Computer Networking-Epp

#Chapter one:Addresses
1. what is A Network Address?
>>>Network Address: is a logical or physical address that uniquely identifies a host or a
machine in a telecommunication network.
2. What is Types of Address ?
>>>Physical or Media Access Controller (MAC) Address
>>>Logical or Internet Protocol (IP) Address.
3. What is The MAC address?
>>>The MAC address:also known as a Media Access Control address or physical address, is a 12-
character unique identifier for electronic devices on a network.
4. Explain An Internet Protocol (IP) address?
>>>An Internet Protocol (IP) address: is a unique numerical identifier for every device or
network that connects to the Internet, there are two versions of Ip addresses ipv4 and ipv6.
5. Explain the difference between ipv4 and ipv6?
>>>ipv4 addresses : is expressed as a set of four dotted decimal numbers, where each octet is
separated by a period, such as 192.168.35.4.
>>>ipv6 addresses: represents eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, such
as 2620:cc:8000:1c82:544c:cc2e:f2fa:5a9b.
6. Explain classes of ipv4 and ranges of each class?
>>>>
Class Ranges Octet Format
A 0-126 N.H.H.H
B 128-191 N.N.H.H
C 192-223 N.N.H.H
D 224-239 Reserved
E 240-255 Reserved

7. Explain Types of an IPv4 Address?

>>>Public IP Address: - it’s provided by an ISP to access the Internet.
>>> Private IP Address: - it’s set aside for use in private intranets or local networks.
8. What are Free Ranges of Private IP?
>>>Free Ranges of Private IP:
Classes Ranges
A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
9. What is a subnet mask?
>>>subnet mask: is a 32-bit number used to separate the network address from the host
address in IPv4 Address.
10. Explain default subnet mask?
>>>default subnet mask:
Class-A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0
Class-B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
Class-C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
#Home Networking

1.Explain difference between Wired vs. Wireless Networks ?

>>>A wired network: uses cabling and connectors to establish the network connections.
>>>A wireless network: uses radio signals to establish the network connection.
2. What is Advantages and disadvantages of Wired Home Networks?
>>>The advantages of a wired network includes the following:
-Faster network data transfer speeds (within the LAN)
-Relatively inexpensive to set-up
-The network is not susceptible to outside interference.
>>>The Disadvantages of the wired network include:
-The cable connections typically require the use of specialized tools
- The cable installation can be labor intensive
3. Explain Wireless Home Networks?
>>>A wireless home network: is probably the most common home network configuration in use
today., =>uses radio signals to establish the network connection.
4. What is Advantages and disadvantages of wireless network ?
>>>The advantages of awireless network includes the following:
-User mobility
-Simple installations
- No cables
>>>The Disadvantages of the wireless network include:
-Security issues
-The data transfer speed within the LAN can be slower than wired networks
5. What are The essential requirement needed when Planning the Home Network (wired vs.
wired) ?
>>>Data Speed -Cost -Ease of Implementation -Appearance -Home Access -Public Access
6. What are steps needed to Securing the Home Network?
>>> Change the default factory passwords - Change the default SSID -Turn encryption on
-Turn off the SSID broadcast

#Chapter two: Physical Cabling

1. What is structured cabling?

>>>Structured cabling: is a standardized system for managing and
organizing cables in a network.
2. What are the two main types of transmission media?
>>>Guided media (e.g., cables) and unguided media (e.g., radio waves).
3. What is unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable?
>>>UTP cable: is a type of network cable with twisted pairs of wires without
shielding, commonly used for Ethernet.
4. What is the main advantage of shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable over
UTP?
>>>STP: is less susceptible to noise and crosstalk.
5. What is the purpose of CAT5e cable?
>>>CAT5e supports faster data transfer speeds, including full-duplex gigabit
Ethernet.
6. What is the difference between straight-through and crossover cables?
>>>Straight-through: cables connect different types of devices.
>>>crossover cables: connect similar devices.
7. What is Alien Crosstalk (AXT)?
>>>AXT: is unwanted signal interference from one cable to another.
8. What are T568A and T568B?
>>>They are wiring standards that specify the color order of wires in Ethernet
cables.
9. What is the purpose of labeling cables in a network?
>>>Labeling makes it easier to identify and troubleshoot cables.
10. What are the main types of Ethernet speeds?
>>>10 Mbps, 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet), 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet), and
10 Gbps.
11. How does CAT6 differ from CAT5e cables?
>>>CAT6 cables have higher bandwidth (250 MHz) and support better
performance over longer distances than CAT5e.
12. Define Coaxial cables?
>>>Coaxial cables: are guided media that carry signals with a higher frequency range than
twisted pair cable.
13. What is Transmission Media?
>>>Transmission Media: is a pathway that carries the information from sender to receiver.
14. Explain these two terms Guided Media and Unguided Media?
>>>Guided Media : It is a physical transmission media which can be seen and touched.
-Co-exial cable -Twisted pair cable -Fiber optic cable
>>>Unguided Media: It is a media used for data transmission which can’t be seen and
touched.
-Radio Waves -Micro Waves -Infrared Waves
15. When was created cat 5?
>>>The category 5 cable standard was created in 1991.
16. What is Termination?
>>>Termination: is the point at which the cable connects to terminals in a modular plug, jack,
or patch panel.

1. Explain T568A AND T568B by table?

>>>>

T568A T568B
1.WHITE-GREEN 1. WHITE-ORANGE
2. GREEN 2. ORANGE
3. WHITE-ORANGE 3.WHITE-GREEN
4. BLUE 4.BLUE
5. WHITE-BLUE 5.WHITE- BLUE
6. ORANGE 6.GREEN
7. WHITE -BROWN 7.WHITE - BROWN
8. BROWN 8.BROWN
#Chapter four: Interconnecting the LANs-Epp

1. What is a network hub, and what is its function?

>>>a network hub: is a basic physical layer device used to connect multiple devices
in a network. It works by broadcasting data to all devices connected, sharing its
bandwidth among them.
2. What is the primary difference between a hub and a switch?
>>>Hub: Broadcasts data to all devices.
>>>Switch: Sends data only to the intended device.
3. Explain the purpose of a network bridge.?
>>>A network bridge connects two LAN segments, filtering and forwarding
data based on MAC addresses to reduce network traffic and enhance
performance within each segment.
4. What are the two types of switches and how do they differ?
>>>Unmanaged switches: are simple, plug-and-play devices mainly used in
small networks.
>>>managed switches: provide configuration options and are used in larger,
complex networks for enhanced control and performance.
5. What is the function of a router in a network?
>>>A router operates at the network layer (Layer 3) and uses IP addresses
to route data packets between different networks, allowing LANs to connect
over a campus network or across broader geographic areas.
6. Define auto-negotiation in the context of networking.
>>>Auto-negotiation: is a feature that allows network devices to
automatically choose the best speed and duplex settings, optimizing the
connection quality between devices.
7. What is the purpose of the Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table
in a switch?
>>>The CAM table: stores MAC address-to-port mappings, allowing the
switch to send data packets directly to their destination ports, enhancing
network efficiency.
8. What is the ARP cache, and why is it used?
>>>The ARP cache: stores recent MAC address-to-IP address mappings,
enabling faster communication by avoiding repeated ARP requests.
9. How does a network segment differ from a subnet?
>>>A network segment: is a physical or logical portion of a LAN separated
by bridges, switches, or routers.
>>>subnet: is a network address division based on IP address and subnet
mask.
10. Describe the two main switching modes used in network switches?
>>>Store-and-Forward mode : receives and verifies the entire data frame
before forwarding, checking for errors.
>>>Cut-Through mode forwards data immediately after reading the destination MAC
address, reducing latency but without error-checking.
11. What is a gateway in networking?
>>>A gateway: is the device that enables communication between a LAN and external networks.
12. What does a bridging table store?
>>>It stores MAC addresses and the port locations of devices connected to
the bridge.
13. What layer of the OSI model does a switch operate on?
>>>Layer 2 (Data Link Layer).
14. Why are managed switches preferred in large networks?
>>>They offer customization and better control over network traffic.
15. How does a router differ from a switch?
>>>A router operates at Layer 3, using IP addresses to route data, while a
switch uses MAC addresses at Layer 2.
16. What is the purpose of the "link light" on network devices?
>>>It indicates that devices are connected and communicating properly.
17. What are the two main types of cut-through switching?
>>>Fast-Forward and Fragment-Free.
18. What is network latency?
>>>network latency: It’s the delay in data transmission across the network.
19. What does the ARP protocol do?
>>>ARP maps IP addresses to MAC addresses in a network.
20. What are the benefits of using a network switch over a hub?
>>>Switches reduce network congestion, enable faster data transfers, and
isolate collision domains for improved performance.

-Writer: Liban Abshir Osman