A

Research Report

On
Indian Languages in Education
Submitted by

Surve Shrikant Navnath

Roll No.: 24362

MCA–I

SEM–I

Under the guidance of

Prof. Renuka Janwekar

For the Academic Year 2024-25

Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

Sinhgad Institute of Management

Vadgaon Bk Pune 411041

(Affiliated to SPPU Pune & Approved by AICTE New Delhi)

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 INDEX
Chapter Topic Page No
1. Introduction Overview
2. Historical Origins of IKS in Indian Languages System
Context
Contribution of Indian Knowledge Systems
Vedic and Post-Vedic Periods
Regional and Vernacular Contributions
Medieval Era
Decline During Colonial Rule
Revival in the Modern Era
3. Key Concepts or Holistic Learning
Practices
Gurukul System
Indigenous Sciences
Ecological Wisdom
Linguistic and Literary Richness
Ethical Philosophy
Art and Aesthetics
Yoga and Meditation
4. Relevance Today Preservation of Traditional Knowledge
Multilingual Education and NEP 2020
Cultural Identity and Heritage
Accessibility of Knowledge
Innovation Rooted in Tradition
Promotion of Sustainability and Ethics
Global Influence
5. Conclusion Summary
6. References Books and Online Resources

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1. Overview: Indian Languages in Education through Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS)

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) represent the rich heritage of India’s traditional wisdom across

disciplines like science, arts, philosophy, and spirituality. Indian languages form a vital medium

for transmitting this knowledge, as they are deeply rooted in the culture and thought processes of

the land.

Historically, Indian education was conducted in languages such as Sanskrit, Tamil, Pali, and

Prakrit, which were integral to the preservation and dissemination of knowledge. Ancient texts

like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Sangam literature are a testament to the intellectual

achievements of those times. These languages enabled a holistic learning approach, blending

scientific inquiry with ethical and spiritual teachings.

In the modern context, Indian languages in education play a significant role in:

 Preserving traditional knowledge and culture.

 Enhancing comprehension through learning in one’s mother tongue.

 Supporting inclusivity and multilingualism as promoted by the National Education Policy

(NEP) 2020.

 Reviving local knowledge systems for regional development.

Promoting Indian languages in education is essential for integrating IKS into contemporary

learning. It ensures cultural continuity, strengthens cognitive development, and fosters

innovation rooted in traditional wisdom

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2. Historical Context

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) have their roots in ancient India's profound intellectual

traditions, which were preserved and propagated through Indian languages. Education in early

India was intrinsically linked to languages like Sanskrit, Tamil, Pali, and Prakrit, serving as

primary mediums for disseminating knowledge across disciplines.

 Vedic and Post-Vedic Periods

Sanskrit as the Knowledge Carrier: The Vedas, Upanishads, and other foundational

texts were composed in Sanskrit, establishing it as the language of intellectual and

spiritual inquiry. Education during this period focused on holistic learning, integrating

philosophy, science, and ethics.

Oral Tradition: Knowledge was transmitted orally, with languages playing a key role

in preserving the accuracy and sanctity of the content.

 Regional and Vernacular Contributions

Tamil Sangam Literature: Tamil became a cornerstone of knowledge in southern

India, with texts like Thirukkural emphasizing ethics, governance, and societal values.

Pali and Prakrit: These languages spread Buddhist and Jain teachings, making

knowledge accessible to wider sections of society beyond the scholarly elite.

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 Medieval Era

Growth of Regional Languages: During this period, regional languages like

Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, and Marathi emerged as mediums of knowledge and

literature. They helped localize IKS concepts, creating a culturally diverse educational

landscape.

Bhakti and Sufi Movements: Vernacular languages played a vital role in

disseminating spiritual knowledge through poetry, music, and storytelling, making

education more inclusive.

 Decline During Colonial Rule

The introduction of colonial education systems marginalized Indian languages in favor of

English. This led to a decline in the transmission of IKS through traditional linguistic and

educational frameworks.

 Revival in the Modern Era

Post-independence, efforts to revive Indian languages in education have gained momentum,

with emphasis on integrating traditional knowledge systems into formal curricula. Policies

like the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 have further highlighted the importance of

multilingual education and IKS.

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3. Contribution of Indian Knowledge Systems

Indian languages have significantly shaped education by serving as mediums for

transmitting knowledge, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting holistic learning.

Here’s a brief explanation of their contributions:

 Preservation of Traditional Knowledge:

Ancient texts in Sanskrit, Tamil, Pali, and other Indian languages have preserved

wisdom in fields like philosophy, medicine (Ayurveda), mathematics, and arts.

 Enhancing Comprehension:

Learning in one’s mother tongue improves understanding and fosters critical

thinking. Indian languages make education accessible and relatable.

 Integration of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):

Indian languages are essential for teaching IKS, as they carry concepts and

terminology rooted in cultural and intellectual traditions.

 Cultural Connection:

Education in Indian languages connects learners to their heritage, fostering pride

and identity while enriching the learning experience.

 Inclusivity and Accessibility:

Regional languages ensure education reaches diverse communities, promoting

inclusivity and equity.

 Support for Multilingualism:

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 Policies like NEP 2020 emphasize the importance of Indian languages in fostering

multilingual education, blending traditional and modern learning approaches.

4. Key Concepts or Practices

 Holistic Learning

Concept: IKS emphasizes the interconnectedness of various fields, integrating

science, philosophy, ethics, and spirituality into one cohesive framework.

Practice: Education under IKS doesn’t isolate disciplines but blends them to create a

balanced understanding of life, promoting intellectual, emotional, and spiritual

growth.

Example: Ancient Indian education combined subjects like astronomy, mathematics,

and ethics, showing how these disciplines influence each other.

 Gurukul System

Concept: The Gurukul system of education was a residential, teacher-student

relationship-focused model. It emphasized character-building, discipline, and

experiential learning.

Practice: Students (shishyas) lived with their teacher (guru) and learned through

practical experiences, discussions, and observation.

Example: Life skills like self-reliance, ethical decision-making, and mastery of arts

and sciences were central to this system.

 Indigenous Sciences and Mathematics

Concept: IKS made groundbreaking contributions to various sciences, medicine, and

mathematics.

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 Practice: Knowledge systems like Ayurveda (holistic medicine), Jyotisha

(astronomy), and Ganita (mathematics) were extensively developed.

Examples:

Aryabhata’s contributions to astronomy and the concept of zero.

Sushruta Samhita, an ancient text on surgery and medicine.

 Ecological Wisdom

Concept: Sustainability and harmony with nature are central to IKS. It views humans

as part of the larger ecological system governed by Rta (cosmic order).

Practice: Practices include rainwater harvesting, organic farming, and protection of

biodiversity.

Example: Traditional agricultural methods like crop rotation and natural fertilizers

were rooted in ecological understanding.

 Linguistic and Literary Richness

Concept: Indian languages have served as carriers of knowledge, preserving and

transmitting culture and wisdom across generations.

Practice: Texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, Sangam literature, and epics like

Ramayana and Mahabharata are key repositories of knowledge.

Example: Sanskrit texts on medicine and Tamil Sangam poetry reflect deep insights

into life, ethics, and governance.

 Ethical Philosophy

Concept: IKS emphasizes moral and ethical living based on values like dharma

(duty), ahimsa (non-violence), and moksha (liberation).

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 Practice: Ethical teachings were integrated into education to shape responsible

individuals and communities.

Examples:

 Bhagavad Gita provides lessons on duty and selflessness.

 Thirukkural offers guidance on ethics, relationships, and governance.

 Art and Aesthetics

Concept: Indian art forms express spiritual and cultural values, blending beauty

(rasa) with profound meaning.

Practice: Music, dance, and visual arts were not just entertainment but methods to

connect with the divine and teach life lessons.

Examples: Bharatanatyam and Hindustani music convey spiritual themes and cultural

stories.

 Yoga and Meditation

Concept: Yoga and meditation aim for self-realization and balance of the mind, body,

and soul.

Practice: Physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), and meditation are

integral components.

Example: The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali outline the philosophy and practice of yoga,

which has become globally recognized for its health benefits.

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5. Relevance of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) in Indian Languages Today

Indian languages play a crucial role in the revival and application of Indian Knowledge

Systems (IKS) in contemporary education and society. Here’s why they remain highly

relevant today:

1. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge

Indian languages hold the key to ancient texts and traditional practices, such as the

Vedas, Upanishads, and Ayurveda. By promoting these languages, we ensure that this

wisdom is preserved and remains accessible for future generations.

2. Multilingual Education and NEP 2020

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes teaching in the mother tongue or

regional languages, especially in primary education. This aligns with IKS principles, as

learning in one’s native language enhances comprehension and cultural connection.

3. Cultural Identity and Heritage

Indian languages help sustain cultural heritage and regional identities. They serve as a

medium for teaching traditional arts, sciences, and philosophies, fostering a sense of

pride and belonging.

4. Accessibility of Knowledge

Modern translations and interpretations of IKS in Indian languages make ancient

knowledge more accessible to diverse audiences, bridging the gap between

classical texts and modern learners.

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5. Innovation Rooted in Tradition

Indian languages enable researchers and educators to explore IKS for modern

applications in fields like medicine, agriculture, and sustainable development. For

example, Ayurveda and yoga are gaining global recognition and are being modernized

through studies in regional languages.

6. Promotion of Sustainability and Ethics

Indian languages are rich in concepts related to sustainability (ahimsa, Rta) and ethics

(dharma). These values, expressed through IKS, are critical in addressing global

challenges like climate change and social inequality.

7. Global Influence

The global popularity of yoga, Ayurveda, and meditation has brought attention to the

Indian languages that underpin these practices, reinforcing their importance in

preserving authenticity.

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6. Conclusion

1. Preservation of Traditional Knowledge

Indian languages act as reservoirs of ancient wisdom, preserving invaluable texts like the

Vedas, Upanishads, and Sangam literature. These languages ensure that traditional

practices in medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and spirituality remain accessible to future

generations, protecting India’s intellectual heritage.

2. Relevance in Education

Teaching in Indian languages, as advocated by the NEP 2020, enhances comprehension and

learning outcomes. It integrates IKS seamlessly into modern education systems, making

knowledge more relatable and culturally rooted, especially for young learners in primary

education.

3. Cultural Identity and Continuity

Indian languages serve as carriers of India’s cultural and philosophical traditions. They

strengthen regional and national identities by connecting individuals to their heritage,

fostering pride, and ensuring cultural continuity amidst globalization.

4. Modern Application of Ancient Wisdom

By making IKS accessible through Indian languages, traditional knowledge is being adapted

to modern challenges. Concepts like Ayurveda, yoga, and sustainable farming practices are

gaining global recognition, showcasing the relevance of Indian languages in facilitating

innovation rooted in tradition.

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5. Promoting Inclusivity and Accessibility

Indian languages democratize education by reaching diverse communities across rural and

urban India. They bridge the gap between classical knowledge and everyday understanding,

ensuring that IKS benefits learners from all walks of life.

6. Global Relevance

Indian languages bring authenticity to globally popular practices like yoga and meditation.

They play a critical role in ensuring that IKS principles are not diluted and continue to offer

meaningful contributions to global discourse on health, well-being, and sustainability.

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7. References

Here are the references in a shorter format:

Books and Authors:

1. Vasant Lad – The Complete Book of Ayurvedic Home Remedies

2. T.K.V. Desikachar – The Heart of Yoga: Developing a Personal Practice

3. Swami Satchidananda – The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali

4. David M. Burton – The History of Mathematics: An Introduction

5. Kim Plofker – Mathematics in India

6. A. S. Raghunathan – Environmental Sustainability and Indian Tradition

7. Various Translations – The Bhagavad Gita

8. Swami Sivananda – Vedanta: A Simple Introduction

Websites and Online Resources:

1. National Institute of Ayurveda – www.ayurvedacouncil.com

2. Yoga Journal – www.yogajournal.com

3. Sustainable India – www.sustainableindia.org

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