Vietnam National University of HCMC

International University
School of Computer Science and Engineering

Introduction to Java
(IT069IU)

Le Duy Tan, Ph.D.

📧 ldtan@hcmiu.edu.vn

🌐 leduytanit.com

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Previously,
We talked about:
- Programming Paradigms.
- Basic idea of Object Oriented Programming (OOP).
- The importance of Java.
- Basic OOP concepts:
- Class
- Object
- Encapsulation with Access Modifier
- Abstraction
- Inheritance
- Composition
- Polymorphism
- The differences between JDK, JRE, JVM and how these works together.
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Agenda
- Different Java Platforms
- Our choice of JDK
- The best IDE selections
- Create the first Java programs
- Compile and Run with commands or on IntelliJ
- Java data types:
- Primitive
- Non-primitive (reference types)
- Variable
- Operators

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 Revisited: How Java works (JDK, JRE, JVM)

Windows

Developers JVM
Java Runtime MacOS
develops (JDK) Environment JVM
(JRE)
Runs
Java source compile (JDK) Java class files
(*.class) - Java JVM Linux
files (*.java) 4
bytecode

Platform Independent Platform Dependent

=> Java is cross platform - “Write once, run everywhere!”

Cross-platform = “Write Once, Run Anywhere”

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The Java Platforms
- Java Standard Edition (Java SE)
- Developing desktop and server applications.
- This course will mainly focus on this edition.

- Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE)

- Developing large-scale, distributed networking applications and web-based applications.
- You will learn in Web Application Development course (IT093IU).

- Java Micro Edition (Java ME)

- A subset of Java SE
- Developing applications for resource-constrained embedded devices, such as smartwatches,
MP3 players, television set-top boxes, smart meters (for monitoring electric energy usage).
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 Our choice for Java SDK
- Oracle JDK 17
- LTS version (Long-Term Support)
- Released in 09/2021 and got supported till 09/2029
- The implementation of Java Standard Edition (Java SE)

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https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/downloads/#jdk17-windows
The best Java IDEs
- IDE is Integrated Development Environment (editor + compiler + debugger + convenient tools + GUI)
- IntelliJ IDEA (Recommended)
- A commercial IDEs developed by JetBrains.
- Students can get Ultimate version:
https://www.jetbrains.com/community/education/#students
- Link to download: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/
- Netbeans
- Open-source and free.
- Link to download: http://www.netbeans.org/index.html.
- Eclipse
- Developed by the eclipse open-source community.
- Link to download: http://www.eclipse.org.

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An instant-noodle web IDEs
- For people who haven’t installed SDK or IDEs on your laptop and still want to
follow the lecture and practice Java at home.
- You can try the online Java compiler to run Java right on your browser:
https://www.jdoodle.com/online-java-compiler/
- This only support only one main class which is extremely limited so you still need
a full IDEs on your laptop for your project and labs.

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First Java Project on IntelliJ

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Our first Java Program
MyFirstJavaProgram.java

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 Let’s compile
- First, we check if our JDK is installed correctly

- We can compile the java file by the command “javac”

- The compiler creates a new compiled file with the extension .class, containing java bytecode

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 Let’s run
- To run the compiled .class file, we need to use the command “java”

Awesome! Now we can see the output string “Hello World”

Use Editor/IDEs MyFirstJavaProgram.java javac MyFirstJavaProgram.java

Java bytecode
Output: “Hello World” java MyFirstJavaProgram MyFirstJavaProgram.class 13
Run & Compile Automatically on IntelliJ
Method 1: Click on the main method Method 2: Setup a build configuration for the project

Method 3: Setup the new project from the template

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Let’s try it with Multiple Class Files

GradeBook.java

UML class diagram

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Let’s try it with Multiple Class Files
GradeBookTest.java

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Compiling & Run with Multiple Class Files
- To compile multiple files, just list all the names of java files:

javac GradeBook.java GradeBookTest.java

- Or to compile all java files in the directory:

javac *.java

- After the compilation, two new compiled file with the extension class are created:

Gradebook.class, GradeBookTest.class

- To run a particular compiled file containing the main method, in our case, GradeBookTest.class:
java GradeBookTest

- You should see the output message:

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Types of Comment Lines
There are 3 types of comments:

- Single line comment //

- Multiple line comment /* */
- Javadoc comment /** */
- prepare program documentation in HTML format.

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Data Types

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Data Types
- Java is statically typed and also a strongly typed language.
- There are two categories of data types:
- Primitive data types (8)
- Non-primitive data types (reference type)

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Byte
Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer.

- Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)

- Maximum value is 127 (2^7 -1)
- Default value is 0
- Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers, since a byte is four
times smaller than an int.
- They are also useful when you’re working with raw binary data that may not be directly compatible
with Java’s other built-in types
- Example:

byte a = 100;

byte b = -50;

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Short
Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer.

- Minimum value is –32,768 (-2^15)

- Maximum value is 32,767 (2^15 -1)
- Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type. A short is 2 times smaller than
an int
- Default value is 0.
- Example:

short s= 10000;

short r = -20000;

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Int
int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer.

- Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648 (-2^31)

- Maximum value is 2,147,483,647 (2^31 -1)
- Int is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is a concern about
memory.
- The default value is 0.
- Example:

int a = 100000;

int b = -200000;

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Long
Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer.

- Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 (-2^63)

- Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (2^63 -1)
- This type is used when a wider range than int is needed.
- Default value is 0L.
- Example:

long a = 100000L;

long b = -200000L;

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Float
Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit

- Evaluating expressions that require fractional precision, such as square root, or transcendentals
such as sine and cosine.
- Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers.
- Default value is 0.0f.
- It will become imprecise when the values are either very large or very small.
- Can be useful when representing dollars and cents.
- Example:

float houseTemperature = 23.5f;

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Double
Double data type is a double-precision 64-bit

- This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values, generally the default
choice.
- Double values should never be used for precise values such as currency. (use BigDecimal instead)
- The range is –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
- Default value is 0.0d.
- Example:

double myWallet = 123.435;

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Boolean
boolean data type represents one bit of information.

- There are only two possible values: true and false.

- This data type is used for checking true/false for if statement conditions.
- Default value is false.
- Example:

boolean one = true;

boolean larger = 8 > 4;

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 Char
char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character.

- Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0).

- Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535).
- Char data type is used to store any character.
- Example:

char letter = 'A';

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16
Variable

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Variable
- The variable is the basic unit of storage in a Java program.
- The identifier is the name of the variable (or class name, …)
- The valid identifier has a series of characters consisting of letters, digits,
underscores (_) and dollar signs ($) that does not begin with a digit and does
not contain spaces.
- Some valid identifiers are Welcome1, $value, _value, m_inputField1 and button7.

[Question] Is the name 7button a valid

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identifier?
Name Convention in Java

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 Java Keywords
- The following list shows the reserved words in Java, which may not be used
as constant or variable or any other identifier names.

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Garbage Collection
- Allocate and Deallocate memory:
- Java:
- System responsibility:
- Dynamically allocated memory
- Deallocation is done automatically (system-level thread)
- Checks for and frees memory no longer needed
- C/C++:
- Programmer's responsibility
- Manually done (malloc & free)

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Operators

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Operators
All the Java operators can be divided into the following groups −
• Arithmetic Operators: * / % + -
• Relational Operators: < > <= >= == != instanceof
• Bitwise Operators: & ^ |
• Logical Operators: && || !
• Assignment Operators: = += -= *= /=
• Ternary operator: ? :

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 Math (Arithmetic) Operators

Operator Description Example Output

+ (Addition) Adds values A & B A+B 32

- (Subtraction) Subtracts B from A A-B -12

* (Multiplication) Multiplies B by A A*B 220

/ (Division) Divides B by A B/A 2.2

% (Modulus) Divides left-hand by B%A 2

right-hand and
return remainder

[Question] Can you guess what are A and B?

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Relational Operators int A = 5, B = 2;

Operator Description Example Output

== (equal to) Check if the values are equal. A == B false

!= (not equal to) Check if the values are not equal. A != B true

> (greater than) Check if the left value is greater than A>B true
the right value.

< (less than) Check if the left value is less than the A<B false
right value.

>= (greater than or equal to) Check if the left value is more than or A >= B true
equal to the right value

<= (less than or equal to) Check if the left value is less than or A <= B false
equal to the right value

instance of Check if the object is a particular type “hello” instance of String true
of (class type or interface type)

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Bitwise Operators
Operator Description Example Output

A=3 00000011 (3)

B=5 00000101 (5)

& (bit-wise and) Copies a bit if it exists in both. A&B 00000001 (1)

| (bit-wise or) Copies a bit if it exists in either. A|B 00000111 (7)

^ (bitwise XOR) Copies a bit if it is in one number but not both. A^B 00000110 (6)

~ (bitwise compliment) Flips all bits ~A 11111100 (-4)

<< (left shift) Shift all bits to the left by a specified number. A << 2 00001100 (12)

[Real Interview Question] Can you figure out how to

know a number is even or odd using bitwise operators? 38
 Logical Operators boolean A = true, B = false;

Operator Description Example Output

&& (logical and) If both inputs are true then only that the condition is true. A && B false

|| (logical or) If either of any input is true then the condition is true. A || B true

! (logical not) Use to reverse the logical state of the input. !(A && B) true

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Assignment Operator float A = 6, B = 3;

Operator Description Example Output

= (assignment operator) Assign values from the right side to the B=A+B 9.0
left side.

+= (Add AND assignment Is equivalent to B = B + A B += A 9.0

operator)

-= (Subtract AND assignment Is equivalent to B = B - A B -= A -3.0

operator)

*= (Multiply AND assignment Is equivalent to B = B * A B *= A 18.0

operator)

/= (Divide AND assignment Is equivalent to B = B / A B /= A 0.5

operator)
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Ternary Operator
- A special ternary (three-way) operator that can replace simple statement of if-
then-else statements to have it in one line.
- expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
- For example,

int val1 = 10;

int val2 = 20;

int max = val1 >= val2 ? val1 : val2;

[Question] Can you guess what is the value of max?

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Recap

This lecture, we have learnt about:

- Different Java Platforms
- Our choice of JDK
- The best IDE selections
- Create the first Java programs
- Compile and Run with commands or on IntelliJ
- Java data types:
- Primitive
- Non-primitive (reference types)
- Variable
- Operators

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Thank you for your listening!

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