I. What is Mechanical Engineering?

Before entering into the Mechanical Engineer role, let us first understand the concept of
Mechanical Engineering. Mechanical Engineering is defined as the branch of engineering that
deals with the design, development, construction, and operation of mechanical systems and
tools. It include machines, tools, and equipment used in various industries, such as
transportation, manufacturing, power generation, and medical devices etc.

1.1 What role does a Mechanical Engineer play in our society and in Industries?
Mechanical engineers are involved in almost every aspect of human existence and welfare,
including machines, cars and other vehicles, aircraft, power plants, automobile parts, and
manufacturing plants etc. A Mechanical Engineer plays a significant role in designing,
developing, and testing machines as well as thermal devices. It also includes systems that are
essential to many aspects of modern society and Industries. They use their knowledge of
mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, and energy to create solutions that improve
the quality of life of people.

Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our society is contributed as:

1.Power Generation: Mechanical engineers design and develop power-generating machines

such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam and wind turbines etc.

2. Heating and Cooling Systems: They design and develop heating, ventilation, refrigeration
and air conditioning systems for buildings and other structures.

3.Transportation: Mechanical engineers are involved in designing and developing

transportation systems, including cars, trains, airplanes, steamers and boats.

4.Industrial Equipment: They design, develop and maintain industrial equipment such as
machine tools, robots, and conveyor systems & belts.

5.Infrastructure: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the design and maintenance of
infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, and transportation systems.

Overall, Mechanical Engineers are involved in designing, building, and maintaining the
engines, machines, and structures that make modern life possible and comfortable.

They contribute to society by using their skills to improve the safety, security, efficiency, and
comfort of the systems and devices that we rely on every day.
 Power Generation

Heating and cooling system

Industrial Equipment

Mechanical engineering plays a critical role in manufactured technologies, from cars to

airplanes to refrigerators. lt enables you to do many daily activities with ease, as it brings
helpful technologies to our modern society.
Mechanical englneers work in various industries, building and designing nuclear plants, or
automobiles, or railway equipment, or spacecraft. These mechanical engineers are sometimes
called nuclear engineers, automotive engineers, railway engineers, and aerospace engineers'

Mechanical engineers also work as consulting practices, government and universities. They
may work in classrooms, factories offices, laboratories or testing facilities as teachers,
managers, designers or researchers. Some mechanical engineers work in sales and product
quality control or equipment maintenance. Many hold managerial positions in their
companies. whether working on an oil rig or in corporate headquarters, mechanical engineers
are solvlng the technical problems of today and tomorrow

1.2 Emerging Trends and Technologies in energy sector

Renewable energy infrastructure development, power generation, storage, and efficiency

drive innovations in the sector with numerous emerging companies developing low-cost
renewable energy technology.

a) Renewable:

Renewable is one of the emerging trends in energy sector. This Renewable energy trend helps
to safeguard the environment by emitting Iittle to no harmful pollutants. The fundamental
premise of renewable energy is to obtain it from a consistent source in the environment, such
as the sun, wind, or geothermal sources. The source is then converted into useful power or
fuel.

A variety of technologies that address various facets of generating power and heat from
renewable sources is one of the latest technology trends in renewable energy. This involves
lowering the cost of building renewable infrastructure and enhancing the efficiency of power
generation.

b) Energy Storage

Energy storage is one of the effective energy industry emerging trends. Energy storage
permits steady pricing by proactively maintaining demand from consumers ln response to
shifting energy demands and technological advancements, the energy storage business has
evolved, adapted, and innovated during the last century. Energy storage systems offer a
diverse set of technological solutions for improving our power supply to build more resilient
energy infrastructure and save money for utilities and customers.

The many methods of energy storage can be classified into five categories based on their
technology:

Batteries .
Thermal
Mechanical
Pumped hydro
Hydrogen
It has the potential to save consumers money while also improving dependability and
resilience, integrating power sources, and reducing environmental impacts.

c) Blockchains:
 Blockchains or distributed ledgers are emerging technology trends in the energy
industry that has drawn significant interest from energy supply firms, start-ups, financial
institutions, Governments, technology developers, and the academic community' Block chain
technology proposes to combine all energy stakeholders under a single decentralized system.
Electricity producers, metering operators, distribution network operators' and traders
potentially avail from utilizing smart contracts. These agreements ensure that all energY-
related transactions are routed through a safe and immutable network, reducing the risk of
losses. Block chain also has the abitity to achieve some degree of equity between energy
generators and consumers.

1.3 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Manufacturing sector

Al, robots, 3D printing, and the like are all the latest manufacturing trends in
manufacturing technology - and have been for some time. 2021 is the year. Manufacturing
technology gets even smarter. Robots on the factory floor are growing at warp speed thanks
to their declining cost and increasing capabilities.
1.4 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Automotive sector
The automotive industry has been experiencing a great deal of change within the past several
years. More software is being added to vehicles, along with a greater number of electric and
autonomous vehicles are in production and on the road.
Here are the most common automotive trends of 2021. .
A Greater Amount of Al/Machine Learning and Connectivity
An increase ln Electric and Autonomous Vehicles .
Software Security Has Become a Top Concern
Electrification .
Artificial intelligence (Al).
Human-Machine interface.

1.5 Emerging Trends and Technologies in Aerospace sector

Aerospace collectively refers to the atmosphere and outer space; it's a diverse industry
with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering
consists of aeronautics and astronautics and the research, design, production, operation, or
maintenance of aircraft and spacecraft involves the work of numerous organizations.

10 Aerospace Engineering Technology Trends

1. Zero-Fuel Aircraft
2. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
3. Advanced Materials
4. Smart Automation and Block chain
5. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
5. Supersonic Flights
7. More Resilient and Oynamic A&D Supply Chains
8. Utilizing Internet of Things (loT) to Anticipate Maintenance lssues
9. Artificial intelligence (Al)
1.0. Autonomous Flight Systems.
1.6 What is emerging technologies in the maritime industry?
Advances in shipbuilding, propulsion, smart shipping, advanced materials, big data and
analytics, robotics, sensors and communications in conjunction with an increasingly skilled
workforce are all having monumental shifts in how the maritime industry are approaching
new challenges and opportunities.
The lndian Manufacturing sector currently contributes 16-17% to GDP and gives
employment to around l2o/o (201a) of the country's workforce. Various studies have
estimated that every job created in manufacturing has a multiplier effect in creating 2-3 jobs
in the services sector. Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) in lndia was reported at 12.96
% in 2020, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from
officially recognized sources.

Engineering Materials – Metals-Ferrous and Non-ferrous, Ceramics, Composites,

Smart materials
1.1 Ferrous metals
These are metals and alloys containing a high proportion of the element iron.

They are the strongest materials available and are used for applications where high
strength is required at relatively low cost and where weight is not of primary importance.

As an example of ferrous metals such as : bridge building, the structure of large buildings,
railway lines, locomotives and rolling stock and the bodies and highly stressed engine
parts of road vehicles.
The ferrous metals themselves can also be classified into "families', and these are shown
in figure.
 as electrical conductors and, together with sheet zinc and sheet lead, are use as roofing
materials. They are mainly used with other metals to improve their strength. Some
widely used non-ferrous metals and alloys are classified as shown in figure.

Non – ferrous metals

These materials refer to the remaining metals known to mankind. The pure metals are
rarely used as structural materials as they lack mechanical strength.

They are used where their special properties such as corrosion resistance, electrical
conductivity and thermal conductivity are required. Copper and aluminum are used as
electrical conductors and, together with sheet zinc and sheet lead, are use as roofing
materials.

They are mainly used with other metals to improve their strength

Non – metallic (Natural materials )

Ceramic: These are produced by baking naturally occurring clays at high temperatures
after moulding to shape. They are used for high – voltage insulators and high –
temperature – resistant cutting tool tips.
Ceramics
Ceramics (ceramic materials) are non-metallic inorganic compounds formed
from metallic (Al, Mg, Na, Ti, W) or semi-metallic (Si, B) and non- metallic (O, N, C)
elements.

Atoms of the elements are held together in a ceramic structure by one of the following
bonding mechanism: Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding, Mixed Bonding (Ionic-Covalent).

Most of ceramic materials have a mixed bonding structure with various ratios between
Ionic and Covalent components. This ratio is dependent on the difference in the electro
negativities of the elements and determines which of the bonding mechanisms is dominating
ionic or covalent.