Introduction: Object Oriented Programing

Programmers write instructions in various programming languages to perform their

computation tasks such as:

i). Machine level Language

ii). Assembly level Language
iii). High level Language

Machine level Language:

Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's

central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a
jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly
executed by a CPU is made up of a series of such instructions.

Assembly level Language:

An assembly language (or assembler language) is a low-level programming language for a

computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one)
correspondence between the language and the architecture's machine code instructions.
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to
as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as assembly, or assembling the code.

High level Language:

High-level language is any programming language that enables development of a program in

much simpler programming context and is generally independent of the computer's hardware
architecture.

High-level language has a higher level of abstraction from the computer, and focuses more on
the programming logic rather than the underlying hardware components such as memory
addressing and register utilization.

The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s. Now there are dozens
of different languages, including Ada, Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA, FORTRAN, LISP,
Pascal, and Prolog. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to
human languages and farther from machine languages. In contrast, assembly languages are
considered low-level because they are very close to machine languages.

The high-level programming languages are broadly categorized in to two categories:

i). Procedure oriented programming (POP) language.

ii). Object oriented programming (OOP) language.
Procedure Oriented Programming Language

In the procedure-oriented approach, the problem is viewed as sequence of things to be done

such as reading, calculation and printing.

Procedure oriented programming basically consist of writing a list of instruction or actions for
the computer to follow and organizing these instruction into groups known as functions.

Main Program

Function-1 Function-2 Function-3

The disadvantage of the procedure oriented programming languages is:

1) Global data access

2) It does not model real word problem very well
3) No data hiding

Global data Global data

Function-1 Function-2 Function-3

Local data Local data Local data

Characteristics of procedure oriented programming:

1) Emphasis is on doing things (algorithm)

2) Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
3) Most of the functions share global data
4) Data move openly around the system from function to function
5) Function transforms data from one form to another.
6) Employs top-down approach in program design
3.1 HISTORY OF OBJECT ORIENTATION:

There are mainly three categories (Procedure Oriented, Structure Oriented and Object Oriented):

3.1.1 Procedure Oriented:

a) Program always organize in the form of subroutines.

b) Control always jump threw goto statement & call subroutines.
c) Subroutines are abstracted to avoid repetition.
d) It is suitable for medium size software applications.
e) Programs are difficult to maintain and enhance.
f) Ex. COBOL, FORTRAN etc.

3.1.2 Structure Oriented:

a) Structure program consist several modules. Each module has set of related functions.
b) It focuses on algorithm rather than data.
c) Program divided into independent procedure & procedures have their own local data.
d) We can also pass parameters in procedure.
e) There is one entry and one exit point.
f) It uses sequence structure, decision structure and loop structure.
g) There may be user defined data type in structure programming.
h) Maintenance is complex & costly.
i) Ex. PASCAL, C etc.

3.1.3 Object Oriented:

a) Data and functions organize in one entity called class.

b) It emphasize of data rather than function.
c) The concept of OOP can directly be map with real life problem by using objects.
d) It uses abstract data type (data and operation).
e) It has class (static entity) and object (dynamic entity).
f) Ex. C++, JAVA.
Object Oriented Programing

“Object oriented programming as an approach that provides a way of modularizing programs

by creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can be used as
templates for creating copies of such modules on demand”.

Features of the Object Oriented programming

1) Emphasis is on doing rather than procedure.

2) programs are divided into what are known as objects.
3) Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects.
4) Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure.
5) Data is hidden and can’t be accessed by external functions.
6) Objects may communicate with each other through functions.
7) New data and functions can be easily added.
8) Follows bottom-up approach in program design.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF OBJECTS ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

1) Objects
2) Classes
3) Data abstraction and encapsulation
4) Inheritance
5) Polymorphism
6) Dynamic binding
7) Message passing
OBJECTS

Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a
person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the program must handle. The
fundamental idea behind object oriented approach is to combine both data and function into a
single unit and these units are called objects.

The term objects means a combination of data and program that represent some real word
entity. For example: consider an example named Amit; Amit is 25 years old and his salary is
2500. The Amit may be represented in a computer program as an object. The data part of the
object would be (name: Amit, age: 25, salary: 2500)

The program part of the object may be collection of programs (retrive of data, change age, change
of salary). In general even any user –defined type-such as employee may be used. In the Amit
object the name, age and salary are called attributes of the object.

CLASS:

A group of objects that share common properties for data part and some program part are
collectively called as class.

In C ++ a class is a new data type that contains member variables and member functions that
operate on the variables.

DATA ABSTRACTION:

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background
details or explanations. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as size, width
and cost and functions to operate on the attributes.

DATA ENCAPSALATION:

The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation.
The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions which are wrapped in
the class can access it. These functions provide the interface between the objects data and the
program.

INHERITENCE:

Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of another class.
In the concept of inheritance provides the idea of reusablity. This mean that we can add
additional features to an existing class with out modifying it. This is possible by desining a new
class will have the combined features of both the classes.

POLYMORPHISIM:

Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form. An operation may exhibit different
instance. The behaviour depends upon the type of data used in the operation.

A language feature that allows a function or operator to be given more than one definition. The
types of the arguments with which the function or operator is called determines which definition
will be used.

Overloading may be operator overloading or function overloading.

It is able to express the operation of addition by a single operater say ‘+’. When this is possible
you use the expression x + y to denote the sum of x and y, for many different types of x and y;
integers, float and complex no. You can even define the + operation for two strings to mean the
concatenation of the strings.

DYNAMIC BINDING:

Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to the executed in response to the
call. Dynamic binding means the code associated with a given procedure call is not known untill
the time of the call at run-time. It is associated with a polymorphic reference depends upon the
dynamic type of that reference.

MESSAGE PASSING:

An object-oriented program consists of a set of objects that communicate with each other.

A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore will invoke a
function (procedure) in the receiving object that generates the desired result. Message passing
involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function (message) and information
to be sent.
BENEFITS OF OOP:

OOP offers several benefits to both the program designer and the user. Object-oriented
contributes to the solution of many problems associated with the development and quality of
software products.

The principal advantages are:

1) Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use of existing
classes.
2) We can build programs from the standard working modules that communicate with one
another, rather than having to start writing the code from scratch. This leads to saving of
development time and higher productivity.
3) This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs that can’t be
invaded by code in other parts of the program.
4) It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist without any interference.
5) It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
6) Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large systems.
7) Message passing techniques for communication between objects makes the interface
description with external systems much simpler.
8) Software complexity can be easily managed.

APPLICATION OF OOP:

The most popular application of oops up to now, has been in the area of user interface design
such as windows. There are hundreds of windowing systems developed using oop techniques.

Real business systems are often much more complex and contain many more objects with
complicated attributes and methods. Oop is useful in this type of applications because it can
simplify a complex problem. The promising areas for application of oop includes.

1) Real – Time systems.

2) Simulation and modeling
3) Object oriented databases.
4) Hypertext,hypermedia and expertext.
5) Al and expert systems.
6) Neural networks and parallel programming.
7) Decision support and office automation systems.
8) CIM / CAM / CAD system.