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Nationalism India

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Nationalism India

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remingaming12
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NATIONALISM IN INDIA

1) Who was the leader of the peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh?
Ans. Alluri Sitaram Raju

2) Which pact reserved seats for Dalits in the provincial and central legislative
assembly?
Ans. Poona Pact

3) Which political party formed within the congress to argue for return to council
elections?
Ans. Swaraj Party

4) Why did Gandhiji begin fast unto death when Dr B. R. Ambedkar demanded separate
electorate for Dalits?
Ans. Separate electorate would create divisions in the society.

5) Name the leaders who formed the Swaraj Party?


Ans. Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das

6) In which year did Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the
Rowlatt Act?
Ans. 1919

7) In which year was kheda Satyagraha organized?


Ans. 1917

8) Name the object which was found to be a powerful symbol according to Gandhiji that
could unite the nation.
Ans. Salt.

9) Name the place where Non-Cooperation movement was called off?


Ans. Chauri Chaura.

10) When was police fired in united province at peasants near Rae Bareli?
Ans. on 6 January 1921

11) In which year Ahmedabad mill worker’s Satyagraha was organized?


Ans. 1918

12) Name the rebel leader of tribal people of Andhra Pradesh?


Ans. Alluri Sitaram Raju
13) Who was M.R. Jayakar?
Ans. He was member of Hindu Mahasahba, who strongly opposed the efforts of
compromise during all Parties Conference in 1928.

14) What is Begar?


Ans. Begar is a type of labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

15) Which name was given by Gandhiji to the Dalits?


Ans. Harijans or the children of God.

16) When and where was the second round Table conference held?
Ans. The second-round table conference was held at London in December 1931.

17) Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath'.


Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

18) Who financed the defence expenditure of World War I?


Ans. War was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised
and income tax was introduced.

19) Why were people in rural areas angry with Britishers?


Ans. There was forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas. Crops failed resulting in
acute storage of food, accompanied by influenza epidemic.

20) When did Mahatma Gandhi return to India?


Ans. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. He had come back from
South Africa.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was the role of women in the civil Disobedience movement?


Ans. 1) Participated is the salt Satyagraha in large number.
2) They participated in protest marches and also manufactured salt.
3) Many women went to jails
4) In rural areas the women considered service to the nation a sacred duty.

2. Explain the problems faced in unifying people.


Ans. All credits of glorious past were attributed to the Aryans and their contributions
therefore it became difficult to bring all communities on a single platform.
3. Why and how is the identity of a nation symbolized in a Figure?
Ans. (1) It helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.
2) With the growth of nationalism identify of India came to be associated with the
image of Bharat Mata.

4. Which political solutions were adopted by Dalits leaders to the problems of their
community?
Ans. 1. Many Dalits leaders were keen on different political solutions to the problems of
the community.
2. They began organizing themselves and demanding reserved seats in electoral
institutions.
3. They also asked for separate electorate that would choose Dalits members for
legislative councils.
4. They believed; Political empowerment would resolve the problems of their social
disabilities.
5. Dr B R Ambedkar organized the Dalits and formed a Depressed classes Association
in 1930s.
6. These voluntary organizations also receive financial support from the government
for creating awareness among people.

5. Why did the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to anti colonial movement?
Ans. By the end of Nineteenth century anti-colonial Movement in most of the colonies led
to the growth of nationalism. The colonial exploitation led to poverty and caused
miseries to the people. The shared a common hatred against the colonial rule. In
colonies the people began to discover their unity in the process of their struggle
against colonialism. Each section of the society felt the effects of colonialism. The
British policy of racialism and that of divide and rule exposed the nature of their rule
and created the feeling of oneness among Indians. They felt the sense of common
hatred against colonial rule.

6. Why did the Rich peasant communities become active in the Civil Disobedience
Movement?
Ans. 1. Rich peasant communities –like Patidars of Gujarat and the Jatts of Uttar
Pradesh- were active in the movement.
2. Being producers of cash crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and
falling prices.
3. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s
revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand
led to widespread resentment.
4. Due to this reason rich peasants become enthusiastic supporters of the civil
Disobedience Movement.
7. What was the impact of Infamous Jallianwala Bhag incident over Society and British
Government?
Ans. 1. As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north
Indian towns.
2. There were strikes, classes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
3. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and
terrorize people.
4. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and
do salute to all sahibs.
5. People were flogged and village around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were
bombed.

8. Who gave the slogan “Inquilab – Zindabad”? What do you understand by this slogan?
Ans. 1. The famous slogan Inquilab Zindabad was given by Hasrat Mohani. This famous
slogan inspired the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
particularly Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.
2. It is a Hindustani phrase taken from Persian which translates to “Long Live
Revolution”.
3. It was a common phrase used by revolutionaries during the British rule over India.
4. It was popularized in the activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association by revolutionaries such as Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad, who
used it to urge future generations to endorse, and support the party’s rebellious
actions.

9. What is separate electorate? Why do you think Gandhiji was against the demand of
separate electorate by B R Ambedkar?
Ans. Separate electorates are usually demanded by minorities who feel it would otherwise
be difficult for them to get fair representation in government. Separate electorate for
Dalits means that Dalits will choose their separate leader by separate elections for
Dalits.
Gandhiji was against the demand of separate electorate of Dr B R Ambedkar because
he believes that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their
integration into society consumer movement in India has led to the formation of
various organizations locally known as.

10. Why martial law was imposed in Punjab during the month of April in 1919?
Ans. The martial law was imposed in Punjab because Rowlatt Act was introduced by the
British Government. Against this act rallies were organized in various cities, workers
went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed down. British Government
decided to clamp down on the nationalist leaders. Local leader were picked up from
Amritsar. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April, the police
in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoke widespread attacks on banks
post offices and railway stations. Due to this martial law was imposed and General
Dyer took command.
11. Why were Indians reacted against Rowlett Act?
Ans. 1. This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council
despite the united opposition of Indian Members.
2. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities, and allowed
detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
3. The Rowlett Act acted as an instrument of suppression of civil rights of the Indians
hence produced widespread discontent among masses.

12. Mention the features of the flag which was designed by Gandhiji?
Ans. In 1921 Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag.
1. It was a tri-color flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the
Gandhian ideal of self-help.
2. Tri-colors were-red, green and white.
3. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

13. What were the causes for the gradual slowing down of the Non-cooperation movement
in the cities?
Ans. (1) Khadi was more expensive than the mill produced cloth and the poor could not
afford it.
(2) British institutions were boycotted but the process of establishing Indian
institutions was slow so the students and teachers started joining the British
institution again.

14. Describe the main events leading to civil disobedience.


Ans. 1) World-wide economic depression
2) Simon commission was constituted in 1929 and no Indian member was appointed.
3) Lord Irwin announced that Dominion State would be granted to India.
4) At the Lahore congress session resolution for purna swaraj was passed.

15. What did freedom mean to Plantation workers in Assam?


Ans. 1) Right to move freely in and out of their enclosures.
2) Retaining link with their villages
3) They were not allowed to leave the tea garden without permission which they
wanted.

16. What were three proposals regarding Non-Cooperation movement, as suggested by


Mahatma Gandhi?
Ans. 1. The movement was to be unfolded in stages.
2. It should begin with the surrender of titles awarded by the government and boycott
of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative council, schools and foreign goods.
3. Then, In case the government used repression, a civil disobedience movement
would be launched.
17. Can you explain why some congress leaders were reluctant to boycott the council
elections of November 1920?
Ans. Many within the congress were, however concerned about the proposals given by
Gandhiji. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections of November 1920
because the feared that the Movement might lead to popular violence. In the months
between September and December there was instance tussle within the congress. For
a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of
the movement. Finally at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a
compromise was worked out and the Non-cooperation program was adopted.

18. Highlight the effects of Non-Cooperation movement on the economy of India.


Ans. The effect of non-co-operation on the economic front was more dramatic. Foreign
goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.
The import of foreign cloths halved between 1921 and 1922 its value dropping from
Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade
in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people
began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of
Indian textiles mills and handlooms went up.

19. What were the methods used by peasants of Awadh to achieve their goal? Explain.
Ans.1. In many places nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive
landlords of the service of even barbers and washer men.
2. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and
social boycott of oppressive landlords.
3. Some peasants denied doing beggar-work without at landlords’ farms without any
payment.
4. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were
attacked, bazaars were looted.

20. Why was the Non-Cooperation movement withdrawn by Gandhiji?


Ans. 1. The movement was turning violent.
2. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh, a peaceful demonstration in
bazaar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
3. Gandhiji also felt that Satyagraha is needed to be properly trained before they
would be ready for mass movement.

21. How was the Civil obedience Movement different from Non-Cooperation Movement?
State any three points of difference.
Ans. 1. Non-cooperation Movement was launched in1920 to 1922, while the Civil
Disobedience Movement continued 1929 to 1934.
2. The Non-cooperation Movement was launched because of the anger of Jallianwala
Bagh and against Rowlett Act, while Civil Disobedience movement was launched
against the arrival of Simon Commission.
3. The Idea of Non-Cooperation include that if the Indians refused to cooperate British
rule in India will would collapse within a year and swaraj would come. But the idea
of Civil Disobedience Movement includes breaking colonial rules and disobeying the
rules.

22. Highlight the major facts about the new economic situation created by First Word
War in India?
Ans. 1. First World War led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed
war loans and increase in Taxes.
2. Custom duties were raised and new income taxes were introduced.
3. Through war years prices increased-doubling between 1913 and 1918.
4. Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers.
5. Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger

23. “Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of unified
national movement” Can you explain that opportunity.
Ans. That opportunity was ‘Khilafat Issue’. The First World War ended with the defeat of
Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be
imposed on the ottoman emperor-the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khailifa).
To defend the khalifa’s temporal power, a khilafat committee was formed in Bombay
in March 1919. A young generation of Muslims leaders likes the brothers Muhammad
Ali and Shaukat Ali, Began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of
a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring
Muslims under the umbrella of unified national movement.

24. What were the main ideas of Gandhiji behind ‘Non-Co-operation’?


Ans. Gandhiji in his famous book Hind Swaraj declared that British Rule was established
in India with the cooperation of Indians, and successful only because of our
cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse
within a year and swaraj would come. According to Gandhiji it should begin with the
surrender of titles that the British government awarded, and a boycott of civil
services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign.

25. Elaborate the contribution of Alluri Sita Ram Raju in the nationalist movement of
India.
Ans. 1. Alluri Sita Ram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could
make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even
bullet shots.
2. Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju
talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-
Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear Khadhi and giving up
drinking.
3. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of
force, not non-violence.
4. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and
carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed
in 1924, and over the time became a folk hero.

26. Why martial law was imposed in Punjab during the month of April in 1919?
Ans. 1. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlett Act (1919).
2. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway
workshops, and shops closed down.
3. On April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoke
widespread attacks on banks, post office and railway stations.
4. The British administration decided to clampdown on nationalists. Martial law was
imposed and General Dyer took command.

27. Can you explain why some congress leaders were reluctant to boycott the council
elections of November 1920?
Ans. 1. Many within the congress were however, concerned about the proposal of Gandhiji
to start Non-Cooperation Movement.
2. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920.
3. They feared that the movement led to popular violence.
4. In the months between September and December there was intense tussle within
the congress.

28. How did Mahatma Gandhi organize Satyagraha in various places in India?
Ans. 1) In 1917 he travelled in champaran ran, Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against oppressive plantation system.
2) In 1919 he organized Satyagraha to support peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
3) In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organize this movement amongst cotton mill
workers.
4) In 1919 he launched Satyagraha against Rowlatt act.

29. Explain the factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in the later half of the
19th century.
Ans. 1) Economic exploitation
2) Administrative and economic unification of the country.
3) Western education’
4) Development of Press.

30. What was the contribution of Natesa Shartri for the revival of folklore and folk tales?
What were his views?
Ans. In madras Natesa Shastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk
tales, the Folklore of Southern India.
1. He believed that folklore was national literature;
2. It was most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thought and characteristics.

31. Explain the differences that emerged the congress and the Muslim league on Political
issues.
Ans. The important differences were over the question of representation in the future
assemblies that were to be elected Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim league was
willing to give up that demand for separate electorates if Muslim were given reserved
seats in the central assembly and representation in proportion to population in the
Muslim dominated provinces.

Long Answer Questions

1. Identify the reasons that why Muslim Political organizations in India were lukewarm
in their response to the civil disobedience Movement.
Ans. 1. Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also lukewarm in their
response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
2. After the decline of the Non- Cooperation–Khilafat movement, a large section of
Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
3. From the mid-1920s the congress came to be more visibly associated with openly
Hindu religious nationalist group like the Hindu Mahasabha.
4. As relation between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organized
religious processions with militant fervor, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal
clashes and riots in various cities.
5. Every riot deepened the distance between the two communities.

2. Explain the issue behind the Khilafat Movement.


Ans. 1. The First World War had ended with the defeated of Ottoman Turkey.
2. There were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the
Ottoman emperor –the spiritual head of the Islamic world.
3. To defend the Rowllat Act, Mahatma Gandhi felt, to take the Khilafat issue.
4. To bring the Hindus and Muslims closer, he felt, to take the Khilafat issue.
5. Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began discussing with Gandhiji
the possibilities of a united mass action on the issue.
6.Later at Calcutta Session in 1920, Gandhiji convinced the leaders in congress, to
start a non-cooperation movement in support of khilafat.

3. Why was Gandhiji decided to call off the Rowlett Satyagraha?


Ans. 1. Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlett Act
(1919)
2. On 13 April the famous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. As the news of
Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowd took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
3. There were strikes, classes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
4. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and
terrorize people.
5. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and
do salute to all sahibs.
6. People were flogged and village around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were
bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called of the movement

4. How did the revival of Indians folklore develop the ideas of Nationalism among
Indians? Explain.
Ans. 1. Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
2. In late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by
bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
3. These tales they believed gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been
corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
4. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national
identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
5. In Bengal, Rabindernath Tagore himself began collecting ballades, nursery rhymes
and myths and the movement for folk revival.

5. “Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore?


Support the statement with suitable examples?
Ans. 1. Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement a revive India folklore.
2. In the late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung
by bards and they toured villages together folk songs and legends.
3. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national
identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
4. In Bengal Rabindernath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes
and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.
5. In madras Natesa Shastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk
tales, the Folklore of Southern India.
6.He believed that folklore was national literature; it was most trustworthy
manifestation of people’s real thought and characteristics.

6. Can you identify the different limitations of Civil Disobedience Movement?


Ans. 1. Limited participation of Dalits: Dalits participation in the civil Disobedience
movement was very limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where
their organization was quite strong.
2. No Participation of Muslims: Some of the Muslim political organizations in India
were also Lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement. After
Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement Muslims felt alienated from the congress.
3. Dominant role of Sanatanis and Hindu Mahasabha: The role of Sanatanis and
Hindu Mahasabha was very dominant. Due to the fear of Sanatanis the
conservative high class Hindus, congress ignored the Dalits. Congress was very
close to Hindu Mahasbha. Hindus Mahasabha strongly opposed the efforts of
compromise between Congress and Muslim League.
4. Clash between BR Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi: In 1930 Dr B R Ambedkar
clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second-round table conference by demanding
separate electorate for Dalits.
5. Participants have different aspirations: Participation had their own aspirations.
There was a contrast between the demands of industrialist and working class.
Contrast was also there in the demand of Rich peasants and poor peasants. United
struggle was not there.

7. How the plantation workers of Assam understand Mahatma Gandhiji and the notion
of swaraj?
Ans. Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of
swaraj. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in
and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a
link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of
1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without
permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of
the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the
plantations and headed home. They believed the Gandhi Raj was coming and
everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached
their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were
caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

8. Explain the contribution of Gandhiji to uplift the position of Untouchables in the


society?
Ans. 1. Gandhiji declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability
was not eliminated.
2. He called the untouchables Harijans children of God,
3. He organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples and to assess to public
wells, tanks, roads and schools,
4. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of Bhangi (the Sweepers).
5. He persuaded the upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of
untouchability.

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