AME U 3

PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)

JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
BANGALORE TRUNK ROAD, VARADHARAJAPURAM,
NASARATHPET, POONAMALLEE,
CHENNAI-600 123
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ODD SEM 2023 – 24
Subject Code / Name: EC8701 ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS
UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS
UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS 9
Two-element array, Array factor, Pattern multiplication, uniformly spaced arrays with uniform and
non-uniform excitation amplitudes, Smart antennas.
Smart antennas
Smart antenna systems combine:
(i)Antenna arrays with
(ii)Digital signal processing algorithms to make the antenna systems smart.
• Smart antennas integrate antenna array technology and Digital Signal Processing(DSP)
Techniques to enhance communication system performance including
(a) Capacity improvement
(b) Range increase
(c) Link quality improvement
(d) Mitigation of fading
• These are accomplished by
(1)Beam steering
Placing Beam maxima toward Signals of Interest (SOI)
(2)Null Steering
Placing Beam minima, ideally nulls, toward Interfering signals; Signals Not of Interest
(SNOI)
(3) Spatially separate signals
Allowing different users to share the same spectral resources(SDMA)
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Beam forming in Smart antenna systems
By means of an internal feed back control, smart antenna can generate a customized radiation
pattern to each remote user. In general, they form a main lobe toward a desired signal and
rejects interference outside the main lobe.
There are two types of smart antenna system
(i) Switched – beam systems
(ii) Adaptive antenna systems
(a)Switched Beam Systems

• They use a number of fixed beams at the base station. The base station selects one of
the pre- determined fixed beam that provides the greatest output power for the desired
user.
Figure: Concept of Switched Beam systems

• This concept is obviously an extension of cell sectoring as each sector is subdivided
into smaller sectors. As the mobile unit moves throughout the cell, the switched-beam
system detects the signal strength, chooses the appropriate predefined beam pattern.
Advantages over Adaptive antenna systems:
Low cost
Less complex and easier to retrofit to existing wireless technologies
Dis advantages over Adaptive antenna systems:
Beam Resolution is lower
(b) Adaptive array systems

Adaptive array systems, provide more degrees of freedom since they have the ability to
adapt in real time the radiation pattern to the RF signal environment. In other words, they can
direct the main beam toward the pilot signal or SOI while suppressing the antenna pattern in
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the direction of the interferers or SNOIs. To put it simply, adaptive array systems can customize
an appropriate radiation pattern for each individual user.
Adaptive array systems can locate and track signals (users and interferers) and
dynamically adjust the antenna pattern to enhance reception while minimizing interference
using signal-processing algorithms. A functional block diagram of such a system is shown in
Figure.This figure shows that after the system down converts the received signals to baseband
and digitizes them, it locates the SOI using the direction-of-arrival (DOA) algorithm, and it
continuously tracks the SOI and SNOIs by dynamically changing the weights (amplitudes and
phases of the signals).
Basically, the DOA computes the direction of arrival of all signals by computing the
time delays between the antenna elements, and afterward the adaptive algorithm, using a cost
function, computes the appropriate weights that result in an optimum radiation pattern.
Figure Functional block diagram of an adaptive array system
Optimal Beam forming techniques

In optimal beamforming techniques, a weight vector that minimizes a cost function is
determined. Typically, this cost function, related with a performance measure, is inversely
associated with the quality of the signal at the array output, so that when the cost function is
minimized, the quality of the signal is maximized at the array output.
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The most commonly used optimally beamforming techniques or performance measures
are the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Maximum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (MSNR), and
Minimum (noise) Variance (MV).
Adaptive algorithm
In practice, the signal environment is dynamic or time varying, and therefore, the
weights need to be computed with adaptive methods. One of the simplest algorithms that is
commonly used to adapt the weights is the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm. The LMS
algorithm is a low complexity algorithm that requires no direct matrix inversion and no
memory.
Comparison of switched-beam scheme and adaptive array scheme

(i)Minimizing Interference
Adaptive array systems can customize an appropriate radiation pattern for each
individual user. This is far superior to the performance of a switched-beam system, as shown
in Figure. This figure shows that not only the switched-beam system may not able to place the
desired signal at the maximum of the main lobe but also it exhibits the inability to fully reject
the interferers.
Figure Comparison of (a) switched-beam scheme, and (b) adaptive array scheme.
(ii)Coverage area comparison
Figure shows a comparison, in terms of relative coverage area, of conventional
sectorized, switched-beam and adaptive arrays. In the presence of a low-level interference, both
types of smart antennas provide significant gains over the conventional sectored systems.
However, when a high-level interference is present, the interference rejection capability of the
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adaptive systems provides significantly more coverage than either the conventional or
switched-beam system.
Figure: Relative coverage area comparison among sectorized systems, switched-

beam systems, and adaptive array systems in (a) low interference environment,
and (b) high interference environment
SMART ANTENNAS’ BENEFITS

(i) capacity increase
In densely populated areas, mobile systems are usually interference-limited, meaning
that the interference from other users is the main source of noise in the system. This means that
the signal-to interference ratio (SIR) is much smaller than the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
In general, smart antennas will, by simultaneously increasing the useful received signal
level and lowering the interference level, increase the SIR. (there by increase capacity)
(ii) range increase

Another benefit that smart-antenna systems provide is range increase. Because smart
antennas are more directional than omnidirectional and sectorized antennas, a range increase
potential is available.
In other words, smart antennas are able to focus their energy toward the intended users,
instead of directing it in other unnecessary directions (wasting) like omnidirectional antennas
do. This means that base stations can be placed further apart, leading to a more cost-efficient
development.
Therefore, in rural and sparsely populated areas, where radio coverage rather than
capacity is more important, smart-antenna systems are well suited.

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PANIMALAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Subject Code / Name: EC8701 ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT III ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS 9

(a)Switched Beam Systems

Figure: Concept of Switched Beam systems

(b) Adaptive array systems

Figure Functional block diagram of an adaptive array system

Optimal Beam forming techniques

Comparison of switched-beam scheme and adaptive array scheme

Figure: Relative coverage area comparison among sectorized systems, switched-

SMART ANTENNAS’ BENEFITS

(ii) range increase

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