CHAPTER 3 (1) (1)

CHAPTER 3
Statistics in Engineering
Statistics: Basic Ideas
 Statistics is the area of science that deals with
collection, organization, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
 It also deals with methods and techniques that
can be used to draw conclusions about the
characteristics of a large number of data points--
commonly called a population--
 By using a smaller subset of the entire data.
For Example…
 You work in a cell phone factory and are asked
to remove cell phones at random off of the
assembly line and turn it on and off.
 Each time you remove a cell phone and turn it
on and off, you are conducting a random
experiment.
 Each time you pick up a phone is a trial and the
result is called an outcome.
 If you check 200 phones, and you find 5 bad
phones, then
 relative frequency of failure = 5/200 = 0.025
 Engineers apply physical
and chemical laws and
mathematics to design,
develop, test, and
supervise various
products and services.
 Engineers perform tests
to learn how things
behave under stress, and
at what point they might
fail.
 As engineers perform experiments, they
collect data that can be used to explain
relationships better and to reveal
information about the quality of products
and services they provide.
Frequency Distribution:
Scores for an engineering class are as follows: 58, 95, 80,
75, 68, 97, 60, 85, 75, 88, 90, 78, 62, 83, 73, 70, 70, 85,
65, 75, 53, 62, 56, 72, 79
To better assess the success of the class, we make a
frequency chart:
Now the information can be better analyzed.
For example, 3 students did poorly, and 3 did
exceptionally well. We know that 9 students
were in the average range of 70-79. We can
also show this data in a freq. histogram (PDF).
Divide each no. by 26
Cumulative Frequency
 The data can be further organized by calculating the
cumulative frequency (CDF).
 The cumulative frequency shows the cumulative number
of students with scores up to and including those in the
given range. Usually we normalize the data - divide 26.
Measures of Central Tendency &
Variation
 Systematic errors, also called fixed errors, are
errors associated with using an inaccurate
instrument.
 These errors can be detected and avoided by properly
calibrating instruments
 Random errors are generated by a number of
unpredictable variations in a given measurement
situation.
 Mechanical vibrations of instruments or variations in
line voltage friction or humidity could lead to random
fluctuations in observations.
 When analyzing data, the mean alone cannot signal
possible mistakes. There are a number of ways to define
the dispersion or spread of data.
 You can compute how much each number deviates from
the mean, add up all the deviations, and then take their
average as shown in the table below.
As exemplified in Table 19.4, the sum of deviations from
n
1  xi
x di (x i  x)
n i1
Where xi represents data points, x is the average, n is the
n n n n
d   x   x
i i d i  nx  nx  0
i1i1i1 i1
Therefore the average of the deviations from the

mean of the data set cannot be used to measure
the spread of a given data set.
Instead we calculate the average of the absolute
values of deviations. (This is shown in the third
column of table 19.4 in your textbook)
For group A the mean deviation is 290, and Group
B is 820. We can conclude that Group B is more
scattered than A.
Variance
 Another way of measuring the data is
by calculating the variance.
 Instead of taking the absolute values
of each deviation, you can just square
the deviation and find the means.
 (n-1) makes estimate unbiased
n
 (xi x) 2
v i1
n 1
Taking the square root of the variance which resu
n
 (xi x) 2
s i1
n 1
The standard deviation can also provide informati
The mean for a grouped distribution is calculated from:
(xf )
x n
 Where
x = midpoints of a given range
f = frequency of occurrence of data in the range
n = f = total number of data points
The standard deviation for a grouped distribution is calc
(x  x)2 f n 1
s
Normal Distribution
n from the figures below to predict what might happen in the future. (
Normal Distribution
 Any probability distribution with a bell-shaped
curve is called a normal distribution.
 The detailed shape of a normal distribution
curve is determined by its mean and standard
deviation values.
TABLE 19.11 Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve-The Values were Generated usinq the Standard Normal Distribution
Function of Excel
0.3413
h4ean=O z
z=2.00 e = 3.OO
TABLE 19.11 Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve-the Yalues were Generated using the Standard Normal Distribution
Function of Excel (continued)
0.5 0.1915 1.01 0.3438 0.435Z 2.03 0.4Z88 0.4945 3.05

THE NORMAL CURVE z = (x - x) / s
i i
 Using Table 19.11, approx. 68% of the data will

fall in the interval of -s to s, one std deviation
 ~ 95% of the data falls between -2s to 2s, and
approx all of the data points lie between -3s to 3s
 For a standard normal distribution, 68% of the
data fall in the interval of z = -1 to z = 1.
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
z = -2 and z = 2 (two standard deviations below and above the me

99.7% or almost all of the data points lie between -3s
and 3s.
Analysis of Two Histograms
Graph A is class distribution of numbers 1-10 Graph B is
Data for A = 5.64 +/- 2.6 (much greater spread than B)

Data for B = 15.7 +/- 1.96 (smaller spread)
Skew of A = -0.16 and Skew B = 0.146
CV of A = 0.461 and CV of B = 0.125 (CV = SD/Mean)
Frequency Frequen
cy
7
6 9
5 8
4 7
3 6
2 5
1 4
0 3
2
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

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CHAPTER 3

Therefore the average of the deviations from the

0.5 0.1915 1.01 0.3438 0.435Z 2.03 0.4Z88 0.4945 3.05

 Using Table 19.11, approx. 68% of the data will

z = -2 and z = 2 (two standard deviations below and above the me

Graph A is class distribution of numbers 1-10 Graph B is

Data for A = 5.64 +/- 2.6 (much greater spread than B)

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