Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2020) 9(4): 1827-1840

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 4 (2020)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.214

Status of Litchi Cultivation in India

Ramesh Kumar Sahni1, Sweeti Kumari1*, Manish Kumar1,

Manoj Kumar1 and Amrendra Kumar2

1
ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, MP, (462 038), India
2
ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Muzzafarpur, Bihar (842 002), India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Litchi is a popular subtropical fruit crop in India. It is the most delicious, juicy and
nutritious fruit and mostly grown in Eastern India. Litchi cultivation is a source of
livelihood security for a large population in litchi growing states as it provides
Keywords both on-farm and off-farm employment. The world scenario of litchi cultivation
reveals that India is the second-largest producer of litchi after China with a total
Litchi, Litchi
cultivation, Major
acreage over 93,300 ha and a yearly output of over 568,200 t in 2016-17.
variety, Export, However, with a productivity level of just 6.1 t ha-1, India lags behind several
India other litchi exporting countries. Litchi has particular climate and soil
Article Info requirements, thus limiting its cultivation to a few states. Bihar is the leading litchi
producing state followed by West Bengal, Jharkhand Assam and Chhattisgarh.
Accepted: Litchi varieties cultivated in India are highly diverse due to different climate and
15 March 2020
Available Online:
soil conditions. Major varieties are Shahi, China, Elaichi, Rose Scented, Bedana
10 April 2020 and Bombai. Litchi cultivation provides food, nutrition, employment opportunity,
generate income, improve the socio-economic condition and poverty alleviation in
rural areas of the different states of India. This paper discusses trends of litchi
cultivation in major litchi growing states, commercially grown cultivars, their
marketing and export potential in India.

Introduction but the fruit is also famous in Africa (South

Africa and Madagascar), Australia, Indonesia,
The Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) belongs to Spain, USA, Mexico, and Israel (Menzel,
the Sapindaceae family and well known as the 2000; Rajwanshi et al., 2017). The fruit was
‘Queen of fruits’. Litchi was originated in introduced in India about 100 years later
near South China and North Vietnam in the through Burma, from which it has spread to
year 1500 BC but has now spread to different other parts of the tropical and subtropical
countries. Globally, South-East Asian areas of the country (Ghosh, 2000). Litchi
countries including China, India, Vietnam and crop is very specific to the climate
Thailand are the largest producers of litchi, requirement; probably because of this reason,

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its commercial cultivation is limited to few SAS 9.3, and the result is presented in Table
tropical and subtropical countries. 1.

India is the 2nd largest producer of litchi in the The null hypothesis of this test was that the
world after China. It is one of the most time series exhibits non-stationarity against
famous fruit crops and mostly cultivated in the alternative of stationarity. Here, we had no
the Eastern part of the country. In India, evidence to reject the null hypothesis in case
568,200 metric tons of litchis are produced of area and production as p-value in these
annually from 93,300 hectares (Anonymous, cases were > 0.05 at lag 1 and 2 both. Thus,
2018). The average productivity of litchi in there was a significant trend in area and
the country is 6.1 t ha-1 in 2016-17, which is production of litchi. However, the p-value for
much lower than the potential productivity of productivity was < 0.05, indicating that there
the crop. The main reasons for low was no trend in the productivity of litchi.
productivity are poor fruit setting/ retention in Also, the same can be seen from the trends in
hot, dry spring and biennial bearing due to the area, production and productivity in
poor nutrient management (Menzel and Figure 1.
Simpson, 1990). Litchi being specific to the
climatic requirement, it is restricted to only a The nutritional value and products of litchi
few states with 66% of the total production of
the country is recorded in Bihar, West Bengal The food value of litchi fruit lies in its sugar
and Jharkhand. Litchi crop mainly helps small content which changes based on the varieties.
and marginal farmers to get some additional Depending upon its variety and climatic
income from their homesteads. Litchi condition, litchi contains 60% juice, 19%
cultivation is livelihood security for a large seed, 13% skin and 8% rag (Nath et al.,
population in the litchi growing states as it 2016). Litchi is a very good source of
offers both on-farm and off-farm employment minerals, several vitamins and healthy
opportunity. In the present study, the status of antioxidant which helps in protection from
litchi cultivation in India has been reviewed. harmful free radicals. The nutritive values of
litchi fruit per 100 gm are shown in Table 2.
The trends in litchi cultivation Litchi is highly perishable fruit and several
values added products are made from litchi.
In India, there has been a significant increase Litchi squash is a highly flavoured
in area and production of litchi during the last concentrated drink prepared from litchi pulp.
three decades. The trend reveals that the area Litchi nut is a dried litchi fruit, a very popular
under litchi cultivation is expanding every litchi product among Chinese. Several other
year from 49,300 hectares in 1991-92 to products such as dehydrated litchi pulp,
93,300 hectares in 2016-17 (Figure 1). Total canned litchi, wine, juice, pickle, jelly, ice-
production of litchi also boosted from cream and preserves are also prepared from
243,800 to 568,200 metric tons in the same litchi fruit.
time period. However, the productivity of
litchi is stagnant about 6.1 t ha-1. The Major litchi growing states
statistical analysis of time series data on area,
production and productivity were done using Litchi is commercially grown in the eastern
SAS 9.3. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit part of India such as Bihar, West Bengal,
Root test was applied for detecting a trend in Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh.
litchi cultivation using ARIMA procedure in The crop is also gaining popularity in Punjab,

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Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, soil conditions (Singh and Babita, 2002). The
Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Karnataka and state-wise popular variety of litchi is
Tamil Nadu because of its high profitability demonstrated in Table 6. Cv. Shahi is the
and better export potential (Pandey and most popular and best variety of Indian litchi
Sharma, 1989; Cebeco, 2001). The major because of its delicate aroma and flavour. Cv.
litchi growing states of the country are shown China is the second most popular variety of
in Figure 2. Litchi could not freely spread like litchi. Litchi farmers are more interested in
other fruit crops because of its specific making new orchards of cv. China, because it
climate and soil requirement. It requires warm gives high productivity and more profitability.
subtropics climate, short dry, frost-free Cv. Shahi is the early variety, harvested
winters and long hot summers along with high between 15 May to 31 May, while cv. China
rainfall and humidity (Mitra and Pathak, is considered as the late variety. Other major
2008). The soil should be a well-drained varieties are Rose scented, Bombai, Elaichi,
loamy soil, rich in organic matter and having Dehradun, Bedana, Late large red, Late
5 to 7 pH range. The area, production, and seedless, Calcuttia, Purbi etc.
productivity of litchi in the major litchi
growing states from 2011-12 to 2013-14 are The characteristics of the most common
shown in Figure 3. varieties of litchi cultivated in India are
shown in Table 7. In West Bengal, Ghosh et
The percentage of area and production of al., (2000) found that cv. Bombai is the most
litchi in different states from the year 2011-12 common commercial variety, whereas cv.
to 2013-14 is shown in Table 3. It is evident Bedana is superior in terms of quality with
that Bihar is the leading state in litchi high pulp recovery and shrivelled seeds. Cv.
production (40%) followed by West Bengal Early Large Red is the earliest variety and
(16%), Jharkhand (10%), Assam (8.2%), matures in the first week of May. In Tripura,
Chhattisgarh (6.4), Uttarakhand (5.2%), Das (2013) studied the climatic condition of
Punjab (4.8%), Orissa (3.5%) and Tripura state with respect to the number of fruits per
(3.4%) in 2013-14. Also, the state-wise value plants, time of maturity, bearing habit, and
of the output of litchi is presented in Table 4. quality parameters of litchi crops. Cv. Shahi,
cv.Swarna Roopa, cv. Muzaffarpur, cv.Late
The concentrated pockets of litchi in different Bedana and cv. Bombai was found excellent
states of India have been shown in Table 5. in performance. However, cv. Shahi showed
Bihar produces about 40% of total production good performance in all the aspects such as
and occupies about 37.4% of the area under flavour, taste, aroma and other quality
litchi cultivation of India. In Bihar, litchi is parameters with excellent market demand.
mainly cultivated in Muzaffarpur, Vaishali,
Darbhanga, Samastipur, Sitamarhi, West Arrival pattern in market and
Champaran and East Champaran districts. consumption
Total litchi production in Bihar is about
234,200 tonnes from 31,480 hectare area India is gifted with unique ripening pattern of
under production with the productivity of 7.4 litchi, with harvesting period differs from
t ha-1, which is higher over the national state to state. The ripening of fruit
productivity. commences from north-eastern part to the
central part and then North to South India.
Litchi varieties cultivated in the country are The arrival time of litchi in the market of
highly variable due to different climatic and leading states of India is shown in Table 8.

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Litchi fruits are primarily consumed afresh. In requires processing to increase its shelf life
litchi, the whole tree is normally harvested at for export markets. Litchi markets can be
one go and its shelf life is very short, i.e. 4–6 broadly classified into three different
days at room temperature (Vijayanand et al., categories: domestic, national and export
2010). The fruits rapidly deteriorate its bright market. According to the survey estimates in
colouration and flavour within a few days; Bihar, about 80% of the total litchi produced
these make its transportation to distant market in the state is being exported to the other
an uphill task. Several efforts to maintain its states out of which the major markets are
quality even for 7-10 days have not been Delhi, Varanasi, Lucknow, Mumbai, Kanpur,
successful leading to severe wastage and Kolkata Chandigarh and Bangalore
often causing a glut in the market and a large (Anonymous, 2010). The price of litchi (Rs/
proportion of litchi fruits is rotting in India. Qtl.) and quantity of litchi arrival (MT) in the
However, in other countries, several other major markets are shown in Table 9. The
value-added products of litchi are popular. In average wholesale price and the annual arrival
China, dried nut (a dried litchi fruit) is very of litchi in the major market of litchi are
popular and exported to several countries on a shown in Figure 4. It indicates that Delhi as
large scale. Flavoured squash, dehydrated the highest-selling market, followed by Patna,
litchi pulp, canned litchi, juice, frozen fruits Kolkata and Lucknow.
are some of the modes of preservation and
consumption, which helps to avoid market Exports potential
glut and prevent rotting of litchi fruits. Frozen
litchi fruits maintain its quality and flavour, if Currently, Indian litchi is exported mainly to
it is freshly harvested, rapidly cooled and kept UAE, Nepal, Thailand, France, Saudi Arabia,
at -25 °C at which it remains in a good state Canada and several other countries. The
for 1 year (Morevil, 1973). Litchi pulp can be Agricultural and Processed Food Products
stored for a longer period if it is heated to 85 Export Development Authority (APEDA) and
°C and added with 500 ppm SO2 and 1% the National Agency for Export Development
citric acid. The fruit can be stored for 6 (NAFED) are the major export promoters of
months at 25–35 °C and 1 year at 4–5 °C litchi fruits in the country (APEDA, 2017).
(Sethi, 1985). The demand of litchi fruits from the USA,
Arab nations, Europe and different other
Litchi markets of the country countries are increasing day by day. However,
minimal effort has been made to capture the
Litchi fruit is a temperature-sensitive; its litchi world market from China, the leading
access to the distant market is constrained due exporter of litchi. The quantity and value for
to unavailability of transportation with cool the export of litchi to different countries are
chain facilities. It is essential for the product shown in Table 10.
to reach distant market locations within 24-36
hours after harvesting to retain its desired In conclusion, litchi is a climate and soil
flavour and colour at ambient temperature. specific fruit plant, introduced in India in the
The current litchi supply chains from the 18th Century has well adapted to the climate
production location to the final consumers of Eastern India and a very good source of
outside the state market often take more than minerals, vitamins and healthy antioxidant.
24-36 hours. Hence, goods refrigerated trucks Due to its increasing demand and
and cold storage chain facilities are necessary profitability, the area under cultivation and
for targeting distant markets while fruit production has increased manifold in the last

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three decades. However, the lower aroma with excellent market demand. Unique
productivity, poor nutrient management, ripening pattern in a different part of the
biennial bearing of fruits, low shelf life and country makes litchi available for longer
lack of cold chain transport and cold storage duration in the Indian market. APEDA and
facility are the major constraints with litchi NAFED are promoting the export of litchi to
cultivation among all varieties of litchi in the other country, but more effort need to be
India, Cv. Shahi is the most popular and best made to capture some part of the litchi world
variety in all aspects such as flavour, taste, market.

Table.1 Detection of trend in area, production and productivity of litchi

p value
Lag 1 Lag 2
Area 0.0877 0.7772
Production 0.0982 0.1723
Productivity 0.0390 0.0010

Table.2 Nutritive value of aril of litchi fruit per 100 g

Constituents Fresh aril (per 100 g) Dried aril

Calories 63-64 277
Moisture 81-85 % 17.99-22.3 %
Protein 0.68-1.0 g 2.9-3.8 g
Fat 0.30-.58 g 0.2-1.2 g
Carbohydrate 13.31-16.40 g 70.7-77.5 g
Fibre 0.23-0.40 g 1.4 g
Ash 0.37-0.50 g 1.5-2 g
Calcium 8-10 mg 33 mg
Phosphorus 30-42 mg -
Iron 0.40 mg 1.7 mg
Sodium 3 mg 3 mg
Potassium 170 mg 1100 mg
Thiamine 28 mg -
Nicotinic acid 0.40 mg -
Riboflavin 0.05 mg 0.05
0
TSS ( Brix) 18-22 NA
Ascorbic acid 24-60 mg 42 mg
Source: Singh et al., (2012).

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Table.3 Percentage of area and production of litchi in different states

State 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

% Area % Production % Area % Production % Area % Production
Bihar 38.7 43.9 37.8 44.2 37.4 40
West Bengal 11.1 15.9 11.1 15.5 11 16
Jharkhand 6 10.7 6.4 10 6.3 10
Assam 6.6 7.7 6.8 8.6 6.4 8.2
Chhattisgarh 5.6 5 6 5.3 6.4 6.4
Uttarakhand 11.8 3.5 11.5 3.3 11.2 5.2
Punjab 2.1 4.6 2.1 4.6 2.2 4.8
Odisha 5.6 3.7 5.4 3.5 5.3 3.5
Tripura 4 3.1 4.2 3.1 4.6 3.4
Others 8.6 1.9 8.7 1.9 9.2 2.4

Table.4 State wise value of output of litchi in Rs. Lakhs

(AT CURRENT PRICES) (AT 2011-12 PRICES)

S. No. State/U.Ts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
1 Arunachal Pradesh 427 503 603 427 427 427
2 Assam 11544 15097 14744 11544 13808 13374
3 Bihar 84745 92817 84771 84745 91925 83956
4 Chhattisgarh 7225 10526 11731 7225 8235 10032
5 Haryana 266 872 1646 266 727 1219
6 Himachal Pradesh 1227 1600 1794 1227 1252 1339
7 Jammu & Kashmir 685 243 244 685 190 208
8 Jharkhand 20613 21077 21079 20613 20874 20876
9 Mizoram 326 340 381 326 326 332
10 Nagaland 38 480 837 38 450 725
11 Odisha 10667 13744 13386 10667 10752 10784
12 Punjab 9655 10451 11179 9655 10451 11036
13 Tripura 4076 4839 6429 4076 4412 4955
14 Uttar Pradesh 493 567 763 493 559 696
15 Uttarakhand 9895 11607 15991 9895 9978 15991
16 West Bengal 61836 67734 57031 61836 65243 68070
17 Chandigarh 23 29 0 23 23 0
Total 223739 252526 242609 223739 239633 244020
Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2017

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Table.5 Major litchi producing belts in India

States Districts

Assam Dibrugarh, Goalpara, Sonitpur, Lakhimpur, Jorhat, Golaghat, Kamrup, Nalbari,

Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Nagaon

Bihar Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, East Champaran, West Champaran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar,

Samastipur, Bhagalpur

Chhattisgarh Korba, Raigarh, Surguja, Jashpur, Surajpur, Balrampur, Koriya, Narayanpur

Himachal Pradesh Kangra (Palampur, Panchrukhi, Dharmshala), Sirmour (Paonta Sahib, Dhaula kuan)

Jammu & Kashmir Jammu, Samba, Kathua, Udhampur, Reasi

Jharkhand Ramgarh, Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Gumla

Madhya Pradesh Shahdol, Sidhi, Madla, Dindori

Manipur Imphal West, Bishnupur, Imphal East, Thoubal, Churachandpur, Chandel

Meghalaya East Khasi Hills, Ri-bhoi, Garo Hills

Nagaland Kohima, Wokha, Mokokchung, Tuensang, Zunheboto, Phek, Kiphire, Longleng,

Mon, Dimapur, Peren

Odisha Sambalpur, Debagarh (Deogarh), Sundergarh, Rayagada, Koraput

Punjab Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Ropar

Sikkim North Sikkim (Phidang), East Sikkim (Majhitar, Bhasmey, Rorathang, Makha,
Ralep, Mulukey), South Sikkim (Kitam, Pakzor, Chalamthamthang, Kichudumra),
West Sikkim (Sagbari, Kamling)

Tamil Nadu Tiruvarur, Vellore, Vilupuram

Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Kushinagar

Uttarakhand Nainital, Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Dehradun, Almora

West Bengal Malda, Murshidabad, 24 Parganas (North & South), Uttar Dinajpore, Cooch Behar

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Table.6 Major litchi producing states and variety cultivated

States Recommended cultivars

Bihar Shahi, China, Rose Scented, Bedana, Late seedless, late large red, purbi

Jharkhand Shahi, China, Rose Scented, Bedana, Late seedless, Late large red, purbi

Orissa Late large red

Assam Shahi, China, Bombai, Deshi

Sikkim Shahi

Manipur Late large red

Meghalaya Late large red

Nagaland China, Late large red

West Bengal Bombai, Bedana, Ellaichi, China, Late large Red, Purbi, Early large Red

Chhattisgarh Shahi, Late Large Red

Madhya Pradesh Shahi, Late Large Red

Uttar Pradesh Shahi, China, Rose Scented, Bedana, Dehradun, Calcuttia

Uttarakhand Shahi, China, Bedana, Rose Scented, Dehradun, Late seedless

Punjab Rose Scented, Dehradun, Late Seedless

Himachal Pradesh Rose Scented, Dehradun Calcuttia

Jammu & Kashmir Rose Scented, Dehradun, Calcuttia

Tamil Nadu Rose Scented, Dehradun, Late Seedless, Late Large Red, Calcuttia

Tripura Shahi, Mazaffarpur, Swarna Roopa, Bombai, Late Bedana

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Table.7 Characteristics of commercially grown litchi cultivars in eastern India

Variety Characteristics
Shahi Early maturing, regular bearer, heavy yielding, fruits are globous- heart orobtuse in shape.
The colour is rose madder and fuchsia purple background with red tubercles at ripening.
weight: 20-25 g, T.S.S.: 19-22° brix
China Late maturing, oblong to conical shaped fruit with dark pink colour skin, weight: 20-25 g,
aril sweet juicy aroma with excellent quality, heavy yielder, resistant to fruit cracking and
sun burning
Early Bedana Oval or heart shaped, colour: uranium green with carminered tubercles at maturity, fruit
size: medium, weight: 15-18 g. with T.S.S.: 17.2-19.8° brix
Late Bedana Conical in shape, colour: vermilion to carmine with darkblackish-brown tubercles at
maturity and the fruit size is medium, withT.S.S. of 18-20° brix
Bombai Fruits are obliquely heart shaped. The colour is carmine red and the fruitsize is large, and
weighs 15-20 g. with T.S.S. of 17° brix
Kasba Mid-late maturing, shape : oval to round with deep red skin colour, weight 22-25 g, high
yielder, resistant to fruit cracking and sun burning
Rose Scented Mid-early maturing, crimson red coloured fruit, aril with rosy aroma, excellent quality,
regular bearer, heavy yielder
Dehradun Fruits are obliquely heart to conical shape, bright rose pink coloured skin with attractive
fruit weighing about 18-20 g, high yielder

Table.8 The arrival pattern of litchi in leading states

S. No. States Season of availability

1 Tripura 15th April to end of April
2 Assam 3rd week of May
3 West Bengal 1st May to 3rd week of May
4 Bihar 3rd week of May to 2nd week of June
5 Jharkhand 3rd week of May to 2nd week of June
6 Uttarakhand 2nd week of June to 4th week of June
7 Punjab 3rd week of June to last week of June
8 Himachal Pradesh 3rd week of June to last week of June
9 Tamil Nadu 15th December to 15th January
10 Karnataka 15th December to 15th January
11 Kerala 15th December to 15th January

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Table.9 Monthly average wholesale price (in Rs/ Qtl.) & total arrival of litchi in 2014

Market May June July August November Annual

Price Arrival Price Arrival Price Arrival Price Arrival Price Arrival Price Arrival
Amritsar 0 0 4646 291 0 0 0 0 0 0 4646 291
Bhubaneshwar 10417 17 9722 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 10070 38
Chandigarh 4605 165 4910 446 5131 203 0 0 0 0 4882 814
Dehradun 0 0 4956 265 6821 11 0 0 0 0 5889 276
Delhi 8542 1811 7475 5919 7748 1273 0 0 0 0 7922 9003
Gangatok 0 0 7120 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 7120 32
Guwahati 3160 259 5062 283 0 0 0 0 0 0 4111 542
Jaipur 7578 316 6241 376 0 0 0 0 0 0 6910 692
Jammu 0 0 7967 206 6381 556 6000 7 0 0 6783 769
Kolkata 5443 540 4411 762 0 0 0 0 0 0 4927 1302
Lucknow 5739 302 4536 974 0 0 0 0 0 0 5138 1276
Mumbai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1350 160 1350 160
Patna 3325 202 4112 1769 0 0 0 0 0 0 3719 1971
Raipur 8400 271 7875 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 8138 371
Ranchi 4460 136 3925 235 0 0 0 0 0 0 4193 371
Shimla 0 0 6092 38 7275 45 0 0 0 0 6684 83

Table.10 Export of Litchi from India - Country Wise

Country 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Qty (MT) Rs. Lacs Qty Rs. Lacs Qty (MT) Rs. Lacs
(MT)
United Arab Emirates 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 20.37 52.68
Nepal 44.6 17.73 9.4 3.84 53.96 30.77
Thailand 0 0 0 0 50 20.93
France 0 0 0 0 0.46 1.2
Kuwait 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.3 0.33 0.46
Canada 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.18
Qatar 0 0 0 0 0.05 0.06
Bangladesh 915 163.8 0 0 0 0
United Kingdom 0.08 0.2 0 0 0 0
Bahrain 0 0 0.2 0.16 0 0
Others 1.63 33.35 0.12 0.05 0 0
Total 961.43 215.18 9.87 4.37 125.37 106.28
Source: Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2017

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Figure.1 Trend of area, production and productivity of litchi in India

Figure.2 Major litchi producing states of India

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Figure.3 State wise (a) area (b) production and (c) productivity of litchi

(a)

(b)

(c)

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Figure.4 Average wholesale price and annual arrival of litchi in major market of litchi

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How to cite this article:

Ramesh Kumar Sahni, Sweeti Kumari, Manish Kumar, Manoj Kumar and Amrendra Kumar.
2020. Status of Litchi Cultivation in India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(04): 1827-1840.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.214

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