RAMCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Academic Year: 2023-2024 (Odd Semester)
QUESTION BANK

Semester/class: V Semester B.E.ECE A&B

Name of subject: CBM341 Body Area Networks
Name of Faculty member: Mr.D.Gopinath

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
PART-A

1. What is meant by Body Area Networks (BAN)?

A body area network (BAN) is a network consisting of a heterogeneous set of nodes that
can sense, actuate, compute, and communicate with each other through a multi-hop
wireless channel. A BAN collects, processes, and stores physiological (such as
electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure), activity (such as walking, running, and
sleeping), and environmental (such as ambient temperature, humidity, and presence of
allergens) parameters from the host’s body and its immediate surroundings; and can even
actuate treatment (such as drug delivery), on the basis of the data collected. BANs can be
very useful in assisting medical professionals to make informed decisions about the
course of the patient’s treatment by providing them with continuous information about the
patient’s condition.

2. What is Biocompatibility?
Biocompatibility is defined as “the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate
host response in a specific application”
Biocompatibility is also defined as “the ability of a material to perform its desired
function with respect to a medical therapy, without eliciting any undesirable local or
systemic effects in the recipient or beneficiary of that therapy, but generating the most
appropriate beneficial cellular or tissue response in that specific situation, and optimizing
the clinically relevant performance of that therapy”

3. Differentiate between Accelerometer and Gyroscope sensor.

Sl.No. Accelerometer Gyroscope sensor
Accelerometers measure linear
A gyroscope measures angular velocity
1. acceleration (specified in mV/g) along
(specified in mV/deg/s).
one or several axis.
Accelerometers are used to determine
acceleration, though a three-axis
accelerometer could identify the A gyroscope is a device that uses
2. orientation of a platform relative to the Earth's gravity to help determine
Earth's surface. However, once that orientation.
platform begins moving, its readings
become more complicated to interpret.
Accelerometer is a tri-axial sensor and
Gyroscope is a bi-axial sensor and it
3. it consumes approximately 1mW
consumes approximately 30mW power
power

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4. What is MEMS Integration technology?
Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology is the area which has offered
the prospect of sophisticated sensing using a miniaturised sensor device.
Improvements in sensor manufacturing and nano-engineering techniques, along with
parallel advances in MEMS technology offer the potential for producing even smaller
implantable and attachable sensors than were previously possible. An example of one
such miniaturised nano-engineered sensor currently under development is a fluorescent
hydrogel alginate microsphere optical glucose sensor.
MEMS devices in particular may prove pivotal in the drug delivery component of any
closed feedback loop. In addition, when mass-produced, MEMS technology offers the
prospect of delivering efficient and precise sensors for low cost.

5. What are the different BAN patient monitoring systems?

1. Monitoring Patients with Chronic Disease
2. Monitoring Hospital Patients
3. Monitoring Elderly Patients

6. What is the criteria for sensor node placement to reduce the wearability issues?
Design for wearability requires unobtrusive sensor node placement on the human
body based on application-specific criteria. Criteria for placement can vary with the
needs of functionality and convenience.
Functionality criteria constrains node placement to regions where relevant data can
be sensed. The number of nodes required to capture all relevant data can vary based on
the quality of information sensed at individual locations.
Convenience criteria include:
(1) physical interference with movement,
(2) difficulty in removing and placing nodes,
(3) social and fashion concerns,
(4) frequency and difficulty of maintenance (charging and cleaning)

7. Mention any two real-time applications of BAN.

Initial applications of BANs are expected to appear primarily in the healthcare domain,
especially for continuous monitoring and logging vital parameters of patients with chronic
diseases such as diabetes, asthma and heart attacks.

 A BAN in place on a patient can alert the hospital, even before they have a heart
attack, through measuring changes in their vital signs.
 A BAN on a diabetic patient could auto inject insulin through a pump, as soon as their
insulin level declines.
 A BAN can be used, to learn the underlying health state transitions and dynamics of a
disease
Other applications of this technology include sports, military, or security. Extending the
technology to new areas could also assist communication by seamless exchanges of
information between individuals, or between individuals and machines.

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8. What is meant by Bhattacharyya distance?
One of the most popular class separability measures in the field of pattern recognition
is the Bhattacharyya distance. It is theoretically sound because it relates directly to the upper
bound of classification error the probabilities.
The Bhattacharyya distance is more theoretically sound because it relates directly to the
upper bound of classification error the probabilities. Bhattacharyya distance measures are real
values between 0 and 2, where 0 indicates complete overlap between the signatures of two
classes, and 2 indicates a complete separation between the two classes.

9. List out the technical challenges facing Body Area network.

 Need for better sensor design,
 MEMS integration,
 Biocompatibility,
 Power source miniaturisation,
 Low power wireless transmission,
 Context awareness,
 Secure data transfer, and
 Integration with therapeutic systems

10. Differentiate the challenges faced by the Wireless Sensor Network and Body Area
Network.

Sl.No. Wireless Sensor Network Body Area Network

Scale: Scale:
1. As large as the environment being As large as human body parts
monitored (metres/kilometres) (millimetres/centimetres)
Node Number Node Number
2. Greater number of nodes required for Fewer, more accurate sensors nodes
accurate, wide area coverage required (limited by space)
Energy Scavenging Energy Scavenging
3. Solar, and wind power are most likely Motion (vibration) and thermal (body
candidates heat) most likely candidates
Biocompatibility
A must for implantable and some
Biocompatibility external sensors. Likely to increase cost
4.
Not a consideration in most applications Context Awareness Not so important
with static sensors where environments
are well defined
Data Protection Data Protection
5. Lower level wireless data transfer High level wireless data transfer security
security required required to protect patient information

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 UNIT II HARDWARE FOR BAN

1. What is Energy scavenging?

Batteries provide this capability in the great majority of portable electronic devices,
and wireless sensor node applications. However, their need for replacement or recharging
introduces a cost and convenience penalty which is already undesirable in larger devices,
and is likely to become unacceptable for sensor nodes as their ubiquity grows.
As an alternative, sources which scavenge energy from the environment are highly
desirable. With the decreasing power demands for sensing, processing, and wireless
communication for BANs due to improved electronic design and miniaturisation,
alternative power sources based on energy scavenging become increasingly realistic.
The materials required in batteries are often toxic or environmentally unfriendly,
adding to the burden of both biocompatibility for implanted use and end-of-life disposal.
Energy scavenging for the supply of wireless electronics is a relatively young research
field.

2. What is EEPROM and mention its advantages.

Since limited Random Access Memory (RAM) is provided by MCUs, most WSN
platforms are designed with an external flash memory or Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory (EEPROM). Due to the non-volatile nature of the EEPROM, it is used in
most embedded systems for storing configuration information because it does not require
power to retain the stored data. It is also used as an immediate storage for sensor readings.
For instance, in order to perform feature extraction or filtering of the sampled data, the
EEPROM can be used as a processing buffer for these algorithms. Another use of the
EEPROM is for storing program images. For example, Deluge, a TinyOS network-
programming tool, uses the external flash memory to store the program image in order to
enable dynamic reprogramming
of the sensor nodes.

3. How to interface analog sensor with low power MCUs?

Sensors such as simple photo resistors and thermistors, or more complex gyroscope and
condenser microphones, generally provide analogue readings. Most WSN platforms are
equipped with ADC interfaces for data sampling and acquisition. For instance, the Atmel
Atmega128L MCU has an eight-channel 10-bit ADC that can sample at a rate up to 15.4ksps
(kilo-samples per second), whereas the TI MSP430 microcontroller has a 12-bit ADC which
provides a higher precision reading than that of the Atmel processor. In addition to ADCs,
some platforms are equipped with Digital-to-Analogue Converter (DAC) for controlling
sensors or actuators.

4. Compare the features of MSP430 Processor and ATmega 128L microcontroller

Sl.No. MSP430 Processor ATmega 128L microcontroller

The TI MSP430 processor is an ultra The Atmel ATmega 128L processor is an
6. low power 16-bit RISC (Reduced 8-bit microcontroller designed for
Instruction Set Computer) processor. embedded applications.
Compared to the Atmel, the MSP430 It consumes 8mW in active mode and
7. requires much less power in both active 75μW in sleep mode
(3mW) and sleep modes (15μW).

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 With its wide range of interconnection It has 8-channels of 10-bit ADCs
functions, 12-bit ADCs and the serial (Analogue-to-Digital Converters) and
8.
programming interface. The operating low operating voltage (2.7V),
voltage (1.8V).
The MSP430 has been widely The ATmega processor has been widely
9. adopted in platforms such as Telos, used in many WSN platforms. They
Tmote sky etc., include the Mica motes, BTnode etc.,

5. What is PCB Antenna.

To minimise the manufacturing cost and facilitate the modular design of sensor nodes,
PCB (Printed Circuit Board) antennas have been widely used in embedded systems such
as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) applications. Telos and Tmote sky are designed
with PCB antennas printed on the circuit board. Figure A.7 illustrates a prototype BSN
node with a PCB antenna. Although printing the antenna onto the circuit board could
reduce the manufacturing cost, the performance of PCB antenna is relatively poor due to
the dielectric loss caused by poor circuit board material, and noise induced by coupling
with other lossy components and circuit board traces [40]. For this reason, additional
mounting points for external antennas are usually provided on these designs.

6. Why Integrated Processor with Radio Transceiver is more popular?

Recently, System-on-Chip (SoC) Processors or integrated processors with radio
transceivers are becoming popular due to their miniaturised size and simplicity in board
design. One exemplar is the Berkeley Spec, which is a custom-made processor with an
8bit RISC processor combined with a FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) transceiver. By
integrating the radio transceiver, the size of the Spec is only 5mm2.

7. What are the advantages of Fuel cells?

Fuel cells, however, are an attractive alternative, as they require much lower
temperatures and have no moving parts. A popular variant for miniaturisation is the direct
methanol fuel cell. In these devices, the methanol reacts electrochemically with water at
the anode, producing free electrons and protons, the latter being oxidised to water at the
cathode after passing through a polymer membrane. Power levels reported were as high
as 47mW/cm2.
Fuel cells may also provide an attractive type of inexhaustible, energy scavenging
source for implantable applications. This can be achieved by using bodily fluids as the
fuel source, such as glucose and dissolved oxygen in blood. Power levels are promising,
but operating lifetimes are still low.

8. What is Ceramic Antenna?

To simplify manufacturing complexity and facilitate size reduction whilst maintaining
the quality of wireless communication, ceramic antennas are often used in WSN
platforms. Ceramic antennas are usually optimised for certain frequencies and they are
much smaller in size than wire and PCB antennas. For example, ProSpeckz and Ant are
integrated with ceramic antennas designed for Bluetooth (or 2.4GHz) devices.

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9. What is UART?
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART)
UART, often known as the TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) version of the RS232,
used to be the most commonly used interface between computers and peripherals before
the introduction of Universal Serial Bus (USB). For embedded systems, however, it still
remains the main communication mechanism. Unlike I2C and SPI, UART is a peer-to-
peer full-duplex network protocol.
UART is designed for asynchronous transmission, no clock signal is used and devices
are expected to operate at the same frequency. Start and stop bits are used to signal the
beginning and end of the transmission. The data is shifted with the LSB (Least Significant
Bit) first. UART is often used for device level communications and it allows long
distance connections.

10. Compare three Serial communication interface protocol.

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 UNIT III WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK

1. What is meant by Inductive Coupling?

The inductive loop is useful for transferring small packets of data without requiring an
implanted power source (battery).
Several applications use electromagnetic coupling to provide a communication link to
implanted devices, with an external coil held very close to the patient that couples to a
coil implanted just below the skin surface. The implant is powered by the coupled
magnetic field and requires no battery for communication. As well as providing power,
this alternating field is also be used to transfer data into the implant.
Data is transferred from the implanted device by altering the impedance of the
implanted loop that is detected by the external coil and electronics. This type of
communication is commonly used to identify animals that have been injected with an
electronic tag.
Inductive coupling achieves the best power transfer when using large transmit and
receive coils, meaning it is impractical when space is an issue or devices are to be
implanted deep within the patient. This technique does not support a very high data rate
and cannot initiate a communication session from inside of the body.

2. What are the RF bands used in-body communication systems and mention its
frequency range?
RF communication dramatically increases bandwidth and enables a two-way data link
that allows an implant to initiate a communication session. This requires an implanted
battery, electronics and suitable antenna. While some in-body communication systems
used the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands of 2.4GHz and the Medical
Implant Communication System (MICS) band of 403MHz to 405MHz is gaining
worldwide acceptance. This band has a power limit of 25􀈝W in air and is split into
300kHz wide channels.

3. What are three important properties of medium used for RF communication.

i. The dielectric constant (Ԑr),
ii. Conductivity (σ) and
iii. Characteristic impedance (Z0)
These three properties of mediums are very different and properties change with
frequency.

4. What is Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)?

Electromagnetic coupling effect is used in the treatment of an Abdominal Aortic
Aneurysm (AAA). In this situation, a shaped tube is inserted into the patient through a
“keyhole” in the groin and placing it over the affected area. To evaluate the patient’s
health, a pressure sensor is included that can be interrogated at any time for many years.
As a result, major abdominal surgery is replaced with a relatively unobtrusive procedure
and the patient can be easily monitored.

5. How to make body phantom cells for Antenna testing?

Testing an implant antenna in-air has limited use and non-living tissue does not have
the same properties as the human body, so a body phantom is used. A mixture of water,
sodium chloride, sugar and Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose (HEC) will mimic muscle or brain
tissue for the frequency range 100MHz to GHz.

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6. What is meant by Star-mesh hybrid network?
Star-mesh hybrid network allows connecting a mesh network with one or more star
networks or several star networks with each other. A mixed star and mesh network
combines the simplicity of the singlehop star topology with the extendibility and
flexibility of the multi-hop mesh topology.

7. Draw the structure of IEEE P802.15.3 piconet.

8. What is the necessity of Stand-Alone Body Area Networks?

A stand-alone body sensor network consists of small wireless nodes on or in the
immediate vicinity of the patient’s body, conjointly providing the functionality for
sensing and processing required by the application.
In the simplest scenario, a central node gathers and records the readings of the
biosensors such as ECG, EMG, EEG, SpO2, blood flow, and blood pressure over a period
of time for subsequent offline interpretation and trend analysis by a clinician. By
providing capabilities for local processing of the measurements and user I/O, the patient
is alerted in a timely manner when her state of health changes for the worse.

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9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cluster tree network topology?
Advantages of Cluster tree network topology
 Low power consumption of leaf nodes
 Large spatial coverage area
 Many nodes possible
 Large spatial coverage
 Medium complexity (rerouting is required when a node in the tree dies)

Disadvantages of Cluster tree network topology

 Medium scalability (root of the tree is a bottleneck)
 Low reliability (node failure effects routing)
 High latency and low bandwidth
 Asymmetric power consumption (nodes in the tree backbone consume more)
 Nodes used must have same basic functionality, including routing capabilities
(may be an overkill in some applications as it increases cost)

10. What is meant by Star network and Mesh network?

Star network
All devices are connected to a single central controller often referred to as coordinator or
master. The peripheral nodes are called slaves. Slaves can only communicate with the
master. Communication between slaves requires passing all data through the master.
Mesh network
Any device can communicate with other devices as long as they are in range of one
another (“peer-to-peer network”). Multi-hop networking protocols enable routing of
packets from one device to the other on the network.

Figure a. Star network Figure b. Mesh network

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 UNIT IV COEXISTENCE ISSUES WITH BAN

1. What are the currently available approaches to overcome coexistence issues with
Body Area Networks?
The currently available approaches to overcome coexistence issues with WBANs
include listen-before talk(LBT) behavior, channel monitoring and prediction techniques,
backoff strategies, reservation schemes, (slow) frequency adaptation and (fast) frequency
hopping, and redundancy with regard to frequencies, antennas, and coding.

2. What is meant by carrier-to-co-channel interference ratio?

The carrier-to-co-channel interference ratio (C/I ratio) or simply
co-channel interference (CCI) describes the actual or required
power ratio of the wanted carrier signal (Pc) with regard to the
unwanted interfering signal (Pi), which is transmitted on the same
channel.

3. Give the classification of Interferers.

Interferers might be classified into three groups:
 Intrinsic interference from wireless systems running the same protocol in the same or
neighboured frequency band
 Extrinsic interference from wireless systems running a different protocol in the same
or neighboured frequency band
 Extrinsic interference from (micro) electronic systems with electromagnetic or RF-
emission (EMI, RFI)

4. Write Friss Free Space Equation to estimate the received power.

Friss Free Space Equation is given by

PT and PR are the power level at the transmitter and the

receiver, respectively, GT and GR describe the antenna gain at the
transmitter and the receiver, respectively, λ is the wavelength, d is
the distance between transmitter and receiver and α is the coefficient which describes the
attenuation. Typical real-life values are between 2 and 6. The theoretical limit is 2 and is
very often used in simple model calculations for the so-called free space loss (FSL).

5. Give the two options of passive channel supervision?

Two options of passive channel supervision:
 Energy detection (ED) is an estimate of the received signal power within the
bandwidth of the channel. No attempt is made to identify or decode signals on the
channel.
 Carrier sense reports a busy medium only upon the detection of a signal compliant
with the same protocol with the same modulation and spreading characteristics of the
PHY that is currently in use by the device. This signal may be above or below the
ED threshold.

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6. What is meant by Sybil attacks?
To form a network and create routing tables, every sensor node has to have a
unique identity. In a Sybil attack, a malicious node creates fake identities, in order
that it can appear in multiple places at the same time. It will therefore be more likely
to be selected as part of a hop for forwarding messages, thus opening the gate for
selective forwarding attacks. Figure shows a Sybil attack where multiple identities of
a compromised node are sent to neighbouring sensor nodes.

7. What is Time Synchronisation Corruption?

Due to the high bandwidth requirement and limited battery power available to
miniaturised sensors, one approach to developing an energy efficient network is to
implement a scheduling or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) scheme for data
transmission.
With TDMA, the power consumption can be optimised by switching on the
radio only when it is required. Collision is also avoided with this scheme. As the
timing information of the TDMA protocol is crucial for scheduling, in order to launch
an attack on such a network, an attacker can simply corrupt the time synchronisation.
One method of achieving this is to broadcast invalid synchronisation commands to the
sensors, where a slight offset of the time could potentially lead to collisions.
Figure illustrates an example time synchronisation attack where the corrupted
time synchronisation message t=7 is sent to the sensor nodes when the actual time is
only t=5.

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8. How to counteract against frequency specific interference using Frequency
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)?
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is the simplest spread spectrum
technique, which helps to counteract against frequency specific interference on a
statistical basis. FHSS uses M different carrier frequencies that are modulated by the
source signal. At one moment, the signal modulates one carrier frequency; at the next
moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency. In the long run, all M
frequencies are used. The frequency pattern must be agreed between the synchronized
sender and receiver.

9. What is meant by Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)?

The direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique also expands the
bandwidth of the original signal, but the process is different. In DSSS, we replace
each data bit with n bits using a spreading code. In other words, each bit is assigned a
code of n bits, called chips, where the chip rate is n times that of the data bit.
At the receiver, the received signal is de-spread with the same spreading code.
Due to the autocorrelation of the transmitted PN sequence DSSS achieves process
gain, which lowers the required SNR. Thus the impact of uncorrelated interferers can
be reduced.

10. What is Medium Reservation Methods?

The persistency and collision avoidance methods do not have any impact in
case of hidden stations. This problem can be improved by the usage of ad hoc medium
reservation methods. The basic and maybe mostly used mechanism is called RTS-
CTS handshake, as it is defined in IEEE802.11.
The handshake of Figure begins when the sender sends a short request-to-send
(RTS) packet; the receiver then replies with a clear-to-send (CTS) packet.
 Only afterward, the sender begins the actual data transmission.
 A node further away from the sender may not receive the RTS during carrier
sense; it receives, however, the CTS which prompts it to back off.
 If a collision occurs during RTS, the packet is deliberately made small that
the collision doesn’t make much damage.

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 UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF BAN

1. Draw the Frame format of Pervasive Cardiac Care (PCC).

2. How to reduce motion artifacts in the signal preprocessing of ECG.

Classical filters for the ECG series, e.g., notch filter, low-pass filter, and high-
pass filter, can effectively remove or reduce most of interferences. But for motion
artifacts, because of their irregular occurrences and irregular morphological attributes,
these filters cannot eliminate these disturbances.
These artifacts can cause much trouble in QRS detection when encountering
QRS-like artifacts. This algorithm adopts an adaptive filter (AT) to reduce motion
artifacts. The resultant signal series, named A(t), is generated by performing AT
operation in the raw series R(t). The AT expression is

where α is the balance coefficient of AT, which is a key factor to influence the
performance of the AT filter.

3. What is the significance of GATEAWAY menu in the Multi-Patient Monitoring

System?
A software called GATEWAY should be developed at the monitoring PC to
control the communication with the Body Control Unit to get readings from sensors
and then forward them through another network/Internet to an application on a remote
PC (at a remote location) in the Multi-Patient Monitoring System.
While performing this task, the GATEWAY will also verify the data integrity
and schedules retransmission, if required.

4. What is the purpose of Gait analysis?

In the human action recognition, gait analysis is the systematic measurement,
description, and assessment of those quantities thought to characterize human
locomotion. Through gait analysis, kinematic and kinetic data are acquired and
analyzed to provide information, which describes fundamental gait characteristics and
which is ultimately interpreted by clinicians to form a medical assessment.

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5. What are the features of PillCam Electronic Pill?
One of the current state-of-the-art technologies for electronic pills is the
commercially available PillCam by the company “Given Imaging”. The pill uses
Zarlink’s RF chip for wireless transmission based on the MICS band. The allowable
channel bandwidth for this band is only 300 kHz. It is difficult to assign enough data
rate for the high quality video data at the moment for real-time monitoring. Data rate
is 800 Kbps. It is processed 14 images per second or 2,600 color images.

6. Why Ultra Wide Band (UWB) communication used in some Body Area
Networks applications?
Wideband technology (UWB communication) is an ideal physical layer
solution that achieves a data rate equal or higher than 100 Mbps. Its current
applications are mostly for in-door entertainment, radar, and imaging. Due to high
losses in body tissue at high frequencies many are skeptical about using UWB for
implanted and, moreover, ingested devices.
A wideband electronic pill can transmit raw video data without any
compressing, resulting low-power, less delay in real-time and increased picture
resolution. With a high definition camera such as 2 megapixels, UWB telemetry can
send up to 10 frames per second (fps).

7. Draw the block diagram of multichannel neural recording system.

8. List out the major chronic diseases and which type of BAN Sensor is used to
measure the physiological parameter.

Physiological Parameter (BSN Biochemical Parameter (BSN

Disease
Sensor Type) Sensor Type)
Blood pressure (implantable/ Adrenocorticosteroids (implantable
Hypertension
wearable mechanoreceptor) biosensor)
Cardiac
Heart rate, blood pressure, ECG,
Arrhythmias/ Troponin, creatine kinase
cardiac output (implantable/ wearable
Heart (implantable biosensor)
mechanoreceptor and ECG sensor)
Failure

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 Physiological Parameter (BSN Biochemical Parameter (BSN
Disease
Sensor Type) Sensor Type)
Cancer
Weight loss (body fat sensor) Tumour markers, blood detection
(Breast,
(implantable/ wearable (urine, faces, sputum), nutritional
Prostate,
mechanoreceptor) albumin (implantable biosensors)
Lung, Colon)
Respiration, peak expiratory flow, Oxygen partial pressure
Asthma /
oxygen saturation (implantable/ (implantable/wearable optical sensor,
COPD
wearable mechanoreceptor) implantable biosensor
Gait, tremor, muscle tone, activity
Parkinson’s Brain dopamine level (implantable
(wearable EEG, accelerometer,
Disease biosensor)
gyroscope)
Gait, muscle tone, activity, impaired
Stroke speech, memory (wearable EEG,
accelerometer, gyroscope)
Visual impairment, sensory Blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin
Diabetes disturbance (wearable accelerometer, (HbA1c).
gyroscope) (implantable biosensor)

9. What is meant by Multi-Patient Monitoring System?

The system is based on a multi-hopping network technique that can be used in
medical environments for remote monitoring of physiological parameters from
multiple patient bodies. The system is depicted in Figure. The data is transferred to
remote stations through the local area network or the Internet already available in
medical centers.

10. Give the details of three ECG signal series.

Three ECG signal series, i.e., R(t), AD(t), and RC(t), are adopted in the AED
algorithm.
The R(t) series is raw ECG signals acquired from electrodes. It is generally
contaminated by different kinds of noises.
The AD(t) series is the adaptive differential signals with the processing of
the differential filter and the adaptive filter. The inferences of the baseline drift and
the motion artifacts can be eliminated in the AD(t) series; hence, this series is used to
detect and localize the QRS complexes.

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 The RC(t) series is the de-noised ECG signals with the operations of the
bandpass filter and the linear amplifier. Since electrical noises and muscle tremors
have been removed from the RC(t) series, the RC(t) series is used to extract the
characteristics of the QRS complexes.

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