746.94) X 0.10 X (150-75)
Heat transfer, Q = 23749.8 W
/
s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

e
a flat plate 1.5 m long that isr/h yd aulic sat
maintained -a a uniform pn umtemperature of 325 K.

N
r d - e ati cs-63 /
p e y d u l ic -an pn m
a r/h dra coefficient s - u ati 3
Calculate the average n/pheat etransfer lic -and -over ne the region s-6 where/ the

A
. i a p / h y a u s d nep u m ti c 63
a n / p e r dr l i c n a s - /
a n /hy drau liheat a -p m tic 63
boundary layer n.i /pap the
riy alaminar, -
cs atransfernd pneucoefficient
po iyis n aper /average ma tics- 6over the

A
w . r
a
n . i
p r h y
r a u
c s - d - e u a - 3/
w .p of ithe o a
a plate / e
n ap the/htotal y d i
ul transfer -a n p n s
m ticthe6plate /
entire
://wlength w or y aa n.i and raheat cs and- rate eu from - 3 / to

IY
s w n / p e r d l i n m a s
p y p c
tp ://w w.
htthe riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /
olength
p air
s over
w w the . p y a 1.5 . i m and p width hy 1 m.u Assume - transition
- p u m occurs
ic at3 Rec
htt ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/ ydra ulics -and -pne mat cs-6
iy . i

R
ttx 10 /w a /h a s u t
=h2 t p s:/5. www .por yaan .in/p per hydr ulic s-and -pne uma
ht ps:/ / i a / a d
ww .por iyaan .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne

O
Given:
t t Fluid
: / / w temperature,
w r T n = 275 p K = 2ºC
r / r c d
h ps
t w w .po iyaa∞ .in/ ape hyd auli s-an
t / / w r n r / r c
h ps: w .po iyaa .in/p ape hyd auli

P
htVelocity,
t /w U =w20 m/s /
t p s ww .por yaan .in/p per hydr
: /
i a
t
hLength,p s:/ Lw
/
= 1.5
w w or aan n/p
m .p y . i p er/
t
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa
htt surface
Plate s ://w w w oriy aaTnw. = 325 K = 52°C
temperature,
p .p y
htt ps://w ww .pori
Width, ht W t w
=:/1 m w
/
t t ps //ww
h ps:
CriticalhtReynolds t number, Rec = 2 x 105

To find: 1. Average heat transfer coefficient, hl [Boundary layer is laminar]

2. Average heat transfer coefficient, ht [Entire length of the plate]

3. Total heat transfer rate, Q.

Solution:
Step 1. Film temperature, Tf =

PORIYAAN APP LINK

d - e u ti - 6 3
turbulent. s -an d-pn euma tics 63/
c n a -
a uli s-a d-pn eum tics 63/
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

r i c n a -
2 x 105 = r/hyd raul ics-a nd-pn eum atics -63/

a aLn=
/
n
p
.in0.155
/ p
e
e
e
d

y
l
ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
l
apm r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
l
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /
a
n

A N
p m
s
s
cs /

A
Forwflat .p plate,
o a laminar flow, y
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /
p m c
w p o a y p m
Step /wLocal
:/2. w.Nusselt i
n. /pNu
riy number, a p
= /h dr(Re)
r0.332
u
a 0.5 -
s 0.333
c(Pr) d- neu atic s-63

IY
s w o a e l i n
p . p y a .i n px y u - a -p m ic 3/
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra[From icsHMT nddata book, Page
ti sNo. -6 113]
y . eu a
y . u l -a -p n m ic

R
t t / / w i n a / h r a s d e u t
h ps: ww .por yaa .iNu n/p = 0.332
pe
r
ydx 10u5l)ic
(2 -an -0.333
0.5(0.702) pn ma
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/xpa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu

O
y . h
htt ps://w ww .pori aanNuixn=/p131.97 a
p
a
er/ ydr ulic -and
s
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
t
htLocal /w w oriy an. /pa er/h dra
Step 3. p s:/ Nusselt
w Number,
.p ya Nux.i=n p y
ht ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h
t
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa
131.97
y =.
htt ps://w ww .pori aan
y
htt ps://w ww .pori
t
ht ps:/ / w w hx = 22.42 W/m2K
w
htt ps://w
htt Local heat transfer coefficient, hx = 22.42 W/m2K
W/m2K
Step 4. Average heat transfer coefficient, h = 2 x hx
= 2 x 22.42
= 44.84 W/m2K
Case (ii):
Step 5. Reynolds number, ReL [For entire length] =

= 1.93 x 106 5 x 106

Step 7. Nusselt number, Nu =

2737.18 =

h = 48.06 W/m2K /
s -63 /
c 63
Average heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow, hut m ati cs
= 48.06 - 2K
W/m /
n e a t i
s - 63
-p m ic 3/

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u i 3
Step 8. Total heat transfer rate, Q = htuxliAcxs-and -pne umat ics-6 3/
ra d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h =dht x Wlicx L x (T
r n w- Tn∞) e
er a s-
/ p ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
e l -p eum atics -63/

A
n
n.i /pap er/h =y48.06 raux l1icxs1.5 -a xd(52-2)
a a n y d a n pn m cs /
riy an.i n/pap er/h drau lics- and- neu ati s-63 /

A
o
w. oriy aan.i n/pa Qe=r/3604.5 hy raW
p a p u - -p m ic 3
w p i p y d u l ics -and pneu mat cs-6 /
//wsteam . y .
/pa per/h s nd- u i 3
ori y10 ancminoutside dra ulic ne matinica s-6room

Y
10.
t p s:A w ww .pipe p i a . a
diameter
h y a
runs s - a horizontally
- p u t 3/ at
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p per/ ydr ulic -and -pne ma cs-6 3/
h23 p
://w wthe
tt ºC.sTake

p
/per
w outside
. p
w metre length
y

R
iyI
ori yaasurface n. /patemperature
. i n
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
heat
htt loss of
p
. theapipe./h
s:/ www .por yaan .in/p per hydr ulic s-and -pne
e r/h dra of
y
a
u l
s nas
icpipe -
s
a
d 165
-p n m
[Dec
u
ati cs-6 the
eºuC. Determine
i
2004]

O
t
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and a
y .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
httDiameter /w w oriy an. /pa er/h dra
Given: p s:/ ww of the .p pipe, yaD = 10 .incm =p0.10 m y
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/pa per/h
t
htt ps://air
Ambient w oriy aaTn∞. =n23
w temperature, ºC
pa
t t // w w
w .p
r i y n . i /
h ps: o a
htt Wall : / ww w.p riyT
/temperature, aw = 165ºC
t p s ww .po
ht loss :/ /
To find: Heat t ps per w ww length.
metre
t
h ps : //
Solution: htt

Step 1. Film temperature, Tf =

Tf = 94ºC
Properties of air at 94ºC≈95ºC
[From HMT data book, Page No. 34]
ρ = 0.959 Kg/m3
ν = 22.615 x 10-6 m2/s

Step 2. Coefficient of thermal expansion, β =

= 2.72 X 10-3 K-1

β = 2.72 X 10-3 K-1

Step 3. Grashof Number, Gr =
3 /
[From HMT data
s-6 book,
/ Page No. 135]
c
m ati cs-63 /
Gr = n eu ati s-63 /
p m ic

N
ics -and pneu mat cs-6 /
GrPr =pe7.40 r/h x d10 ra6 x l0.689
a / h y a u s d- u ti 63
n/p aper /hydr6 aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/

A
i
an GrPr /p= 5.09 r x 10 r
.
ic nd e a -6
r i ya n.in pape r/hyd raul cs-a nd-pn eum atics -63/
a in/ li

A
For horizontal .po cylinder, e d n s
w o r iya an.Nusselt / p ap number,
e r /hy drNuau =iC c s-a nd-p eum atic -63/
n s
w l /
/ /w w.p oriya an.in /pap er/hy drau lics-a nd-p neum atic s-63

IY
: [From HMT data book, Page No.
p s w . p y a .i n p y u - a - p m ic 3/ 138]
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
tt s=:/5.09
hGrPr /w xw
w riy an. n/paC =e0.48,
106p, ocorresponding r/h andd ra mli=c0.25s nd
a n eu ati s-6
p . y a . i p y u - - p m ic

R
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat
htt ps://w ww .pNu ori =y0.48 an [5.09 /pax 10 er]/ ydr ulic -and -pne
y . 6 h
0.25 a s u
a i n p

O
t w . a h s
ht ps:// ww .pori aan in/p per/ ydra ulic -and
y .
htt ps://w ww Nu o=ri22.79 an in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
. p y a .
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra
t / w i y . a /h
ht ps:/ ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
t
ht ps:number, w
// ww Nuo=r n
tep 4. Nusselt t / w . p i y aa .in/p
t
h ps: / w .po iyaan
w r
t t
h ps:/ / w w or
w22.79
w. =
t t / / w p
h ps : w
htt ps://w
htt h = 7.22 W/m2K
Step 5. Heat loss, Q = hA
= h x  DL(Tw-T∞)

= h x  x D x (Tw-T∞)

= 7.22 x  x 0.10 x (165 -23)

= 322.08 W/m

Heat loss per metre length, = 322.08 W/m

1. Consider the flow of oil at 20o C in a 30cm diameter pipeline at an

average velocity of 2 m/s. a 200m long section of the pipeline passes
through icy waters of a lake at 0o C. Measurements indicate that the
surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly 0o C. Disregarding the
thermal resistance of the pipe material determine (a) the temperature
of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake, (b) the rate of heat transfer from
the oil, and (c) the pumping power required to overcome the pressure
losses and to maintain the flow of the oil in the pipe.s-63/
a tic s-63/
m c /
n eu ati s-63 /
-p m ic

u c 63/

N
r / h r a i c s n e u a -
e d l n ics -needed /
temperature of the oil, the / p
p of
arate r / hyheatraloss,u and
i c s-a the n d p
-pumpinge um powerat 63 to
e d l n s /

A
. i n a p / h y a u s - a - p u m t i c 3
an in/parepto erbe r d e 6
overcome pressure iya losses
n . a / hyd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/
determined.
r p r r c e -
po iyaa n.in/ ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn uma tics 63/

A
. r
Assumptions ww or a /p er d lic n ne a s- /
/ /w w.p oriya an.in /pap er/hy drau lics-a nd-p neum atic s-63

Y
s : w
p w w.operating p a n
n.i /pap e
riy aconditions
y
/h 2. au surface a p
s- ntemperature
d- neu atof m 3/
icthe-6pipe
htt p1.s://Steady exist. rThe
m tic 63/ is

I
w o a n r d l i c a s
tt / w .p iy n . i a p / h y a u s - d - p u
h ps: / w r
w .po o iyaa .in/p ape hyd auli s-an -pn uma tics- r r c e
very nearly 0 C. 3. The thermal resistance of the pipe d is negligible.4. The

R
tt / w /
h ps:
t
/
w ww .por iyaan .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne uma
ht pinner / an in/p are / d ne
s:/ wsurfaces ww .poof r
the
ya pipeline
r
pe smooth.
r
yd a5.ulThe ic flow -an dis-phydrodynamically

O
t t : / / w r i n . p a r / h r c s
h ps w .po iyaa .in/ ape hyd auli s-an
httdeveloped ://w ww r pipeline n
aa .in/preaches er/ the r lic
p //w when
s po the ydlake.

P
t t . i y n a p / h a u
h ps:
t w ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr
Properties t
h ps : / /
ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
/
t w
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p
We do not httknow s
the exit
://w w temperature
o riy an. of the oil, and thus we cannot determine
p w p a
h tt s://w ww. oriy
the bulk mean ptemperature, . which is the temperature at which the properties of
p
htt ps://w ww
t t w
:// The mean temperature of the oil at the inlet is 20°C, and
oil are to behevaluated. t ps
h t
we expect this temperature to drop somewhat as a result of heat loss to the icy
waters of the lake. We evaluate the properties of the oil at the inlet temperature,
but we will repeat the calculations, if necessary, using properties at the evaluated
bulk mean temperature. At 20° C from HMT data book
888 kg/m3 901 m2/s
k = 0.145 W/m °C Cp =1880 J/kg _ °C
Pr = 10,400
=666

which is less than the critical Reynolds number of 2300. Therefore, the flow is

= 3.66 + = 37.3

This nusselt number is considerably higher than the fully developed value of 3.66
then

h= /
s -63 /
c
also we determine the exit temperature of air from mati cs-63 /
n eu ati s-63 /
Te = Ts - (Ts - Ti) exp (-h As /m Cp) p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
- a nd pneu mat cs-6 /
s - u t i 3
here ulic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
ra s d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
yd aulic s-an d-pn uma tics- 63/

N
/ h r e
As = PL = DL= (0.3 m)(200 em)
r =188.5d mlic2 n n a s-
/ p ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
e l s /

A
n a m
·
a n.i /pap er/hy drau lics- nd-p neu atic s-63 /
iya a3)(0.15 n hy rau
ap3/s)r/=0.151 - a -p m ic
m= V = (1.009orkg/m n.i /pm kg/s ics -and pneu mat cs-6 /
3

A
p a i n p e y d u l -
w w oriy aan n/pa er/h dra lics and neu at s-63 /
. . i
m
://w ww
Substitute As
.p riy
and m in n.i /pap er/hy drau lics- nd-p neu atic s-63 /
Te

IY
s p o a a n p y - a p m ic
p . y .i u - 3
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
w
tt s:// ww ori y . h ra lics and ne u i
hTe =p60 -//w (60 - w 80) p expiy(-13.5
n /pa per/ yd1008)
aa .in6.4/0.151 u = 71.3- p
t
ma tics-
6
. -

R
t t n a / h a s d u
h ps: w or a /p er dr lic n ne a
t t / /w w.p oriya an.in /pap er/hy drau lics-a nd-p neum
Thentthe
h s logarithmic
: w mean a temperature
n difference and the a rate of heat loss from
t p s://w ww.p oriy an.i /pap er/hy drau lics- nd-p

O
h
the air become n -a
p .p ya .i p y u
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics
Tln=h=

P tt-15.2°C /w iy . a /h a
t p s:/ www .por yaan .in/p per hydr
ht ps:/ / i a /
t w ww .por iyaan .in/p aper
t /
h ps
t
: /
w ww .por iyaan .in/p
t /
h ps:
t
/
w ww .por iyaan
t /
Q = h As h Tln = t s:/ wW/m2
p(13.5 ww .p°C)(6.4or m2)(-15.2°C) = -1313 W
h t : // w
Therefore, airttwill p lose heat at a rate of 1313 W as it flows through the duct in the
s w
h ps://w
attic.
htt

2. In condenser water flows through two hundred thin walled circular

tubes having inner diameter 20mm and length 6 m. the mass flow rate of
water is 160 kg/s. the water enters at 30o C and leaves at 50 o C.
Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient.
Given :
Inner diameter D = 20mm
Length L = 6 m
Mass flow rate m = 160 kg/s

Bulk mean temperature Tm = = °C

Properties of water at °C [ from HMT data boo page no 21]

ν = 0.657 x 10-6 m2/s

/
Pr = 4.340 s -63 /
c
m ati cs-63 /
k = 0.628 W/mK neu ati s-63 /
p m ic

PORIYAAN APP LINK

- 3
and pneu mat cs-6 /
Cp = 4178 J/kg K s - - u t i 3
u lic -and -pne uma ics-6 3/
ra s d t 6
https://mech.poriyaan.in/

e
Reynolds Number Re = UD/ ν /hyd raulic s-an d-pn euma tics- 63/
er lic

N s-
d n n a
m =/ p ap r/hy drau ics-a nd-p neum atic -63/
e l s /

A
n a m
a n.i /pap er/hy drau lics- nd-p neu atic s-63 /
a n a
Velocity U r=iym/ n.i ap r/hy rau cs- d-p eum tic -63
po iyaa n.in/p ape /hyd auli s-an d-pn uma tics 63/

A
.
w ww .por iyaa .in/p aper hydr aulic s-an -pne uma tics- 3/
/
s:/ www .p=or yaan .in=/p2.55 r/ dr( noulof nd= 200)ne ma ics-6 3/

Y
p p em/s y ictubes- a p
-
ht ps:// ww .por aan in/p per/ ydr ulic -and -pneu mat cs-6 3/
t i a h a s

Rhet=t UD/
p s

R I .p
y

ya
.
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu mat cs-6
ν ww oriy an. /pa er/h dra lics nd neu ati
://w
.in p
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics -and -pneu
=ht=77625.57
y u -a -p m
i

O
t
s ://w ww poriy aan. n/pa per/h ydra lics -and
p . y .i u
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa per/h ydra ulics

P
SincehRtet 2300, /w flow w is oturbulent
riy an. n/pa er/h dra
s:/ ww p a p y
t p
ht ps:/ /
w w oriy aan.i n/pa er/h
.
For turbulent flow, general.p equation
htt ps://w ww .pori aan in/pa e
y .i is ( Rp > 10000)
htt [pfrom ://w HMT w ori aan. y
Nu = 0.023 s w data
.p boo y page no 125]
htt ps://w ww .pori
htt pprocess/w w n = 0.4 (
This is heating t s:/ wwso
ht ps://
Nu = 0.023 htt
Nu = 337.8

Nu =

337.8 =

Heat transfer coefficient h = 10606.9 w/m2K

https://mech.poriyaan.in/
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