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    Fungi

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    nandinimallepu23

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    Fungi

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    nandinimallepu23
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    Fungi

    Uploaded by

    nandinimallepu23

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    FUNGI

    Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms belonging to the kingdom Fungi. They
    are distinct from plants, animals, and bacteria, as they have a unique mode of nutrition,
    structural characteristics, and reproduction.

    Morphology and Key Characteristics

    1. Cell Structure:
    o Fungi are eukaryotic with a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound
    organelles.
    o Their cell walls are composed of chitin, unlike plants which have cellulose.
    2. Body Organization:
    o Unicellular (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or multicellular with a
    filamentous structure (e.g., molds).
    o The multicellular forms have a network of filaments called hyphae,
    collectively forming a mycelium.
    3. Nutrition:
    o Fungi are heterotrophic, obtaining nutrients by absorption.
    o They can be saprophytic (feeding on dead organic matter), parasitic, or
    mutualistic (e.g., mycorrhizae).
    4. Reproductive Structures:
    o Specialized structures are formed during sexual and asexual reproduction,
    such as spores, sporangia, and fruiting bodies.
    5. Growth Environment:
    o Thrive in a variety of environments, often in moist, dark places.
    o Can grow on a wide range of substrates, including organic matter, soil, and
    decaying plants/animals.
    6. Metabolic Versatility:
    o Capable of breaking down complex organic molecules, playing a crucial role
    in nutrient cycling.
    7. Symbiosis and Pathogenicity:

    1
    o Some fungi form mutualistic relationships (e.g., lichens, mycorrhizae), while
    others can be pathogenic to plants, animals, or humans.

    Classification of Fungi

    1. Phycomycetes (Zygomycota):
    o Non-septate hyphae.
    o Asexual spores: Sporangiospores.
    o Sexual reproduction: Zygospores.
    o Example: Rhizopus, Mucor.
    2. Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi):
    o Septate hyphae.
    o Asexual spores: Conidia.
    o Sexual reproduction: Ascospores in asci.
    o Example: Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Aspergillus.
    3. Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi):
    o Septate hyphae.
    o Sexual spores: Basidiospores produced on basidia.
    o Example: Mushrooms, Puccinia.
    4. Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti):
    o No known sexual stage.
    o Asexual spores: Conidia.
    o Example: Candida, Alternaria.

    Reproduction in Fungi

    Fungi reproduce through asexual and sexual methods:

    Asexual Reproduction:

    1. Sporulation:
    o Formation of asexual spores like sporangiospores, conidia, or chlamydospores.
    2. Fragmentation:
    o Hyphae break into fragments, each capable of growing into a new mycelium.
    3. Budding:
    o Common in unicellular fungi like Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

    Sexual Reproduction:

    1. Plasmogamy:
    o Fusion of the cytoplasm of two compatible mating types.
    2. Karyogamy:
    o Fusion of nuclei to form a diploid zygote.
    3. Meiosis:
    o Reduction division to form haploid sexual spores (e.g., ascospores,
    basidiospores).

    2
    4. Spore Dispersal:
    o Spores are released into the environment for germination.

    Cultivation of Fungi

    Fungi can be cultivated for various applications such as food production, enzyme production,
    and research.

    1. Substrates:
    o Fungi grow well on nutrient-rich substrates like PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar),
    SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), or natural materials like wheat bran,
    cornmeal, and molasses.
    2. Growth Conditions:
    o Temperature: Optimal growth at 20–30°C for most fungi.
    o pH: Slightly acidic (pH 4–6) is preferred.
    o Moisture: Essential for fungal growth.
    3. Sterilization:
    o Media and equipment should be sterilized to prevent contamination by other
    microbes.
    4. Inoculation:
    o Fungal spores or hyphae are transferred onto the growth medium under sterile
    conditions.
    5. Incubation:
    o Plates or flasks are incubated under controlled temperature and humidity to
    allow fungal growth.
    6. Harvesting:
    o Biomass or secondary metabolites are collected based on the purpose (e.g.,
    antibiotics, enzymes).
    7. Industrial Scale:
    o Fungi like Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum are cultivated in
    fermenters for large-scale production.

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