ORIENTATION TO ME

The Engineering Design Process

The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
The engineering design process is
a specific set of steps engineers
use to organize their ideas and
refine potential solutions to
engineering challenges.
Situation:
You are a safety engineer
working in the textile industry.
Your job is to identify and
prevent unsafe working
conditions in your company.

You identified problems with

the existing heat setting
machine. If there is any
malfunction in the motor
pump, for example, noise,
bearing problem, motor trip
problem, or motor coil
problem, the motor has to be
removed from the engine,
repaired and remounted.
Situation:
Due to the heavy weight of
the motor, 3 to 4 workers
are to be involved in
assembling/ disassembling
the motor. The handling of
motors has led to accidents
due to the heavyweight (75
kg) of the motor and the
duration of maintenance
also more as workers
struggle to handle the heavy
load and affect them
physically as they have to
bend and stretch.
Situation:
Severe causality can be
expected, if the motor falls
on the hands and feet of the
workers. Even, if the motor
falls on the ground, damage
can be anticipated to the
motor.
Engineering Challenge:
To overcome accidents and health hazards
associated with the heat setting machine,
specifically to solve the problems and hazards
that may arise during the manual removing or
inserting process of the motor in the heat
setting machine
 Design Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints

Recognize the need Identify a target Identify requirements

for the project audience and constraints

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 Design Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints

Instead of asking “what do we want to design?”, you should ask

questions like “why do we want to design that?” and “what
problem and or need will our design ultimately be solving?” The
success of an engineering innovation depends on the
satisfaction of the end user(s). For instance, an engineering
team designing a water filter might begin by asking themselves
"What is the real need for this project? Is it designing a water
filter or, more generally, designing a means to purify water?"

Recognize the need

for the project

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Alignment of research to the following:

• CIT ME Research Agenda

• DOST Harmonized R&D
Agenda
• United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG)
 Key Research Areas Research Topics
Product design and improvement
Equipment Development
Product innovation through automation
Fruit and crop peeling and slicing equipment
Food Production Technology
Process automation
The efficiency of HVAC systems
HVAC
Passive cooling and ventilation designs
Energy Recovery Systems

CIT ME Energy Conversion Technologies

Instrumentation and Control

Cogeneration systems
Automatic Controls for efficient energy use
Wind and Hydro Energy Research

Research Renewable Energy

Renewable energy resource mapping techniques

Alternative Fuels
Waste to energy conversion technologies
Energy resource mapping techniques

Agenda Energy Audit and Energy Management

Structural Analysis
Systems Analysis, Evaluation, and Management
Structural Analysis of 3D printed structures
Design and Analysis of mechanical systems and
technologies
Experimental Investigations on Thermal storage
Heat transfer Simulations Thermodynamic and Heat transfer related designs and
heat transfer analysis
CFD CFD analysis of fluid flow systems
Discrete Element Method (DEM)
Others Multibody Dynamics (MBD)
Vibration and Acoustics
United Nations
Sustainable
Development
Goals (SDG)
DOST Harmonized
R&D Agenda
 Design Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints

Recognize the need Identify a target Identify requirements

for the project audience and constraints

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 Design Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints

Next, identify your target population or the group of people

who will benefit from your project. A target population is an
identified group of people intended to be served by your
project. You might describe a target population by its
geographical location (country, region, town, etc.) as well as by
its age group, gender, or condition (for example, a health
condition). Identifying a target population helps engineers more
accurately define the problem and recognize requirements and
constraints.
Identify a target
audience

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 Design Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints

Recognize the need Identify a target Identify requirements

for the project audience and constraints

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 Design Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints

Finally, identify requirements and constraints. A requirement is

a need for what a particular product or service should do. It is a
statement that identifies a necessary attribute, capability,
characteristic, or quality (performance objective). A constraint is
a restriction on the degree of freedom you have in providing a
solution. Constraints might be economic, political, technical,
environmental, and/or pertain to your project resources,
schedule, target environment, or to the product itself (scope
and limitation).

Identify requirements
and constraints

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Question
Answer
 Worksheet 1

Identifying the need: Assess the potential of your project titles by filling
out the worksheet below.

What is the engineering challenge that justifies

the need for this project?
What is the target research area, research
topic, and UN SDG this project aims to target?
Describe the target population — who
specifically experiences this problem or need?

How is this project unique? For example, is it

like other projects but designed for a different
target population? Does it employ a new
approach?
What are the requirements?
What are the constraints?
 Sample Worksheet 1

Identifying the need: Assess the potential of your project titles by filling
out the worksheet below.
What is the engineering challenge that justifies The overall goal of this research is to overcome accidents and health hazards associated with the heat setting
machine, specifically to solve the problems and hazards that may arise during the manual removing or inserting
the need for this project? process of the motor in the heat setting machine.

What is the target research area, research topic, Key research area: Equipment development
Research topic: Product design and improvement
and UN SDG this project aims to target? UN SDG: SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure)

Describe the target population — who specifically Maintenance worker

experiences this problem or need?

How is this project unique? For example, is it like Uses ANSYS to simulate the force and stress analysis
Simple, safe, and ergonomic design
other projects but designed for a different target Less expensive
population? Does it employ a new approach? Safer than existing execution

What are the requirements? The device needs to be compatible with a hand pallet truck for easy handling for the maintenance works
Can be handled by a single person
Can be handled in both vertical and horizontal directions
The dimensions of the holding device should fit the length and width of the motor and its configuration.
What are the constraints? Budget, timeline, materials
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Design Step 2: Research the Problem

We must develop a thorough knowledge base of the

information related to our proposed research project
to determine if a similar product/process already
exists or if any regulatory and standards issues (such
as intellectual property issues, safety, or
environmental issues) exist that must be considered
in the design of the product.

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 Design Step 2: Research the Problem

An idea web starts with the main need or problem in the middle of
a piece of paper. Then draw branches from the main problem to
represent different parts of the problem, such as audience,
requirements, constraints, and questions. Each member of the team
may choose to or be assigned to focus on addressing one part of the
problem or the team may work together to establish the knowledge
base. Often, new questions arise, requiring the team to do
additional background research to answer them.

Developing an idea
web

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 Design Step 2: Research the Problem

This type of search is often done by engineers in the beginning

stages of product design and helps avoid designs that infringe on an
idea that has legal protection.

Submit your detailed patent search

report during the project proposal
presentation.

Patent Search

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 Design Step 2: Research the Problem

Standards are any agreed-upon common criteria, item, or process

that helps to ensure the safety and interchangeability of a product.
For example, having standard bolt sizes helps designers
communicate to manufacturers located elsewhere exactly which
bolt to use in making a product. A code is a collection of standards
that are mandatory for use in the development of a particular item.
For example, building codes specify the height and area limitations
for certain types of buildings in a city. Some other examples might
include the mechanical properties of the materials used in a
product or process, the environmental impacts of the product, and
Standards and Codes the safety of the user interfaces.

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 Design Step 2: Research the Problem

When possible, engineers test competitors’ products to determine

how to make their new designs even better. They take products
apart to figure out how they work, and then they often reassemble
them to see how the parts interact. Reverse engineering requires
careful observation, disassembly, documentation, analysis, and
reporting.

Reverse engineering

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 Design Step 2: Research the Problem

Since the customer ultimately determines whether a product is a

success or failure, it is important to communicate often with the
user during the design process. It is useful to use props during the
interviews to watch how a user interacts with a product. Sometimes
how the user uses the product is more telling than what they say
about it. Gathering initial data from the user helps the team identify
which aspects of the problem are the most important to address for
its audience.

User Interviews

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The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
Problem Statement

Target Audience

Requirements -
-
-
Questions we have -
-
-
Top 3 Closest Prior Arts Patent name:
Link:
Brief description:
How does relate to your proposed research project:
3 possible standards that relate to the project. (Example: duct -
-
sizes, standard diameter, machine design standard, etc.) -

3 possible safety issues that relate to the project. What -

-
existing codes relate to those issues? -
3 possible environmental issues that relate to the project. -
-
What existing codes relate to those issues? -

5 needs of the user in order of importance for the user. -

-
-
-
-
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
Problem Statement To overcome accidents and health hazards associated with the heat setting
machine, specifically to solve the problems and hazards that may arise
during the manual removing or inserting process of the motor in the heat
setting machine.
Target Audience Maintenance workers

Requirements - The device needs to be compatible with a hand pallet truck for easy
handling for the maintenance works
- Can be handled by a single person
- Can be handled in both vertical and horizontal directions
- The dimensions of the holding device should fit the length and width of
the motor and its configuration
Questions we have - What do we want this motor-holding device can perform?
- What is the technical specification of this motor–holding device?
- What are the available devices with the same purpose?
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
Top 3 Closest Prior Patent name: Motor Holder
Link:
Arts https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=motor%20holder
Brief description:
This invention relates to an implement for holding a motor while being
removed.
How does relate to your proposed research project:
Like our invention, this device is used to remove a motor. However, our
invention is different because it has a different configuration and is
simpler than the prior art.
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
3 possible standards - Standard dimensions of motor
- Standard sizes of pallet
that relate to the
project.
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
3 possible safety - Electrical shock (Philippine Electrical Code)
- Physical Injury (Occupational Safety and Health Standards)
issues that relate to
the project. What
existing codes relate
to those issues?
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
3 possible -
-
environmental issues -
that relate to the
project. What
existing codes relate
to those issues?
 Worksheet 2
Researching the Problem: Assess the potential of your project titles by
filling out the worksheet below.
5 needs of the user in 1st: The device needs to be compatible with a hand pallet truck for easy
handling for the maintenance works
order of importance 2nd: Can be handled by a single person
for the user. 3rd: Can be handled in both vertical and horizontal directions
4th: The dimensions of the holding device should fit the length and width
of the motor and its configuration
5th: Easy to use
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Design Step 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions

Brainstorming is a group creativity technique used to

generate many ideas for the solution to a problem. The
process itself can boost morale, enhance work
enjoyment, and improve team dynamics.

Brainstorming

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 Design Step 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions
Suggested brainstorming guidelines include:

a. Focus on quantity: The first ground rule is to focus on quantity. You want to
capture as many ideas as you can — even if they seem silly.
b. Withhold criticism: Not only should you refrain from criticizing the ideas of others,
but you should also make sure not to criticize your ideas as they emerge during
the brainstorming process.
c. Encourage wild ideas: We know from experience that (with a bit of reworking and
refinement) wild ideas usually lead to the most innovative designs.

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 Design Step 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions
Suggested brainstorming guidelines include:

c. Record all ideas: During a brainstorming session it is helpful to designate a person on your
team to write down each idea as it is thrown out. Sentence structure, spelling, and
grammar do not matter for this list, so wait until later to review or edit anything you write
down. Just make sure to capture all the ideas.
d. Combine and improve ideas: During brainstorming, try to build upon the ideas of others.
Think of your brainstorming session as a snowball rolling down a "mountain of ideas."
Initially, the snowball is small, but it quickly grows and gains momentum as it travels down
the hill. The best ideas in engineering are generally a team effort.
e. Stay focused on the topic: Although brainstorming is meant to be creative free flowing,
make sure you focus your ideas on the topic at hand. This helps you later when you are
organizing all the ideas generated in the brainstorming session.

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The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Worksheet 3
Brainstorming Possible Solutions: Based on your brainstorming
activity, list 5 promising solutions to the engineering problem
Engineering Challenge

Solution 1

Solution 2

Solution 3

Solution 4

Solution 5
 Worksheet 3
Brainstorming Possible Solutions: Based on your brainstorming
activity, list 5 promising solutions to the engineering problem
Engineering To overcome accidents and health hazards associated with
Challenge the heat setting machine, specifically to solve the problems
and hazards that may arise during the manual removing or
inserting process of the motor in the heat setting machine.

Solution 1 Motor holding device

Solution 2 Automated motor removing system
Solution 3 Robotic intervention on assembling and disassembling motor
Solution 4
Solution 5
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Design Step 4:
Select a Promising Solution Using Engineering Analysis

Using engineering analysis to select a promising solution

is the internal guidance of a project. It can be described
as the breaking down of an object, system, problem, or
issue into its basic elements to get at its essential
features and their relationships to each other and
external elements. It is an important part of the
engineering design loop that occurs many times during
the completion of a real-life engineering product or
system design. Often, a thorough and varied analysis of a
design before implementation leads to increased safety
and efficiency in using the product.

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 Engineering Challenge:

Design a hybrid vehicle for urban

transport to address the problem of
climate change and improve fuel
economy.
Which motor vehicle design is the best?
 Sub-step 1: List Criteria

What are the important design considerations?

✓ Criteria 1: Weight
✓ Criteria 2: Time to produce
✓ Criteria 3: Availability of materials
✓ Criteria 4: Size
✓ Criteria 5: Cost to produce
✓ Criteria 6: Environmental impact
✓ Criteria 7: Appearance
✓ Criteria 8: Ease of use

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 Sub-step 2: Assign Priority Values to Criteria

Complete the Interaction matrix by listing the

criteria both in rows down the left and columns
across the top. Don’t worry about filling out the
“ROW TOTAL,” “COLUMN TOTAL,” or
“NORMALIZED VALUE” yet.

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 INTERACTION MATRIX for the selection of the best car design

NORMA
ROW
Criteria Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Criteria 4 Criteria 5 Criteria 6 Criteria 7 Criteria 8 LIZED
TOTAL
VALUE

Criteria 1

Criteria 2

Criteria 3

Criteria 4

Criteria 5

Criteria 6

Criteria 7

Criteria 8

COLUMN TOTAL
 INTERACTION MATRIX for the selection of the best car design

NORMA
Time to Availability Cost to Environmental ROW
Criteria Weight Size Appearance Ease of use LIZED
produce of materials produce impact TOTAL
VALUE

Weight

Time to produce

Availability of materials

Size

Cost to produce

Environmental impact

Appearance

Ease of use

COLUMN TOTAL
 Sub-step 2: Assign Priority Values to Criteria

Now choose a facilitator within your team, and have this

person poll the entire team for their opinions on the relative
importance of one criterion over another. For example, the
first blank cell on the top left tallies the number of people
who feel that Criterion 1 is more important than Criterion 2.
Let’s say you have five people in your team, and three
people feel that Criterion 1 is more important than Criterion
2. Then you would write the number “3” in this first blank
cell on the top left. You would then write a “2” in the off-
diagonal cell—the one that ranks Criterion 2 against
Criterion 1.

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 INTERACTION MATRIX for the selection of the best car design

NORMA
Time to Availability Cost to Environmental ROW
Criteria Weight Size Appearance Ease of use LIZED
produce of materials produce impact TOTAL
VALUE

Weight 5 5 4 5 1 5 5

Time to produce 0 3 1 0 0 3 3

Availability of materials 0 2 3 3 3 3 3

Size 1 4 2 4 4 4 4

Cost to produce 0 5 2 1 0 3 3

Environmental impact 4 5 2 1 5 5 5

Appearance 0 2 2 1 2 0 3

Ease of use 0 2 2 1 2 0 2
COLUMN TOTAL
 Sub-step 2: Assign Priority Values to Criteria

Add the number across the rows for each criterion

and write this number in the “ROW TOTAL” cell.

Add the “ROW TOTAL” numbers down the column

to find the “COLUMN TOTAL.”

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 INTERACTION MATRIX for the selection of the best car design

NORMALI
Availability of Cost to Environmental ROW
Criteria Weight Time to produce Size Appearance Ease of use ZED
materials produce impact TOTAL
VALUE

Weight 5 5 4 5 1 5 5 30

Time to produce 0 3 1 0 0 3 3 10

Availability of materials 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 17

Size 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 23

Cost to produce 0 5 2 1 0 3 3 14

Environmental impact 4 5 2 1 5 5 5 27

Appearance 0 2 2 1 2 0 3 10

Ease of use 0 2 2 1 2 0 2 9

COLUMN TOTAL 140

 Sub-step 3: Normalize the Priority Values

To get a better feel for the relative priority values,

you can “normalize” the values, which means
calculating each value as a proportion of a total
that equals 1.

To normalize the priority values, divide each

“ROW TOTAL” by the “COLUMN TOTAL” and write
this number in the corresponding “NORMALIZED
VALUE” cell.

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 INTERACTION MATRIX for the selection of the best car design

NORMALI
Availability of Cost to Environmental ROW
Criteria Weight Time to produce Size Appearance Ease of use ZED
materials produce impact TOTAL
VALUE

Weight 5 5 4 5 1 5 5 30 30/140

Time to produce 0 3 1 0 0 3 3 10 10/140

Availability of materials 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 17 17/140

Size 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 23 23/140

Cost to produce 0 5 2 1 0 3 3 14 14/140

Environmental impact 4 5 2 1 5 5 5 27 27/140

Appearance 0 2 2 1 2 0 3 10 10/140

Ease of use 0 2 2 1 2 0 2 9 9/140

COLUMN TOTAL 140 1

 Sub-step 4: Compare Alternative Designs

Order the normalized criteria values from

largest to smallest. This puts the most
important criteria at the top of the list.

Write each criterion and its corresponding

normalized criteria value in the decision
matrix.

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 DECISION MATRIX for selection of the best car design

Alternative #5
Priority Value
Normalized
Criteria

Design
(Ranked by normalized
criteria value)

WEIGHT 30/140

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 27/140

SIZE 23/140

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS 17/140

COST TO PRODUCE 14/140

TIME TO PRODUCE 10/140

APPEARANCE 10/140

EASE OF USE 9/140

Totals 1
 Sub-step 4: Compare Alternative Designs

Now, rank each alternative design concept according

to how well the group feels that concept could satisfy
each of the design criteria identified.

Use a consistent scale (for example 0 – 5). A ranking

of 0 means that the team feels the design concepts do
not meet the criterion at all. A 5 means the team feels
the design concepts perfectly meet the criterion.

Write these ranked values in the gray cells below each

design alternative.

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 DECISION MATRIX for selection of the best car design

Alternative #5
Priority Value
Normalized
Criteria

Design
(Ranked by normalized
criteria value)

WEIGHT 30/140 3 1 5 0

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 27/140 5 0 4 0

SIZE 23/140 4 1 5 0

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS 17/140 0 5 5 1

COST TO PRODUCE 14/140 1 5 4 3

TIME TO PRODUCE 10/140 3 2 1 0

APPEARANCE 10/140 5 0 3 2

EASE OF USE 9/140 5 1 5 0

Totals 1
 Sub-step 4: Compare Alternative Designs

Multiply each ranked value by the normalized

criterion value and write this number to the
right of the ranked value for each design
alternative.

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 DECISION MATRIX for selection of the best car design

Alternative #5
Priority Value
Normalized
Criteria

Design
(Ranked by normalized
criteria value)

WEIGHT 30/140 3 9/14 1 30/140 5 150/140 0 0

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 27/140 5 27/28 0 0 4 27/35 0 0

SIZE 23/140 4 23/35 1 23/140 5 23/28 0 0

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS 17/140 0 0 5 17/28 5 17/28 1 17/140

COST TO PRODUCE 14/140 1 14/140 5 1/2 4 2/5 3 3/10

TIME TO PRODUCE 10/140 3 30/140 2 20/140 1 10/140 0 0

APPEARANCE 10/140 5 50/140 0 0 3 30/140 2 20/140

EASE OF USE 9/140 5 45/140 1 9/140 5 45/140 0 0

Totals 1
 Sub-step 4: Compare Alternative Designs

Sum these multiplied values and write them in

the corresponding “TOTAL” cell.

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 DECISION MATRIX for selection of the best car design

Alternative #5
Priority Value
Normalized
Criteria

Design
(Ranked by normalized
criteria value)

WEIGHT 30/140 3 9/14 1 30/140 5 150/140 0 0

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 27/140 5 27/28 0 0 4 27/35 0 0

SIZE 23/140 4 23/35 1 23/140 5 23/28 0 0

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS 17/140 0 0 5 17/28 5 17/28 1 17/140

COST TO PRODUCE 14/140 1 14/140 5 1/2 4 2/5 3 3/10

TIME TO PRODUCE 10/140 3 30/140 2 20/140 1 10/140 0 0

APPEARANCE 10/140 5 50/140 0 0 3 30/140 2 20/140

EASE OF USE 9/140 5 45/140 1 9/140 5 45/140 0 0

Totals 1 3.25 1.69 4.28 0.564

 Sub-step 5: Analyze Results

The design alternative with the highest value

(as shown in the “TOTALS” row) is the
alternative that best meets the selected
criteria. Design alternatives with significantly
lower values can be discarded. The design
alternative with the highest score may be
selected, or you can select the alternative
that received the highest score for the
majority of the categories.

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 DECISION MATRIX for selection of the best car design

Alternative #5
Priority Value
Normalized
Criteria

Design
(Ranked by normalized
criteria value)

WEIGHT 30/140 3 9/14 1 30/140 5 150/140 0 0

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 27/140 5 27/28 0 0 4 27/35 0 0

SIZE 23/140 4 23/35 1 23/140 5 23/28 0 0

AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS 17/140 0 0 5 17/28 5 17/28 1 17/140

COST TO PRODUCE 14/140 1 14/140 5 1/2 4 2/5 3 3/10

TIME TO PRODUCE 10/140 3 30/140 2 20/140 1 10/140 0 0

APPEARANCE 10/140 5 50/140 0 0 3 30/140 2 20/140

EASE OF USE 9/140 5 45/140 1 9/140 5 45/140 0 0

Totals 1 3.25 1.69 4.28 0.564

Which design or solution would
you pick?
 Engineering analysis is the
breaking of an object, system,
problem, or issue into its basic
elements to get all its essential
features and their relationship
to each other.

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 Often, a thorough and varied
analysis of a design prior to
implementation leads to
increased safety and efficiency
in using the product.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Worksheet 4
Select a Promising Solution Using Engineering Analysis:
Assess the 5 promising solutions to the engineering problem from worksheet 4
using the Interaction Matrix and Decision Matrix
 Worksheet 4
Select a Promising Solution Using Engineering Analysis:
Assess the 5 promising solutions to the engineering problem in worksheet 4 using
the Interaction Matrix and Decision Matrix
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Design Step 5: Creating and Testing a Prototype

To help in assessing the "buildability" of your project

concept, creating prototypes would be necessary. A
prototype is a working model of a product that is used
for testing before it is manufactured. Prototypes help
designers learn about the manufacturing process of a
product, how people will use the product, and how the
product could fail or break. A prototype is not the same
thing as a model. A model is used to demonstrate or
explain how a product will look or function. A prototype
is used to test different working aspects of a product
before the design is finalized.

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 Design Step 5: Creating and Testing a Prototype

For example, a team of engineers designing a new cell

phone might produce several cardboard and paper
models to illustrate how the final product would look
and feel. They may survey the public to gain feedback
about how the cell phone could look. The team might
build a sturdier plastic prototype to test how easily the
cell phone could break when dropped.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
 Design Step 5: Creating and Testing a Prototype

If the prototype does not meet the team's design

requirements, then they may complete an "iteration."
Iteration is when engineers try again and re-design, re-
build and re-test. Engineers often iterate many times
before determining the final solution to a problem. Once
a successful prototype has been developed, the
engineering team can use it as a mock-up for full-scale
manufacturing.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
 Design Step 5: Creating and Testing a Prototype

Your team will follow a similar process. By building a

prototype, you should be able to determine if your
chosen design solution is feasible and which aspects of
your design need special materials or further refinement.
You will also ask other people to test your prototype to
help you identify any problems a user might encounter.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)
 Design Step 6: Improve and Redesign the Product

Prototypes are used to explore design alternatives, test

theories, confirm performance, and ensure a product is
safe and user-friendly. It often requires improving and
redesigning to find the best design. A successful
prototype is used as the basis for creating a final
product. The goal is to extract the most successful
features of the prototypes and integrate them to create
a final product.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
 Design Step 6: Improve and Redesign the Product

Before constructing the final product, it is important to

have a detailed engineering drawing in hand. An
engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing used
to define requirements fully and clearly for the
manufacture of the product. These drawings usually
provide information on materials and dimensions, as
well as multiple drawing views of the product.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
 Design Step 6: Improve and Redesign the Product

Modern engineering drawings are often produced using

computer-aided design (CAD) software programs;
however, engineering drawings can be adequately
generated by hand. Regardless of the method, the
purpose of the drawing is to capture all the geometric
features of a design accurately and unambiguously such
that another person (such as a machinist) has all the
information needed to produce that component or
product.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
 Design Step 6: Improve and Redesign the Product

Typically, a final product is constructed using higher-

quality materials than what were used to create its
prototypes. These materials may include metal, wood,
plastic, ceramics, and electronics. Also, more advanced
construction techniques may be employed, such as
special machining tools, welding equipment, and laser
cutting equipment.

The source of this material is the TeachEngineering digital library collection at www.TeachEngineering.org. All rights reserved.
LIST OF MACHINE SHOPS FOR FABRICATION IN CEBU

Name Contact
Precision Machinist Corporation +032 328-0672
Joeson Machine Shop +639454373323
Ania Steel and Fabrication Services +639178232661
RGQ Design and Engineering Services +639198422865
IPD Refrigeration and Airconditioning Services +639913486271
FAG Machine Shop and Services +639177079514
Oriad Machine Shop +639338188773
The basic steps of the engineering design process (figure by teachengineering.org)