CHEMISTRY PROJECT

TOPIC
“SOIL ANALYSIS”
INTRODUCTION
Soil consists of a solid
phase of minerals and
organic matter (the soil
matrix), as well as
a porous phase that
holds gases (the soil
atmosphere)
and water (the soil
solution). Accordingly,
soil is a three-
state system of solids,
liquids, and gases. Soil
is a product of several
factors: the influence of climate, relief (elevation,
orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and the
soil's parent materials (original minerals) interacting
over time.It continually undergoes development by
way of numerous physical, chemical and biological
processes, which include weathering with
associated erosion. Givenits complexityand strong
internal connectedness, soil ecologists regard soil as
an ecosystem.
Objectives of soil sample

 Evaluation of fertility status of soil
 Estimation of the available nutrients status of
soil
 Evaluation of the suitability of soil for laying
garden
 Determination of acidity, salinity and alkalinity
problems and
 Recommendation of the required amount of
fertilizers, lime or gypsum based on soil test
value.
Soil functions
 medium for plant growth,
 regulator of water supplies,
 recycler of raw materials,
 Habitat for soil organisms, and.
 Landscaping and engineering medium.
Soil analysisis a valuable tool form your farm is it

determines the input required for efficient and
economic production a proper soil test will help
ensure application of enough fertilizer to meet the
requirements of crop while taking avantages of
nutrients already present in soil.
Purpose of soil test

A soil test can determine fertility, or the
expected growth potential of the soil which indicates
nutrient deficiencies, potential toxicities from
excessive fertility and inhibitions from the presence
of non-essentialtrace minerals. The test is used to
mimic the function of roots to assimilate minerals.
Indian council of agricultural

research
The Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) is an autonomous body responsible
for co-ordinating agricultural education and research
in India. It reports to the Department of Agricultural
Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture. The
Union Minister of Agriculture serves as its
president .it is the largest network of agricultural
research and education institutes in the world.
The committee to advise on Renovation and
Rejuvenation of Higher Education (yashpal
Committee, 2009) has recommended setting up of a
constitutional body – the National Commission for
Higher Education and Research – which would be a
unified supreme body to regulate all branches of
higher education including agricultural
education. Presently, regulation of agricultural
education is the mandate of ICAR, Veterinary Council
of India (Veterinary sub-discipline) and Indian Council
of Forestry Research and Education (Forestry sub-
discipline).
Soil sampling techniques

Soil sampling techniques evaluate the nutrient stutus
of any field being subjected to the sampling .it is
recommended to have a better understanding of soil
sampling techniques
1) Random sampling
2) Grid sampling
3) Zone sampling
Thiesis of parameters
Texture
The mineral components of soil
are sand, silt and clay, and their
relative proportions determine a
soil's texture. Properties that are
influenced by soil texture
include porosity, permeability, infi
ltration, shrink-swell rate, water-holding capacity, and
susceptibility to erosion. In the illustrated USDA textural
classification triangle, the only soil in which neither sand,
silt nor clay predominates is called loam. While even pure
sand, silt or clay may be considered a soil, from the
perspective of conventional agriculture a loam soil with a
small amount of organic material is considered "ideal",
inasmuch as fertilizers or manure are currently used to
mitigate nutrient losses due to crop yields in the long
term.The mineral constituents of a loam soil might be 40%
sand, 40% silt and the balance 20% clay by weight. Soil
texture affects soil behaviour, in particular, its retention
capacity for nutrients (e.g., cation exchange
capacity) and water.
Sand and silt are the products of physical and
chemical weathering of the parent rock: clay, on the other
hand, is most often the product of the precipitation of the
dissolved parent rock as a secondary mineral, except when
derived from the weathering of mica. It is the surface area
to volume ratio (specific surface area) of soil particles and
the unbalanced ionic electric charges within those that
determine their role in the fertility of soil, as measured by
its cation exchange capacity Sand is least active, having the
least specific surface area, followed by silt; clay is the most
active. Sand's greatest benefit to soil is that it resists
compaction and increases soil porosity, although this
property stands only for pure sand, not for sand mixed with
smaller minerals which fill the voids among sand grains. Silt
is mineralogically like sand but with its higher specific
surface area it is more chemically and physically active than
sand. But it is the clay content of soil, with its very high
specific surface area and generally large number of
negative charges, that gives a soil its high retention
capacity for water and nutrients. Clay soils also resist wind
and water erosion better than silty and sandy soils, as the
particles bond tightly to each other, and that with a strong
mitigation effect of organic matter.
Electrical conductivity :
Soil EC can be measured via electrodesinserted directly into
the ground or by extracting soil water usinga lysimeter (an
instrument that uses suction to extract soil or groundwater
from the ground
The electrical conductivity indicates the amount of soluble
(salt) ions in soil. The determination of electrical
conductivity (EC) is made with aconductivitycell
bymeasuring the electricalresistance of a 1:5 soil:water
suspension.
Below Normal
1.0
1.0 – 2.0 Soluble salt content critical for germinating
2.0- 3.0 Salt conatin critical for growth of salt sensitive
crop
Above Severe injury to most crops
3.0

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TOPIC

Objectives of soil sample

Soil analysisis a valuable tool form your farm is it

Purpose of soil test

Indian council of agricultural

Soil sampling techniques

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