MODULE 1

Q1) Methods of Vibration Control.(5,12)

Vibration control methods aim to reduce or eliminate undesirable vibrations in mechanical systems to improve performance,
safety, and durability.

1. Excitation Reduction at Source

Objective: To minimize the generation of vibrations at their origin, reducing the need for downstream vibration control efforts.

Approaches:

Balancing Rotating Components: Ensures that rotating machinery like fans and motors is balanced to minimize vibrations.

Optimizing Process Parameters: Adjust operating conditions (e.g., speed, pressure) to reduce vibration levels.

Design Improvements: Modify components to reduce inherent sources of excitation, such as smoother gears or quieter engines.

2. System Modification

Objective: To modify the dynamic characteristics of the system so that it becomes less responsive to external vibrations or natural
oscillations.

Approaches:

Changing Natural Frequency: Adjust mass or stiffness of the system to move its natural frequency away from the excitation
frequency (avoiding resonance).

Damping Addition: Introduce damping elements like viscoelastic materials to absorb vibrational energy.

Structural Reinforcement: Strengthen weak or flexible components to reduce vibrations.

3. Source Isolation

Objective: To isolate the vibrating source from other parts of the system or the environment to prevent the transmission of
vibrations.

Approaches:

Use of Vibration Isolators: Employ springs, rubber mounts, or pneumatic mounts to decouple the vibrating source.

Flexible Couplings: Use couplings that allow motion without transmitting excessive vibrations.

Base Isolation: Implement techniques like seismic isolation for structures or machinery.

4. Active Feedback Control

Objective: To use real-time monitoring and dynamic counteraction to cancel or minimize vibrations.

Approaches:

Sensors: Measure vibration levels in real-time using accelerometers or displacement sensors.

Control Algorithms: Process sensor data and generate counteractive forces using control systems like PID controllers.

Actuators: Use devices like piezoelectric actuators, hydraulic systems, or electromagnets to apply forces that cancel out vibrations.

These methods can be used individually or in combination, depending on the application and severity of the vibration issues.
Proper analysis of the source, frequency, and amplitude of vibrations is essential to determine the most effective approach.
Q2) Factors affecting vibration levels and their control. (12)
Q3) Explain the Source of Industrial Vibration
Factors Affecting Vibration Levels
1. Mass and Stiffness of the System

o The natural frequency of a system depends on its mass and stiffness.

o Systems with low mass or stiffness are more susceptible to high vibration levels.

o Control: Adjust the mass or stiffness to shift the natural frequency away from excitation frequencies (system
modification).

2. Misalignment

o Misaligned shafts or components in machinery generate vibrations during operation.

o Control: Ensure proper alignment of components using precision tools like laser alignment systems.

3. Imbalance in Rotating Components

o Rotational systems like motors, turbines, or fans may have uneven mass distribution, causing vibrations.

o Control: Perform dynamic or static balancing of rotating parts.

4. Looseness in Joints or Components

o Loose bolts, fittings, or joints can amplify vibrations due to relative motion.

o Control: Tighten and secure connections, use locking mechanisms, or weld joints if necessary.

5. Resonance

o When the system’s natural frequency matches the excitation frequency, resonance occurs, amplifying vibrations
significantly.

o Control: Change the natural frequency by modifying mass or stiffness, or introduce damping to reduce resonance
effects.

6. External Excitations

o Vibrations may arise from external forces like wind, traffic, or nearby machinery.

o Control: Isolate the system using vibration isolators or barriers.

7. Damping

o Insufficient damping allows vibrations to persist over time.

o Control: Add damping materials (rubber, viscoelastic materials) or devices like dampers to dissipate energy.

8. Material Properties

o The elasticity, density, and internal structure of materials affect how vibrations propagate.

o Control: Use materials with better vibration-absorbing properties.

9. Operating Conditions

o Operating at high speeds, high loads, or under fluctuating conditions can lead to increased vibration levels.

o Control: Optimize operating parameters like speed and load to reduce excitations.

10. Wear and Tear

o Over time, wear on components like bearings, belts, or gears can lead to increased vibrations.

o Control: Conduct regular maintenance and replace worn parts promptly.

Q4) Classify the vibration control (5)

1. Based on Control Approach

a. Passive Vibration Control : Utilizes mechanical means to reduce or isolate vibrations without requiring external energy.

b. Active Vibration Control : Involves real-time monitoring and the use of external energy to counteract vibrations dynamically.

2. Based on the Source of Vibration

a. Source Reduction : Reduces the generation of vibrations at the source.

b. Path Isolation : Isolates the vibrating source from the system or structure to prevent transmission.

c. System Modification : Modifies the dynamic properties of the system to reduce vibration effects.

3. Based on the Frequency of Vibration

a. Low-Frequency Vibration Control : Targets vibrations with long wavelengths, often caused by structural or environmental
factors.

b. High-Frequency Vibration Control : Targets vibrations with short wavelengths, typically arising from machinery or small
components.

4. Based on Energy Dissipation

a. Damping-Based Control : Focuses on dissipating vibrational energy using materials or devices.

b. Absorber-Based Control : Uses auxiliary systems to absorb and neutralize vibrations.

5. Based on Nature of Implementation

a. Structural Vibration Control : Modifications are made to the structure or system itself.

b. Mechanical Vibration Control : Involves mechanical components or devices to control vibrations.

c. Electrical or Feedback Control : Employs sensors, actuators, and control algorithms to dynamically reduce vibrations.
 MODULE 2
Q1) Explain the Gyroscopic Vibration absorber (5)
M – Rotor
V - Vibration Input
Mt - Mass of the system

yroscopic vibration absorber is a device designed to reduce or eliminate unwanted vibrations in mechanical systems, particularly those
sed by rotating machinery.
perates on the principle of gyroscopic forces, which arise when a spinning mass or rotor changes direction.
se forces can be harnessed to counteract vibrations that occur due to imbalances or excitations in rotating equipment.

Gyroscopic Vibration Absorbers Working

• Gyroscopic absorbers consist of a rotating mass (often a flywheel or rotor) mounted on a shaft or a system, and they are
designed to produce a counteracting force that reduces the vibration.
• When the system experiences vibrations, the rotating mass generates gyroscopic forces that oppose the vibration motion,
effectively canceling or damping the vibrational energy.

Key Principles

1. Gyroscopic Effect: The gyroscopic effect is the resistance of a rotating body to changes in its orientation. When a rotor is
spinning, any force that tries to change its axis of rotation (such as an external vibration) will produce a gyroscopic
reaction, which can be used to oppose or reduce the unwanted motion.

2. Counteracting Forces: The gyroscopic absorber is positioned in such a way that its rotational inertia helps stabilize the
vibrating system. When vibrations occur, the gyroscopic forces generated by the spinning rotor act in the opposite
direction of the oscillations, effectively damping or absorbing the vibrational energy.

Components of a Gyroscopic Vibration Absorber

1. Rotor: The rotating mass (usually a flywheel or disk) is the key element. It spins at high speeds to generate gyroscopic
forces.

2. Mounting System: The rotor is mounted on a system that allows it to spin freely while also being able to shift in response
to vibrations.

3. Control Mechanism: In some systems, the speed or direction of the rotor's rotation can be adjusted to fine-tune the
response of the absorber to specific vibration frequencies.

Applications

• Rotating Machinery: Gyroscopic absorbers are widely used in systems with rotating components such as turbines,
engines, compressors, and pumps, where vibration issues due to imbalance or resonant frequencies are common.

• Vehicles: In automotive and aerospace industries, gyroscopic absorbers can be used to reduce vibrations in engines or
other rotating components.

• High-Speed Equipment: They are also used in high-speed machines like flywheels and helicopters, where maintaining
balance and minimizing vibrations are critical for stability and performance.

A gyroscopic vibration absorber utilizes the gyroscopic effect of a rotating mass to counteract or reduce unwanted vibrations in
mechanical systems. These devices are particularly useful in rotating machinery, offering effective vibration damping, compact
design, and low maintenance, but their design can be complex, and they are most effective at specific frequencies.
Q2 Dynamic Vibration Neutralizer (5)
o A Dynamic Vibration Neutralizer (DVN), also known as a tuned vibration absorber or vibration damper, is a device designed
to reduce or eliminate specific unwanted vibrations in a system, particularly in rotating machinery or structures.
o It works by introducing a secondary mass and spring system that is tuned to the same frequency as the source of the vibration.
o This counteracting vibration helps neutralize the unwanted oscillations and minimizes the impact of vibration on the machine’s
performance.

Components of a Dynamic Vibration Neutralizer:

1. Mass: A secondary mass that acts as the absorber. This mass is typically placed in such a way that it responds to the
vibrations of the primary system.

2. Spring: A spring is used to provide the restoring force needed to match the resonance frequency of the primary system.

3. Damper: In many designs, a damper is included to absorb and dissipate the vibrational energy, preventing excessive
motion after resonance.

4. Mounting System: The neutralizer is typically mounted on the vibrating system in such a way that it can move
independently, yet in a controlled manner to balance out the system's vibrations.

Working Principle:

• The fundamental principle behind the dynamic vibration neutralizer is resonance cancellation.
• A secondary system (the neutralizer) is introduced to the vibrating system and tuned to vibrate at the same frequency as
the primary system, but with an opposite phase.
• This causes the two vibrations to cancel each other out, thereby reducing the overall amplitude of vibration.

1. Tuning to Excitation Frequency: The vibration neutralizer is tuned to the frequency of the vibration in the primary system.
When both systems are in resonance but moving in opposite directions, their effects cancel each other, thereby preventing
the vibration from propagating through the structure.

2. Mass and Stiffness: The neutralizer consists of a secondary mass and a spring (or other flexible elements) that can absorb
the energy from the primary vibrating system. By adjusting the mass and stiffness of the neutralizer, its resonant frequency
can be aligned with the vibration frequency of the system.

3. Damping: Some dynamic vibration neutralizers also include damping components to dissipate vibrational energy and
prevent the systems from continuing to oscillate excessively after resonance is achieved.

Advantages of Dynamic Vibration Neutralizers:

1. Effective Vibration Reduction: When properly tuned, these systems can significantly reduce the amplitude of vibrations in rotating
machinery or other dynamic systems.

2. Cost-Effective: Compared to active vibration control systems, dynamic vibration neutralizers are often a more cost-effective solution,
especially for systems with predictable vibration frequencies.

3. Minimal Maintenance: Once installed, dynamic vibration neutralizers require relatively little maintenance compared to more
complex active systems, making them a practical solution for many applications.

4. Energy Efficient: Unlike active control systems, which require additional energy to function, vibration neutralizers are passive and
do not require external power sources to operate.
Q3) Write the note on Self tuned Pendulum and neutralizer (10)
A Self-Tuned Pendulum is a type of passive vibration absorber designed to mitigate vibrations in mechanical systems. It is used to
suppress resonant vibrations by adjusting its natural frequency dynamically in response to the changes in the primary system's
vibration frequency.

This type of vibration neutralizer can be especially effective when the frequency of the primary system is not constant and varies
over time. The self-tuned pendulum adjusts to these changes automatically, making it highly effective in reducing vibrations
without requiring manual tuning.

Principle of Working:

o The self-tuned pendulum works based on the principle of resonance cancellation.

o In vibrating systems, especially those with fluctuating or non-constant frequencies, resonance can cause significant damage
or performance degradation. By using a self-tuned pendulum, the natural frequency of the absorber adjusts to match the
frequency of the vibrations from the primary system.
o When both systems resonate at the same frequency, their forces counteract, thereby neutralizing the vibrational energy.
o The self-tuned pendulum typically consists of a pendulum-like mass (often a bob or disk) suspended by a spring or flexible
component. As the primary system's frequency changes, the mass of the pendulum moves in such a way that its frequency
becomes synchronized with that of the primary system, effectively canceling out the vibrations.

Components of a Self-Tuned Pendulum:

1. Pendulum Mass: The mass (often a disk or a block) is the part of the system that moves in response to vibrations. The
mass typically adjusts its position depending on the forces acting upon it.

2. Suspension Mechanism: The pendulum is usually suspended by a spring, rod, or flexible element that allows it to move
freely. The suspension controls the damping characteristics and determines the pendulum’s resonant frequency.

3. Damping Mechanism: Some systems include a damping component to control the oscillation of the pendulum, preventing
excessive oscillations and ensuring that the energy from the system is dissipated properly.

4. Tuning Mechanism: The system automatically adjusts its natural frequency (through the suspension and damping system)
to match the changing frequencies of the primary vibrating system. This self-tuning process helps the system to adapt to
variations in vibration.

Working Mechanism:

• The self-tuned pendulum is connected to the vibrating system. As the primary system vibrates, it induces a motion in the
pendulum.

• The pendulum’s frequency will automatically adjust based on its own mass, spring constants, and damping characteristics.

• When the frequency of the pendulum matches that of the primary system’s vibration, the pendulum absorbs the energy
of the vibration and neutralizes the resonant frequency.

• The amplitude of the vibration is reduced as the pendulum’s motion counteracts the oscillations of the vibrating system.
Advantages of Self-Tuned Pendulums:

1. Automatic Tuning: One of the key benefits of self-tuned pendulums is their ability to automatically adjust to changes in
the vibration frequency of the primary system. This is especially useful in systems where the frequency fluctuates over
time.

2. Passive System: Unlike active vibration control systems, the self-tuned pendulum does not require an external power
source or complex control mechanisms, making it a simpler and more energy-efficient solution for vibration control.

3. Effective in Non-Constant Frequencies: Self-tuned pendulums are especially useful when the vibrating system
experiences varying frequencies, such as in rotating machinery or systems under changing loads.

4. Low Maintenance: Once installed, self-tuned pendulums require very little maintenance, especially when compared to
active vibration absorbers or other complex vibration control systems.

Q4) Explain the impact absorbers and absorbers with ideal spring and viscous dashpot in detail (10)
Impact Absorbers

An impact absorber is a type of vibration control device designed to reduce the effects of shock or impact forces on a system.
These absorbers are commonly used in applications where the system is subject to sudden, impulsive forces or impacts that can
cause significant damage or disruption. The primary goal of an impact absorber is to absorb and dissipate the energy from these
impacts, thus protecting the system and improving its performance and longevity.

Working Principle:

The impact absorber works by utilizing the principle of energy dissipation. When an external force (impact) is applied to the
system, the impact absorber absorbs some or all of the energy, preventing it from transferring directly to the system. The energy
is usually converted into heat or other forms of energy through the working mechanism of the absorber.

Components:

• Absorber Mass: The mass of the impact absorber is typically designed to match the dynamics of the primary system. This
mass helps to absorb the impact energy.

• Elastic Element: A spring or other elastic element is used to store the energy from the impact temporarily. The spring
then releases this energy gradually to prevent damage to the system.

• Damping Mechanism: A damping system, such as a viscous dashpot or friction element, is often used to dissipate the
absorbed energy. This ensures that the system does not continue to oscillate after the impact is absorbed.

Applications:

• Automobiles: In crash safety systems, impact absorbers are used in bumpers and other protective parts to absorb collision
energy.

• Industrial Machinery: Impact absorbers are used in machines that experience shock loading, such as presses and
stamping machines.

• Aerospace: In aircraft landing gear or spacecraft systems, impact absorbers help manage the forces during landing or re-
entry.
Absorbers with Ideal Spring and Viscous Dashpot

Vibration absorbers that incorporate an ideal spring and a viscous dashpot are designed to reduce the vibrations of mechanical
systems, particularly when the system is subject to oscillatory forces. These absorbers rely on the combination of spring action
(which stores and releases energy) and viscous damping (which dissipates energy) to counteract the vibrations from the primary
system.

Ideal Spring:

An ideal spring is an elastic component that follows Hooke's Law, which states that the force exerted by the spring is proportional
to its displacement. The spring stores the energy when it is compressed or stretched and releases this energy when it returns to
its original position.

• Force in an ideal spring is given by:

o F is the force applied by the spring.

o k is the spring constant (stiffness).

o x is the displacement (compression or elongation) of the spring.

The ideal spring is characterized by no friction or energy loss in the material itself, making it a theoretical concept. In real-world
applications, most springs have some form of internal friction or hysteresis, which results in energy losses.

Viscous Dashpot:

A viscous dashpot is a damping device that resists motion through the viscous friction of a fluid. When the system moves, the fluid
inside the dashpot resists motion, converting the mechanical energy into heat. The damping force is proportional to the velocity
of the moving component.

• Force in a viscous dashpot is given by

o F is the damping force exerted by the dashpot.

o c is the damping coefficient (viscous damping constant).

o x is the velocity of the component being damped.

Viscous damping is important for reducing the amplitude of vibrations and preventing the system from oscillating excessively after
the initial disturbance.

Working Principle of Absorbers with Ideal Spring and Viscous Dashpot:

• The spring provides restoring force, which helps the system return to its equilibrium position after being displaced.

• The viscous dashpot provides damping force, which resists the motion and dissipates the vibrational energy, thus
preventing the system from continuing to oscillate.

In systems subjected to forced oscillations, the combination of these two elements helps to control the vibration by shifting the
resonance frequency or absorbing the vibrational energy.

Applications of Absorbers with Ideal Spring and Viscous Dashpot:

• Automobiles: These systems are often used in the suspension system of vehicles to reduce vibrations from the road.
 • Mechanical Systems: In rotating machinery like motors, fans, and compressors, these absorbers help minimize vibrations
that can lead to wear and tear on components.

• Aerospace and Robotics: Vibration control systems for precision machinery in these fields often use spring and dashpot-
based absorbers to minimize vibrations.

Advantages:

• Effective Vibration Reduction: These absorbers can significantly reduce the amplitude of vibrations, improving system
stability.

• Energy Dissipation: The viscous dashpot provides a mechanism for dissipating energy from the system, preventing the
system from oscillating indefinitely.

• Simplicity and Low Maintenance: These systems are relatively simple and require minimal maintenance once installed.

Limitations:

• Fixed Frequency: The absorber’s effectiveness is highly dependent on the correct tuning of the spring and damping system
to the vibration frequency of the primary system.

• Performance Over Time: The performance of the spring and dashpot can degrade over time due to wear, particularly in
systems subjected to high levels of vibration or extreme conditions.

Conclusion:

o Both impact absorbers and absorbers with an ideal spring and viscous dashpot serve to mitigate the effects of vibrations
in mechanical systems, though they are suited to different types of forces and vibrations.
o Impact absorbers are ideal for absorbing shock loads or sudden impacts, while spring and dashpot-based absorbers
provide a more sustained method for damping oscillations in vibrating systems.
o Each system has its own specific applications, advantages, and limitations, and the choice of the absorber depends on the
characteristics of the vibration and the system requirements.

Q5)Explain the Effect of Undamped Vibration Absorber on the Response of a Machine (10)
• An undamped vibration absorber is a type of vibration control device consisting of a mass and spring system attached to
a machine or structure. Unlike damped absorbers, it does not include a damping mechanism to dissipate energy.
• While undamped vibration absorbers can effectively reduce vibrations under specific conditions, their performance has
significant limitations and unique characteristics due to the lack of damping.

Working Principle of an Undamped Vibration Absorber:

• The undamped vibration absorber works by introducing a secondary vibrating system (the absorber) to counteract the
vibrations of the primary system (the machine).
• When properly tuned, the absorber creates a secondary vibration that is out of phase with the machine's vibration. This
destructive interference reduces the net vibration amplitude of the primary system.
• The absorber's natural frequency is tuned to match the forcing frequency of the vibration in the primary system. This
tuning condition divides the system's response into two distinct frequency bands.
Effects on the Machine's Response:

1. Frequency Splitting:

o When the undamped absorber is tuned to the excitation frequency, the natural frequencies of the combined
system split into two new frequencies: one above and one below the excitation frequency. This phenomenon is
called frequency splitting.

o The system avoids resonance at the excitation frequency, effectively reducing the vibration amplitude of the
machine.

2. Zero Amplitude at Resonance (Perfect Cancellation):

o At the tuned frequency, the vibration amplitude of the primary system becomes zero due to the out-of-phase
motion of the absorber. This results in perfect cancellation of vibrations.

o This is highly effective for systems operating at a constant excitation frequency.

3. Limited Performance in Off-Tuning:

o If the excitation frequency shifts away from the tuned frequency, the absorber loses its effectiveness. The
machine's vibration amplitude can increase significantly in such cases.

o Without damping, there is no mechanism to handle frequency deviations, leading to poor performance in
systems with varying operating conditions.

4. Introduction of Secondary Resonance:

o The system now has two resonance peaks corresponding to the two split frequencies. If the excitation frequency
coincides with either of these split frequencies, the vibration amplitude can become very high, potentially
causing secondary resonance.

5. Energy Exchange Between Systems:

o In the absence of damping, the energy oscillates between the primary system and the absorber without being
dissipated. This continuous energy exchange can result in oscillatory behavior that persists indefinitely.

6. Susceptibility to Instability:

o Without damping, the system is more prone to instability, especially when subjected to disturbances or variations
in the forcing frequency.

Limitations of Undamped Vibration Absorbers:

• No Energy Dissipation: Since there is no damping, the absorber cannot dissipate energy, which may lead to persistent
oscillations.

• Narrow Frequency Range: The effectiveness is limited to a narrow band around the tuned frequency. Outside this range,
the absorber becomes ineffective or even counterproductive.

• Sensitivity to Changes: The system's performance is highly sensitive to changes in operating conditions, such as variations
in speed or load.

Applications:

Undamped vibration absorbers are primarily used in systems with a fixed excitation frequency, such as rotating machinery
operating at a constant speed. However, in most practical applications, damping is added to improve performance and stability.

Conclusion:

An undamped vibration absorber can significantly reduce vibrations in a machine if the excitation frequency is constant and
matches the tuned frequency. However, its limitations, including sensitivity to frequency changes and the potential for secondary
resonances, restrict its use in practical applications. Adding damping to the absorber can mitigate these issues, making it more
versatile and robust for real-world systems.
Q6) Explain in detail optimum design of damped absorbers (10)
A damped vibration absorber is an advanced version of the undamped vibration absorber, incorporating a damping mechanism to enhance its
performance, especially in systems with varying excitation frequencies. The damping helps in dissipating energy and widens the range of
frequencies over which the absorber is effective, addressing many limitations of undamped absorbers.

Objective of Optimum Design:

The main goal of the optimum design of damped absorbers is to minimize the vibration amplitude of the primary system over a wide range of
operating conditions while preventing excessive resonance peaks in the response.

Key Parameters in Damped Absorber Design:

1. Mass Ratio (μ):

o Ratio of the absorber mass to the primary system's mass.

o A higher mass ratio improves vibration control but increases the system's size and cost.

2. Damping Ratio (ζ):

o Determines the energy dissipation capability of the absorber.

o An optimal damping ratio minimizes vibration amplitude and avoids sharp peaks.

3. Tuning Frequency (ω_a):

o The natural frequency of the absorber system is tuned close to the excitation frequency (ω_e).

Principle of Operation:

1. The absorber is attached to the primary system, and its natural frequency is set near the excitation frequency.

2. The damping element (viscous or structural damping) dissipates energy, reducing the amplitude of oscillations in both the absorber
and the primary system.

3. The design aims to achieve two nearly equal resonance peaks with reduced amplitudes, ensuring stable and efficient vibration control.

Steps in Optimum Design:

1. Determine the System Parameters:

o Identify the mass and stiffness of the primary system.

o Calculate the natural frequency of the system.

2. Select the Mass Ratio (μ):

o Choose a suitable mass ratio based on system constraints and required performance.

3. Optimize the Damping Ratio (ζ):

o Use analytical or numerical methods to find the damping ratio that minimizes the maximum amplitude of the system's
response.

o An optimal damping ratio ensures that resonance peaks are evenly spaced and have similar magnitudes.

4. Tuning the Absorber Frequency:

o Set the absorber’s natural frequency slightly lower than the excitation frequency to account for system variations.

5. Simulate and Analyze:

o Perform simulations to verify the absorber's performance over a range of excitation frequencies.

o Adjust parameters iteratively to achieve optimal results.

Conclusion:

The optimal design of a damped absorber ensures effective vibration reduction, stability, and robustness in real-world applications.
By carefully tuning the absorber's mass, damping, and frequency, engineers can minimize vibrations while addressing variations in
operating conditions. This makes damped absorbers a reliable choice in many industries.
Q7) Explain in details the optimally tuned vibration absorber (8)
An optimally tuned vibration absorber is designed to mitigate vibrations in mechanical systems by reducing the amplitude of
oscillations at specific frequencies, especially at the resonant frequency of the vibrating system. It is a secondary system attached
to the main vibrating system, which helps in counteracting the vibrations.

1. Purpose and Functionality:

• The primary purpose of a vibration absorber is to minimize the unwanted vibrations in a system. These unwanted
vibrations often occur at the resonant frequency of the system, which is the frequency at which the system naturally
oscillates. The optimally tuned absorber works by reducing the amplitude of these resonant vibrations.

• It typically consists of a mass-spring-damping system that interacts with the main system to absorb energy at the resonant
frequency.

2. Key Parameters Involved:

• Mass (m): The mass of the absorber is an essential parameter. It is usually chosen to be a small fraction of the main
system’s mass (typically 1/10th). The right mass is crucial for effective vibration absorption. If the mass is too high or too
low, the absorber may fail to resonate at the right frequency.

• Stiffness (k): The spring constant of the absorber is chosen so that its natural frequency matches the excitation frequency
of the vibrating system. This helps the absorber to resonate and thus absorb energy efficiently. The stiffness is tuned to
the system’s vibration frequency.

• Damping (c): Damping refers to the ability of the absorber to dissipate the energy absorbed from vibrations. Critical
damping is often aimed for, where the system does not oscillate after a disturbance, allowing the vibrations to be
absorbed effectively. Overdamping or underdamping may reduce the absorber's performance.

3. Working Principle:

• The absorber's natural frequency is adjusted so that it matches or is very close to the excitation frequency (the frequency
at which the system vibrates). This creates a resonance condition, where the absorber's motion and the system's motion
cancel each other out, reducing the net vibration.

• When the system vibrates at the excitation frequency, the absorber undergoes forced vibrations, causing the energy to
be transferred to the absorber. This process results in the reduction of the vibration amplitude in the main system.

4. Tuning the Absorber:

• Resonance Matching: To optimally tune a vibration absorber, the natural frequency of the absorber must be matched
with the resonant frequency of the system. If the system operates at a frequency that leads to large vibrations, the
absorber will counteract these vibrations at that frequency.

• The tuning condition is given by

ωabsorber is the angular frequency of the absorber and ωexcitation is the angular frequency of the system's excitation.

5. Energy Transfer:

• When the system oscillates at its resonant frequency, the vibrational energy is transferred to the absorber, causing it to
oscillate in a counteracting manner. This energy transfer helps to dissipate the system’s vibrational energy and reduces
the amplitude of the vibrations of the primary system.

• The absorber acts like a secondary oscillator whose vibrations "absorb" the energy that would otherwise go into the main
system, thus reducing the vibrations in the primary system.

6. Applications:

• Machinery: In industrial machinery, vibration absorbers are used to reduce resonance and control vibrations that can
affect the performance, longevity, and safety of the equipment.

• Automobiles: Used in vehicle suspension systems to reduce vibrations from the road and enhance comfort for passengers.
 • Building and Civil Engineering: Vibration absorbers are used in the foundations of buildings and bridges to mitigate
seismic or wind-induced vibrations.

• Aerospace: To minimize vibrations from engines or propellers in aircraft.

7. Benefits:

• Vibration Control: The most significant benefit is the reduction of unwanted vibrations, which can enhance the stability
and comfort of systems.

• Energy Efficiency: The absorbers can improve the energy efficiency of machines by reducing energy losses due to excessive
vibrations.

• Improved Longevity: By minimizing vibrations, the wear and tear on machinery and equipment can be reduced, extending
their operational life.

• Noise Reduction: Vibrations often lead to noise, especially in systems with moving parts. Vibration absorbers reduce these
noises, leading to quieter operation.

8. Limitations:

• Frequency Range: The absorber is most effective when the excitation frequency is constant or known. It may not work
well when the excitation frequency varies significantly.

• Size and Weight: Depending on the mass and stiffness needed for tuning, the absorber may increase the size and weight
of the system.

• Damping Requirements: Too much damping can cause the absorber to become ineffective, while insufficient damping
may lead to excessive vibrations.

In summary, an optimally tuned vibration absorber is an essential device for vibration mitigation, relying on precise tuning of mass,
stiffness, and damping to match the resonant frequencies of the primary vibrating system. This results in efficient energy transfer
and significant vibration reduction, leading to improved performance and longevity of mechanical systems.
MODULE 3
Q1) Explain Pnuematic suspension (5)
Pneumatic suspension, also known as air suspension, is a type of vehicle suspension system that uses compressed air instead of
traditional mechanical springs or hydraulic systems. It is widely used in modern vehicles, including buses, trucks, luxury cars, and
trains, due to its ability to provide superior ride comfort, load leveling, and adjustable ride height.

Components of Pneumatic Suspension:

1. Air Springs:
o Flexible rubber or plastic bellows filled with compressed air.
o Replace conventional coil or leaf springs.
2. Air Compressor:
o Supplies pressurized air to the air springs.
o Typically powered electrically and controlled by the vehicle’s
system. 1- Rubber Bag 2- Auxilary Reservoir 3-Bogie 4-Carbody
3. Air Reservoir: 5- Levelling Valve 6- Mainreservoir 7-Rubber Spring
o Stores compressed air for quick supply to air springs when needed.
o Reduces the workload on the compressor.
4. Height Sensors:
o Detect the vehicle's ride height and send signals to the control system for adjustment.
5. Control Unit:
o Manages air pressure in the springs to maintain the desired ride height and damping characteristics.
o May include electronic control for automatic adjustments.
6. Air Lines:
o Tubes or hoses that connect the compressor, reservoir, and air springs for air distribution.
7. Shock Absorbers:
o Work in tandem with the air springs to dampen vibrations and control the suspension movement.

Working Principle:
1. Air Pressure Adjustment:
o Compressed air is pumped into the air springs by the compressor to adjust the vehicle's ride height and stiffness.
o Higher air pressure increases stiffness, while lower pressure softens the suspension.
2. Automatic Leveling:
o Sensors monitor the load on the vehicle and adjust the air pressure in the springs to keep the vehicle level.
o This is especially useful for vehicles carrying variable loads.
3. Ride Comfort and Stability:
o The system dynamically adjusts the air pressure to absorb shocks and vibrations from the road, providing a
smoother ride.
4. Height Adjustment:
o The control unit can raise or lower the vehicle's height based on driving conditions (e.g., lowering at high speeds
for better aerodynamics or raising for off-road conditions).

Applications:
1. Commercial Vehicles:
o Trucks and buses for load leveling and better ride quality.
2. Luxury Cars:
o High-end sedans and SUVs for enhanced comfort and adjustable ride height.
3. Off-Road Vehicles:
o Adjustable height for handling rough terrain.
4. Railways:
o Train suspension systems for stability and passenger comfort.
Q2) Explain the transmissibility characteristic of Different isolators (10)
Transmissibility refers to the ratio of the amplitude of the force transmitted to the foundation (or structure) to the amplitude of
the applied force. It is an important parameter to evaluate the performance of vibration isolators.
The general transmissibility formula for a vibration isolator is:

Characteristics of Different Isolators

1. Ideal Spring Isolator (Undamped Isolator)

• Transmissibility Formula:

• Characteristics:

o When r<1 (below resonance): Transmissibility is greater than 1, meaning amplification of vibrations.

o When r=1 (resonance): Maximum transmissibility occurs, leading to significant vibration amplification.

o When r>1 (above resonance): Transmissibility decreases, indicating effective isolation.

• Key Limitation: No energy dissipation, so resonance peaks are very high.

2. Damped Spring Isolator

• Transmissibility Formula:

• Characteristics:

o Damping (ζ) reduces the resonance peak at r=1r = 1r=1.

o For r> damping slightly reduces isolation effectiveness.

o A well-designed damping ratio (ζ) balances energy dissipation and vibration isolation.

• Practical Use: Widely used due to its ability to control resonance peaks.

3. Viscous Damper with Ideal Spring

• Transmissibility Formula: Similar to the damped spring isolator:

• Characteristics:

o The addition of a viscous damper further smooths the transmissibility curve.

o The peak transmissibility at resonance is lower compared to systems without damping.

• Application: Common in industrial and automotive systems where controlled damping is essential.

4. Impact Isolator

• Transmissibility Formula: Depends on the stiffness of the spring and the frequency ratio:
• Characteristics:
o Used to isolate shock loads.
o Effective in systems with high impulsive forces.
• Limitation: Only effective for sudden impacts, not continuous vibrations.
5. Base-Isolated Systems

• Transmissibility Formula: For base-isolated systems with damping:

• Characteristics:

o Effective for low-frequency excitations.

o Commonly used in seismic isolation for buildings.

• Advantage: Reduces the forces transmitted to the structure.

Graphical Representation of Transmissibility

• At low frequencies (r<1): Transmissibility > 1 (vibration amplification).

• At resonance (r=1): Transmissibility is at its maximum (especially in undamped systems).

• At high frequencies (r>1): Transmissibility < 1 (effective isolation).

Q3) What do you mean by columb damping explain the isolators with columb damping (10)

Coulomb damping (also known as dry friction damping) is a type of energy dissipation mechanism where energy is lost due to
frictional forces between two surfaces in contact.

• The damping force (Fd) is constant and independent of velocity. It always acts in the direction opposite to motion.

• Unlike viscous damping, which is proportional to velocity, Coulomb damping introduces a constant resistance force
throughout the motion.

2. Key Characteristics of Coulomb Damping

• Constant Damping Force: , where:

o μ: Coefficient of friction

o N: Normal force

• It causes the amplitude of vibration to decay linearly over time, as opposed to exponentially in viscous damping.

• It is significant in systems where surfaces slide against each other, such as brake pads, bearings, or certain suspension
systems.
3. Equation of Motion with Coulomb Damping

The equation of motion for a system with Coulomb damping is:

Where:

• m: Mass of the vibrating system • x: Displacement

• k: Stiffness of the spring • Fd : Constant damping force (Coulomb friction)

• sign(x˙): The direction of velocity

4. Isolators with Coulomb Damping

Coulomb damping is utilized in certain vibration isolators, where dry friction is deliberately introduced to reduce vibrations. Here
are some isolators based on Coulomb damping:

a) Sliding Friction Isolators

• Description: These isolators rely on a sliding interface (e.g., a steel plate sliding over a friction material).

• Applications: Used in machinery foundations, seismic base isolation, and suspension systems.

• Advantages:

o Simple and robust.

o Effective for low-frequency vibrations.

• Limitations:

o Generates heat due to friction.

o Wears over time, requiring maintenance.

b) Friction Pendulum Isolators

• Description: These isolators consist of a pendulum mechanism where friction between a sliding surface and a curved base
absorbs energy.

• Applications: Commonly used in seismic isolation systems for buildings.

• Key Features: The isolator allows movement during vibrations, and friction helps dissipate energy.

c) Brake Pad Dampers

• Description: Used in rotating machinery and vehicles, brake pad systems provide Coulomb damping by creating constant
friction on the rotating part.

• Applications: Automotive and rail systems.

Q4) Explain the function of vibration isolators (5)
Function of Vibration Isolators

Vibration isolators are devices or systems designed to reduce or eliminate the transmission of vibration from a source to a receiver,
typically between a vibrating machine and its support structure. They play a critical role in protecting sensitive equipment,
improving machine performance, and reducing noise.

Key Functions of Vibration Isolators

1. Vibration Transmission Reduction

o Isolators prevent vibrations generated by machines, equipment, or external sources from being transmitted to
the surrounding environment or support structure.

o By reducing vibration transmission, they protect sensitive structures and equipment.

2. Energy Absorption

o Vibration isolators absorb mechanical energy from the vibrating source and dissipate it as heat or store it
temporarily in the elastic element.

3. Machine Protection

o Isolators reduce the stress on machines and their components by minimizing vibratory forces, leading to longer
service life and reduced maintenance costs.

4. Noise Reduction

o Vibrations often produce noise. Isolators reduce this by limiting the contact-based transfer of vibration to the
environment.

5. Comfort Enhancement

o In applications such as vehicles or building structures, isolators reduce the vibration felt by occupants, increasing
comfort and safety.

6. Alignment Preservation

o Excessive vibrations can cause misalignment in machines or components. Isolators minimize this risk, ensuring
precision and performance in equipment operation.

Benefits

• Improves machinery lifespan.

• Reduces noise and vibration-induced fatigue.

• Protects sensitive environments and equipment.

• Enhances user safety and comfort.

By selecting the right type of isolator based on load, frequency, and damping requirements, significant vibration reduction can be
achieved in various applications.
Q5) Explain Vibration isolation system with base motion (10)
A vibration isolation system with base motion refers to a system designed to reduce the transmission of vibrations from a moving
base (e.g., the ground, a vibrating platform, or a moving vehicle) to a structure or machine mounted on the base. This is different
from systems isolating the machine's self-generated vibrations, as it aims to address vibrations transmitted due to external motion.

Key Components of the System

1. Mass (m):
Represents the equipment, structure, or machine that needs to be protected.

2. Spring (k):
Provides elastic support, absorbing energy by deforming under the applied motion. Determines the system's natural
frequency.

3. Damper (c):
Dissipates energy to prevent excessive oscillations or resonance by converting vibrational energy into heat.

4. Base Excitation (y(t):

The displacement or motion of the base causing vibration, typically represented as a time-dependent function.

5. Relative Motion (x(t):

The motion of the mass relative to the base.

Equation of Motion

For a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system with base motion, the governing equation is:

Key Characteristics

1. Relative Motion Analysis:

The mass experiences relative motion due to the base's motion. The isolation system must minimize this relative motion
for effective isolation.

2. Resonance:
When the base excitation frequency matches the natural frequency of the system, resonance occurs, causing large
oscillations.

3. Transmissibility:
The ratio of the transmitted motion or force to the base's motion determines the system's effectiveness.

o Transmissibility (TTT) for base motion:

System Behavior

1. Low Frequency (r<2):

Vibrations are amplified as the system responds strongly to the base motion.

2. At Resonance (r=1):
Maximum amplification occurs, requiring sufficient damping to mitigate excessive motion.

3. High Frequency (r>2):

Vibrations are effectively isolated, and the transmissibility drops below 1.

Design Considerations

1. Natural Frequency:
The system's natural frequency should be much lower than the excitation frequency to achieve good isolation.

2. Damping Ratio:
Proper damping reduces oscillations without significantly impacting isolation at high frequencies.

3. Spring and Damper Selection:

Materials and configurations must suit the load and operating conditions.

Q6) Give 5 Examples of passive isolators (5)

1. Rubber Mounts (Elastomeric Isolators):
These are widely used in industrial machinery and vehicle suspension systems. Rubber isolators absorb and dampen
vibrations by deforming elastically under load, providing effective isolation from both low- and high-frequency
vibrations.

2. Spring Isolators:
These isolators use mechanical springs to absorb vibrational energy by allowing the supported structure to oscillate
freely. They are often used in HVAC systems, machinery foundations, and for seismic isolation in buildings.

3. Cork or Foam Pads:

Often used in light-duty applications such as computer equipment, household appliances, and small machinery. These
isolators provide a cushion effect and reduce vibrations through their compressible structure, effectively isolating the
machine from external vibrations.

4. Air Springs (Pneumatic Isolators):

Air springs use compressed air to absorb vibrations. These are often used in vehicle suspensions (e.g., trucks, buses) and
sensitive equipment supports. They provide effective isolation by offering adjustable stiffness based on air pressure.

5. Viscoelastic Materials:
These isolators use materials that combine the properties of both solids and liquids. Viscoelastic pads are used in
applications where vibration isolation is needed over a wide frequency range. They are commonly used in machinery
mounts, building foundations, and noise control in HVAC systems.

These passive isolators work without external energy or control inputs and rely on their material properties (elasticity, damping,
etc.) to absorb or redirect vibration energy.
Q7) Compare Vibration Isolators Vs Vibration Absorber (5)

Feature Vibration Isolators Vibration Absorbers

Primary Function Prevent the transmission of vibrations from external Reduce or eliminate specific vibrations by tuning to
sources to the system. resonance frequencies.

Application Used in machinery, equipment, buildings, and Primarily used to absorb specific unwanted vibrations,
vehicles to isolate from base motion or external such as in rotating machinery or structural systems.
disturbances.

Principle of Works by absorbing vibrational energy and Works by adding a secondary system (typically mass-
Operation preventing its transmission. spring or tuned) to counteract the vibration.

Types of Forces Absorbs general vibrations from machinery, vehicles, Focuses on resonant frequencies of machinery or
Managed etc., without a focus on a specific frequency. structures, mainly dealing with periodic or harmonic
vibrations.

Components Typically consist of elastic or damping materials such Often involves a mass-spring-damping system or other
as rubber, springs, or foams. resonant systems that counteract vibrations.

Example of Use Used in foundations, HVAC systems, vehicle Used in rotating equipment (like engines, turbines),
suspensions, and industrial machinery. and large structures where resonance can amplify
vibrations.

Effectiveness Reduces overall vibration transmission but may not Highly effective at reducing vibrations at a specific
address specific resonant frequencies. frequency, particularly near resonance points.

Complexity Simpler in design and operation, often involving More complex, requiring precise tuning to match the
passive damping materials. system’s resonant frequency.

Cost Generally lower cost due to simpler design and Higher cost due to complexity and the need for precise
materials. design and tuning.

Energy Absorbs and dissipates vibrational energy through Absorbs vibrational energy through dynamic balancing
Dissipation materials like rubber or foam. or resonance counteracting techniques.

Frequency Range Effective over a broad range of frequencies but not Specifically tuned to target and absorb vibrations at
designed to target specific frequencies. particular frequencies (often resonant).
Q8) Derive the Stiffnes of single acting spring (10)
MODULE 4
Q1) Explain in details classical control and optimal control (10)
Classical Control in Vibration

Classical control refers to traditional methods of control theory used to design control systems for vibration suppression. It
primarily focuses on systems where the control inputs and outputs are linear and the system dynamics can be understood using
transfer functions and state-space models.

Key Features of Classical Control:

1. Transfer Function Approach: Classical control often uses transfer functions to model the relationship between input and
output. For vibration control, the input could be an external force or disturbance, and the output could be the vibration
response (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).

2. Frequency Domain Analysis: Classical control involves analyzing the system in the frequency domain (using tools like Bode
plots, Nyquist plots, etc.). It assesses how the system responds to different frequencies and aims to reduce the effect of
vibration at critical frequencies.

3. Proportional-Derivative (PD) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controllers: These are often used to suppress
vibrations in systems. A PID controller adjusts the system’s response based on the error (difference between desired and
actual displacement), its derivative (rate of change of displacement), and its integral (cumulative error over time).

o Proportional (P) control applies a corrective force proportional to the error.

o Derivative (D) control anticipates future error and dampens vibrations.

o Integral (I) control eliminates steady-state error.

4. Damping Enhancement: Classical control methods like PD or PID controllers often improve the damping characteristics
of a system. By adjusting the control parameters, these methods can reduce oscillations and enhance stability.

5. Feedback Loop: Classical control often uses feedback loops to continually adjust the input based on the output. In
vibration control, this could involve adjusting the stiffness or damping in response to real-time vibration measurements.

6. Design Simplicity: Classical control is easier to implement and understand, as it doesn't require advanced optimization
techniques. However, it may not perform well for highly nonlinear or complex systems.

Example Applications:

• Active Vibration Control in Mechanical Systems: Using sensors and actuators to control vibrations in a mechanical system
(e.g., robotic arms, vehicle suspensions).

• Rotating Machinery: Applying PID controllers to suppress vibrations caused by unbalanced rotating parts.

Optimal Control in Vibration

Optimal control is a more advanced control theory approach that aims to minimize or optimize a performance criterion, such as
energy consumption, vibration amplitude, or system stability, subject to certain constraints.

Key Features of Optimal Control:

1. Optimization Problem: The goal of optimal control is to minimize a cost function (often called the objective function),
which represents an undesirable effect (like vibration). The system is modeled using state-space representations, and the
control law is determined through optimization techniques.

o Performance Index: A common cost function in vibration control is the energy of vibration or the integral of
squared displacement, velocity, or acceleration over time. The objective is to minimize vibration over time while
considering constraints like control effort, system constraints, etc.

2. State-Space Representation: Optimal control uses state-space methods to represent the dynamics of a system. The state-
space equations describe the system's behavior, which is a set of first-order differential equations.
 o State Variables: These represent the key system parameters (displacement, velocity, etc.).

o Control Inputs: The control action (force, torque, etc.) that influences the system’s vibration response.

3. Dynamic Programming: One of the most widely used techniques for solving optimal control problems is dynamic
programming. It breaks the control problem into stages and optimizes the control at each stage.

4. Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR): One of the most common techniques for optimal vibration control is the Linear
Quadratic Regulator. In LQR, the performance index is typically a quadratic function of the state and control inputs. The
LQR approach minimizes the energy or the deviation from the desired state while balancing control effort.

5. State Feedback: In optimal control, the control law is designed to be a function of the system's state variables
(displacement, velocity, etc.). The system’s response is continuously adjusted to achieve the optimal behavior.

6. Nonlinear Control: Unlike classical control, which works well for linear systems, optimal control can also be applied to
nonlinear systems, making it suitable for complex vibration control problems.

Example Applications:

• Active Vibration Control of Flexible Structures: In aerospace or automotive industries, optimal control techniques are
used to minimize vibrations in lightweight and flexible structures (such as aircraft wings).

• Structural Health Monitoring: In large civil engineering structures, optimal control algorithms are used to reduce
vibrations due to wind or seismic activity, ensuring safety and longevity.

• Robotics: For high-precision machines like robotic arms, optimal control can suppress vibrations that occur due to sudden
movements.

Comparison of Classical Control and Optimal Control in Vibration

Aspect Classical Control Optimal Control

Uses feedback (e.g., PID controllers) to control Uses optimization techniques to minimize performance
Control Strategy
vibration indices (e.g., LQR)

System Model Linear models (simpler, idealized) Linear or nonlinear models (complex and more accurate)

Performance Minimizes a cost function (e.g., energy or vibration

Reduces vibration via damping or control gains
Objective amplitude)

More complex, requires optimization and advanced

Complexity Simpler, easier to implement
algorithms

Applications Basic vibration control systems Advanced vibration control (flexible structures, robots)

Relies on real-time feedback to adjust the

Feedback Can use both state feedback and optimization techniques
system’s behavior

May not be optimal in minimizing energy or

Efficiency Designed for optimal performance, energy efficiency
vibrations

Nonlinear Systems Primarily for linear systems Can handle both linear and nonlinear systems

Example Controllers PID, PD, PI controllers Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), Dynamic Programming

Cost Relatively low, as it's easier to design Higher due to complexity and need for computation
Q2) Write short note on actuators and sensors for active vibrationa control (10)
Active vibration control systems are advanced mechanisms designed to reduce or eliminate unwanted vibrations in a system by
using real-time monitoring and counteraction. These systems rely on actuators and sensors working in synergy to dynamically
respond to changing vibration conditions

1. Sensors

Function: Sensors detect vibrations in real-time by measuring parameters such as displacement, velocity, or acceleration. They
provide critical input for control systems to decide the appropriate corrective action.

• Types of Sensors:

o Accelerometers: Measure acceleration and are widely used due to their precision in vibration detection.

o Displacement Sensors: Monitor the relative motion of vibrating parts.

o Velocity Sensors: Detect vibration velocity and are useful in systems where velocity is a key parameter.

o Strain Gauges: Measure strain caused by vibrations in structures or materials.

• Applications of Sensors: Sensors are essential for identifying vibration frequencies, amplitudes, and phases, enabling the
control system to calculate corrective signals.

2. Actuators

Function: Actuators generate counteracting forces or motions to reduce or cancel vibrations based on signals from the control
system.

• Types of Actuators:

o Piezoelectric Actuators: Generate precise mechanical motion using electrical signals. They are ideal for high-
frequency vibrations.

o Electromagnetic Actuators: Use magnetic forces to generate counteracting motions, often applied in systems
requiring rapid response.

o Hydraulic/Pneumatic Actuators: Employ fluid power to create larger forces for damping vibrations in heavy
machinery.

o Inertial Actuators: Utilize an internal mass to create counteracting forces, commonly used in structural vibration
control.

• Applications of Actuators: Actuators are deployed in structures, machinery, aerospace systems, and automotive
applications to actively reduce vibration amplitudes and improve system stability.

Combined Role in Active Vibration Control:

1. Detection: Sensors monitor vibrations in the system.

2. Signal Processing: Control systems analyze sensor data to compute appropriate corrective measures.

3. Correction: Actuators generate forces or motions to neutralize the detected vibrations.

This interaction allows active vibration control systems to respond dynamically to varying operating conditions, achieving higher
precision and performance than passive systems.
Q3) Explain the significance and limitations of active vibration control (AVC) over passive
vibration control (PVC). (10)
Significance of AVC Over PVC

1. Real-Time Adaptability: AVC uses sensors and actuators to dynamically adjust to changing vibration conditions, unlike
PVC, which has fixed parameters.

2. Wide Frequency Range: AVC effectively suppresses vibrations across low and high frequencies, whereas PVC is limited to
specific frequency ranges.

3. Precision Control: AVC targets specific vibration modes for precise suppression, while PVC dissipates energy more broadly.

4. Compact Design: AVC systems are lightweight and compact, ideal for weight-sensitive applications like aerospace.

5. Versatility: AVC handles complex multi-axis vibrations, making it suitable for advanced applications such as robotics and
earthquake isolation.

6. Noise Reduction: AVC minimizes noise from vibrations, useful in applications like automotive and electronics.

Limitations of AVC

1. Higher Cost: AVC systems are expensive to design, install, and maintain compared to PVC.

2. Power Dependency: AVC requires external power; failure results in loss of functionality, unlike PVC's passive nature.

3. Complex Design: AVC systems are harder to design and tune due to sophisticated components.

4. Maintenance Needs: AVC involves sensors and actuators that require regular upkeep.

5. Energy Consumption: AVC systems consume energy, increasing operational costs.

6. Limited Fail-Safe Capability: If the control system fails, AVC is ineffective, while PVC works passively under all conditions.

Summary

Aspect AVC PVC

Adaptability Real-time adjustments Fixed design

Frequency Range Wide Narrow

Cost High Low

Power Requires power No power needed

Precision High precision Broad control

Complexity Advanced systems Simple and robust

Maintenance Regular upkeep required Minimal

Conclusion

AVC excels in dynamic, high-precision applications (e.g., robotics, aerospace) but is costly and complex. PVC is simpler, cost-
effective, and reliable for stati
Q4) What do you mean by narrowband disturbance? (5)
Definition

Narrowband disturbances are oscillatory signals with energy concentrated in a narrow range of frequencies, typically around a
central frequency.

These disturbances are common in mechanical, electrical, and acoustic systems and often arise due to resonant phenomena or
periodic excitation.

Characteristics

1. Frequency Spectrum: Narrowband disturbances appear as sharp peaks in the frequency spectrum, indicating energy
confined to specific frequencies.

2. Amplitude Modulation: They may exhibit constant or slightly varying amplitudes over time.

3. Persistence: These disturbances tend to sustain themselves over long periods, especially in resonant systems.

4. Source Dependency: Narrowband disturbances are typically caused by specific sources, such as rotating machinery,
electrical circuits, or acoustic resonance.

Sources of Narrowband Disturbances

1. Rotating Machinery: Imbalances, misalignments, or defects in rotating components (e.g., turbines, fans, motors) produce
narrowband disturbances at harmonics of the rotational speed.

2. Acoustic Resonance: Pipes, cavities, or chambers can amplify specific frequencies, creating narrowband noise.

3. Structural Resonance: Vibrating structures excited by external or internal forces can resonate at natural frequencies,
producing narrowband disturbances.

4. Power Systems: Electrical systems with periodic signals (e.g., alternating current, harmonic distortions) can generate
narrowband disturbances.

Impacts of Narrowband Disturbances

1. System Performance: These disturbances can degrade the performance of sensitive systems (e.g., precision machinery,
control systems).

2. Structural Damage: Prolonged exposure to resonant frequencies can lead to fatigue and failure in mechanical structures.

3. Noise Pollution: In acoustic systems, narrowband disturbances contribute to unwanted noise.

4. Control Challenges: The persistence and specific frequency nature of these disturbances require specialized techniques
for suppression.
Q5) Explain in detail Piezoelectric transducers for active vibration control (8)
Piezoelectric transducers are devices that utilize the piezoelectric effect to convert
mechanical energy (vibrations) into electrical signals or vice versa.

They are widely used in active vibration control (AVC) systems to sense vibrations (as
sensors) and to counteract them (as actuators). Their high sensitivity, fast response time, and
compact size make them ideal for modern vibration control applications.

Principle of Operation

The piezoelectric effect occurs in specific materials (e.g., quartz, ceramics like PZT – Lead Zirconate Titanate) that generate an
electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress or strain. Conversely, applying an electrical voltage to these materials
induces mechanical deformation.

1. As Sensors:
o Piezoelectric materials sense mechanical vibrations by generating a voltage proportional to the applied stress or
strain. This voltage signal provides real-time feedback about the vibration's amplitude and frequency.
2. As Actuators:
o When an electrical signal is applied, piezoelectric materials deform mechanically, producing a force that can
cancel out unwanted vibrations through destructive interference.

Components of a Piezoelectric AVC System

1. Piezoelectric Sensors:
o Detect vibrations in the system and convert them into electrical signals for analysis.
o Provide feedback to the controller for real-time monitoring.
2. Controller:
o Processes the sensor's feedback.
o Computes the necessary counteracting force or displacement to reduce vibrations.
3. Piezoelectric Actuators:
o Receive control signals from the controller.
o Produce mechanical forces to counteract vibrations actively.
4. Power Electronics:
o Amplify and condition the electrical signals sent to the actuators.

Advantages of Piezoelectric Transducers in AVC

1. High Sensitivity:
o Piezoelectric sensors can detect minute vibrations over a wide frequency range.
2. Fast Response:
o Their ability to react almost instantaneously makes them ideal for real-time vibration control.
3. Compact Size:
o Piezoelectric transducers are small and lightweight, allowing for easy integration into complex systems.
4. Energy Efficiency:
o Minimal energy is required to operate the piezoelectric actuators.
5. Broad Frequency Range:
o Piezoelectric materials are effective across low to high-frequency ranges, making them versatile.
6. Durability:
o Resistant to environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.

Applications
1. Aerospace:
o Active control of vibrations in aircraft wings, fuselage, and rotor blades.
o Noise suppression in aircraft cabins.
2. Automotive:
o Reduction of vibrations in car engines and suspension systems.
o Enhanced passenger comfort through seat vibration control.
Q6) Write a short note on Magnetorheological (MR) fluids and explain its different models in dampers. (10)
Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are smart materials whose viscosity can be controlled by applying a
magnetic field. These fluids consist of micron-sized magnetic particles suspended in a carrier liquid
(e.g., oil or water). In the absence of a magnetic field, the fluid behaves like a normal liquid, but under
a magnetic field, the particles align themselves into structures that resist motion, turning the fluid
semi-solid.

MR fluids are widely used in vibration control systems, particularly in dampers, as they provide
variable damping and can respond quickly to changing conditions.

MR Fluid Dampers

MR dampers are devices that utilize MR fluids to control vibration by varying the fluid's viscosity in
real-time. These dampers are highly reliable and require relatively low energy to operate, making
them suitable for applications in automotive, industrial, and seismic systems.

Models of MR Dampers

Several models describe how MR dampers behave under varying conditions:

1. Bingham Plastic Model

• Description:

o This model assumes the MR fluid behaves as a Bingham plastic, with a yield stress that depends on the magnetic
field.

o Below the yield stress, the fluid does not flow, and above the yield stress, it flows like a viscous fluid.

• Application: Used for simple approximations of MR damper performance.

2. Herschel-Bulkley Model

• Description:

o Extends the Bingham model by incorporating a power-law term for the shear rate. It provides a more accurate
representation of MR fluid behavior.

• Key Equation: Where:

o K: Consistency index

o n: Flow behavior index

3. Bouc-Wen Model

• Description:

o A widely used model for capturing the hysteresis behavior of MR dampers.

o It accounts for nonlinear, dynamic characteristics of MR fluids and is suitable for complex vibration systems.

• Key Equation: Where:

o z: Hysteresis variable

o x: Displacement

o c,k: Damping and stiffness coefficients

4. Viscoplastic Model

• Description:

o Focuses on combining the plastic and viscous behavior of MR fluids.

o It provides accurate modeling for MR fluids under dynamic conditions with varying strain rates.

Applications of MR Dampers
1. Automotive:
o Suspension systems for improved ride comfort and handling.
2. Civil Engineering:
o Seismic dampers in buildings and bridges for earthquake resistance.
3. Prosthetics:
o Artificial limbs for better adaptability to user movements.
4. Industrial:
o Machinery vibration isolation.

Conclusion

MR fluids enable real-time, adaptive control of damping forces, making them essential in vibration control applications. The
different models, such as Bingham Plastic, Herschel-Bulkley, Bouc-Wen, and Viscoplastic, provide frameworks for understanding
and optimizing MR dampers for various use cases. Their versatility and responsiveness have led to widespread use in both industrial
and consumer applications.
MODULE 5
Q1) What do you mean by active mass damper (5)
An Active Mass Damper (AMD) is a device used to suppress unwanted vibrations in structures,
machines, and systems through active control. It incorporates sensors, actuators, and a mass
that can be dynamically moved to counteract vibrations in real time. AMDs are particularly
effective in applications where variable and dynamic vibration control is necessary, such as
skyscrapers, bridges, or precision equipment.

Components of an Active Mass Damper

1. Controllable Mass:

o A movable mass forms the core of the system.

o Typically mounted on a track or actuator system, the mass moves in the opposite
direction of the structural vibration to neutralize motion.

2. Sensors:

o Sensors continuously monitor the motion or vibration of the structure.

o Common sensors include accelerometers, displacement sensors, or velocity sensors.

o They provide real-time data on vibration amplitude, frequency, and direction.

3. Actuators:

o Actuators (hydraulic, pneumatic, or electromagnetic) move the mass based on control commands.

o The actuators generate forces that counterbalance the vibration forces.

4. Control System:

o A control algorithm processes the sensor data to determine the optimal force and direction for the actuator.

o The control system uses techniques like Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control, Linear Quadratic
Regulator (LQR), or Model Predictive Control (MPC).

5. Power Source:

o Unlike passive systems, AMDs require a power source to operate sensors, actuators, and the control system.

Working Principle

1. Vibration Detection:

o Sensors detect vibrations in the structure and transmit data to the control system.

2. Analysis:

o The control system analyzes the vibration characteristics (frequency, amplitude, and phase) and calculates the
necessary counteracting force.

3. Counteraction:

o The actuator moves the mass in opposition to the structural motion, generating an inertial force that cancels the
vibration.

4. Feedback Loop:

o Continuous feedback ensures real-time adjustment for changing vibration patterns.

Q2) Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorber (APVA) and Its Methods (10)

An Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorber (APVA) is a vibration control device that combines the reliability of passive systems with
adaptive capabilities. Unlike traditional passive vibration absorbers with fixed parameters, APVAs can adjust their properties (e.g.,
stiffness, damping, or mass) in response to changing vibration conditions without requiring a continuous external power source.

Significance of APVA

• Adaptability: Adjusts to varying excitation frequencies.

• Efficiency: Provides effective vibration suppression across a wider frequency range compared to traditional passive
absorbers.

• Low Energy Requirement: Does not rely on active components like sensors and actuators; instead, adapts using
mechanical or material properties.

Methods of Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorption

1. Variable Stiffness Mechanisms:

o Description: These systems use mechanisms that change the stiffness of the absorber to match the excitation
frequency. For instance, springs with variable geometries or materials that change stiffness under different loads
can be used.

o Example: Magnetic springs or shape-memory alloys.

2. Tunable Mass Absorbers:

o Description: Adjust the effective mass of the absorber to alter the natural frequency.

o Mechanism: This can be achieved by moving weights along tracks or by using fluid-based masses.

o Applications: Used in applications where the primary frequency range of vibrations is predictable.

3. Adjustable Damping Mechanisms:

o Description: Damping is modified to optimize energy dissipation.

o Technique: Materials like magnetorheological (MR) or electrorheological (ER) fluids are used to change damping
properties dynamically.

o Applications: Effective in systems with varying energy levels or amplitude.

4. Geometric Adaptation:

o Description: Geometrical features of the absorber, such as beam length or mass positions, are adjusted.

o Example: Telescopic beams or sliding masses are used to shift the system's natural frequency.\

5. Fluid-Based Systems:
 o Description: Fluid-based vibration absorbers use the movement of fluid within chambers to change mass or
damping characteristics.

o Applications: Used in marine and aerospace systems for broad adaptability.

6. Nonlinear Elements:

o Description: Nonlinear components, such as Duffing oscillators or bistable springs, allow for broader frequency
bandwidths.

o Benefit: These elements adapt inherently to varying vibration frequencies.

Advantages of APVA

• Broader Frequency Range: Effective across a wider range of frequencies compared to fixed passive systems.

• Cost-Effective: Lower operational costs than active systems as they do not require significant external power.

• Reliability: Simpler and less prone to failure compared to fully active systems.

• Reduced Maintenance: Few or no electronic components reduce the need for complex upkeep.

Limitations of APVA

• Slower Response: Adaptation may not be instantaneous compared to active systems.

• Design Complexity: Requires innovative designs and materials, increasing initial development costs.

• Limited Control: Cannot actively counteract vibrations beyond their adjustable parameters.

In conclusion, Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorbers are a versatile solution for vibration control, bridging the gap between purely
passive and active systems. By incorporating adaptable mechanisms, APVAs significantly enhance the performance of vibration
suppression systems, making them suitable for diverse applications.
Q3) Discuss ground hook control method for Semi-Active tuned vibration absorber (10)

The Ground Hook Control Method is a widely used semi-active vibration control strategy. It is specifically designed for Semi-Active
Tuned Vibration Absorbers (SATVA), where the damping characteristics of the absorber can be adjusted in real time. This method
effectively reduces vibrations in structures and machinery by creating a damping force that is proportional to the relative velocity
between the vibrating system and a stationary reference point, typically the ground.

Concept and Objective

The ground hook control method seeks to:

1. Reduce Vibrations: Mitigate unwanted oscillations in a system caused by external disturbances.

2. Enhance Stability: Minimize the transfer of vibrational energy to the base or ground, ensuring better isolation.

3. Optimize Performance: Dynamically adjust damping levels to achieve better performance over a wide range of
operational frequencies.

The key idea is that instead of using a fixed damping system, as in passive systems, or actively generating forces using external
power, as in active systems, the ground hook control method modifies the damping in a semi-active way based on system
conditions.

Working Principle

System Components

1. Primary Mass: Represents the system or structure whose vibrations need to be controlled.

2. Semi-Active Damper: A controllable damping device, such as a magnetorheological (MR) damper, provides variable
resistance based on the control algorithm.

3. Sensors: Measure velocities, displacements, or accelerations of the primary mass and the base (ground).

4. Control Unit: Implements the ground hook control algorithm, calculating the required damping force in real-time.
Control Algorithm

Comparison to Sky Hook Control

The ground hook control method is often compared to sky hook control:

• In sky hook control, the damping force is proportional to the velocity of the primary mass relative to a hypothetical fixed
point in the sky.

• In ground hook control, the damping force is proportional to the velocity of the primary mass relative to the ground.

Ground hook control is preferred in scenarios where minimizing base vibrations is critical, such as seismic isolation.

Example: Magnetorheological (MR) Damper Implementation

• MR Dampers are a common choice for implementing ground hook control.

• The damper uses a magnetic field to vary the viscosity of the MR fluid inside, allowing real-time adjustment of damping
characteristics.

• Sensors measure the relative velocity, and the controller adjusts the magnetic field strength, dynamically tuning the
damper to reduce vibrations.

Conclusion

The ground hook control method for semi-active tuned vibration absorbers is a highly effective approach for vibration mitigation.
It combines the adaptability of active systems with the energy efficiency of passive systems, making it a versatile choice for
applications in automotive, structural, and industrial vibration control.
Q4) Basic Scheme of Adaptive Vibration Absorber (5)
An Adaptive Vibration Absorber works by dynamically adjusting its properties (mass, stiffness, or damping) to maintain
resonance suppression as operating conditions change.

1. Components:

o Sensor:

▪ Detects the frequency and amplitude of the vibration.

▪ Common sensors include accelerometers or strain gauges.

o Controller:

▪ Processes the sensor data and determines the adjustment required in the absorber’s properties.

▪ Often implemented using microcontrollers or signal processors.

o Actuator:

▪ Makes real-time adjustments to the absorber's stiffness, damping, or mass.

▪ Examples include piezoelectric actuators, magnetorheological fluids, or variable stiffness mechanisms.

2. Working Principle:

o The vibration absorber’s natural frequency is adjusted in real time to match the excitation frequency of the
primary system.

o This is achieved by changing the physical parameters:

▪ Tunable Stiffness: Using materials like shape-memory alloys or adjustable springs.

▪ Variable Damping: Using smart materials like MR fluids or electrorheological fluids.

▪ Adjustable Mass: Shifting movable masses using actuators.

3. Feedback Loop:

o A closed-loop control system ensures continuous monitoring and tuning. Feedback from the sensor allows the
controller to correct deviations and optimize vibration suppression.

Diagram (Basic Scheme):

The typical arrangement includes:

• Vibrating System → Sensor → Controller → Actuator → Absorber (AVA)

Advantages:

1. Adaptive to a wide frequency range.

2. Improved vibration attenuation compared to fixed absorbers.

3. Minimizes mechanical wear and energy loss.

Limitations:

1. Higher cost due to sensors and control systems.

2. Requires external power for actuation.

3. Complexity in design and maintenance.

Adaptive Vibration Absorbers are essential for modern, high-performance systems where flexibility and precision are paramount.
 MODULE 6
Q1) Active Vibration Isolation System (8)
Active Vibration Isolation Systems are advanced systems designed to eliminate or significantly reduce vibrations in sensitive
equipment or structures. Unlike passive systems, which rely solely on mechanical components such as springs and dampers, active
systems use actuators, sensors, and controllers to counteract vibrations dynamically and adaptively in real-time.

Principle of Operation
Active vibration isolation systems operate by:
1. Sensing Vibrations:
o Sensors, such as accelerometers or velocity sensors, detect vibrations in
the system or the environment.
2. Processing Data:
o A control system (usually using digital processors) analyzes the data
from the sensors and determines the necessary response.
3. Actuating Counter Forces:
o Actuators generate counter-vibrations to cancel out the detected
vibrations, effectively neutralizing their effect.
4. Feedback Loop:
o The system continuously monitors the vibration levels and adjusts its
output to maintain optimal isolation.

Components of Active Vibration Isolation Systems

1. Sensors:
o Detect vibrations and provide real-time data to the control system.
o Examples: Accelerometers, displacement sensors, or gyroscopes.
2. Actuators:
o Generate forces to counteract the vibrations.
o Examples: Piezoelectric actuators, electromagnetic actuators, or hydraulic actuators.
3. Control Unit:
o Processes data from sensors and computes the required actuator response.
o Uses algorithms such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, adaptive control, or feedforward control.
4. Power Source:
o Supplies energy to the actuators for generating the necessary forces.
5. Structural Elements:
o Includes the platform or mount that interfaces between the vibrating source and the isolated object.

Working Mechanism
1. Detection:
o Vibrations are detected by sensors placed on the isolated platform or base.
2. Signal Processing:
o The sensor signals are fed into a control unit, which uses algorithms to determine the nature of the vibrations
(frequency, amplitude, phase).
3. Counterforce Generation:
o Actuators generate an equal and opposite force to the incoming vibrations, based on the control unit's output.
4. Real-Time Adjustment:
o The system continuously adjusts its response based on real-time feedback, ensuring effective isolation even if
the vibration characteristics change.

Active vibration isolation systems are a cutting-edge solution for vibration control, offering unparalleled adaptability and precision.
While they come with higher costs and complexity, their ability to dynamically respond to changing conditions makes them
indispensable in high-precision and critical applications.
Q2) Write a note on semi-active isolation (5)

Semi-active isolation is a vibration control method that combines the adaptability of active systems with the simplicity and
reliability of passive systems. It uses devices whose properties can be adjusted in real-time to reduce vibrations, but unlike fully
active systems, semi-active systems do not generate external forces. Instead, they modulate the characteristics of passive
components such as damping or stiffness to optimize vibration isolation.

Key Features of Semi-Active Isolation

1. Adjustable Properties:

o The system dynamically adjusts parameters such as damping or stiffness to match the vibration conditions.

2. Energy-Efficient:

o Semi-active systems require minimal external power as they do not produce forces but control the existing
energy in the system.

3. Real-Time Adaptation:

o Responds to changes in vibration characteristics, offering better performance than fixed passive systems.

4. Fail-Safe Design:

o In case of power failure, semi-active systems revert to passive behavior, ensuring continued functionality.

Working Principle

The core idea of semi-active isolation is to control the flow of energy in the system. Devices like variable dampers or tunable springs
are used to alter system properties in real-time based on feedback from sensors. This feedback loop ensures optimal vibration
control under varying conditions.

For example:

• In a semi-active damper, the viscosity of a fluid can be adjusted using an external magnetic or electric field, enabling the
damping force to change as needed.

Key Devices in Semi-Active Isolation

1. Magnetorheological (MR) Dampers:

o Use MR fluids whose viscosity changes in response to a magnetic field, allowing variable damping.

2. Electrorheological (ER) Dampers:

 o Similar to MR dampers but use ER fluids that respond to an electric field.

3. Tunable Springs:

o Springs whose stiffness can be modified by mechanical or electromagnetic means.

4. Hydraulic Dampers:

o Allow real-time control of damping characteristics through valves or adjustable orifices.

Semi-active isolation bridges the gap between passive and active systems, offering a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution
for vibration control. By adapting to changing conditions in real time, it provides superior isolation performance while maintaining
reliability. Its versatility makes it a preferred choice in applications where power consumption, adaptability, and fail-safe operation
are critical.

Q3) Quarter-Car Model of a Vehicle Suspension (10)

The Quarter-Car Model is a simplified representation of a vehicle suspension system, often used in vibration analysis and
suspension design. It models one wheel and its corresponding suspension system as a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) system. The
name "quarter-car" comes from the fact that it represents one-fourth of the entire vehicle system.

Components of the Quarter-Car Model

1. Sprung Mass (ms): Represents the portion of the vehicle's mass supported by the suspension (e.g., chassis, cabin,
passengers).
2. Unsprung Mass (mu): Represents the mass of components not supported by the suspension (e.g., wheel, axle, brake
assembly).
3. Suspension Spring (ks): Provides vertical support to the sprung mass and absorbs energy during deflections.
4. Suspension Damper (cs): Provides damping to dissipate vibrational energy, reducing oscillations of the sprung mass.
5. Tire Stiffness (kt): Models the stiffness of the tire in the vertical direction. Tires are usually assumed to be undamped in
this model.

Mathematical Representation
Key Features of the Quarter-Car Model
1. Two Degrees of Freedom:The system has two independent motions: the vertical motion of the sprung mass (msm_sms)
and the unsprung mass (mu).
2. Inputs: The model takes road profile disturbances (zr) as input.
3. Outputs: Vertical displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the masses (zs,zu).
4. Suspension Dynamics: Captures the interaction between the suspension system and the tire.

Applications
1. Suspension Design:
o Helps engineers design springs and dampers to improve ride comfort and vehicle handling.
2. Performance Analysis:
o Used to evaluate the effectiveness of suspension systems under different road conditions.
3. Control Systems Development:
o Forms the basis for designing control strategies for active and semi-active suspension systems.
4. Road Surface Analysis:
o Enables studying how road irregularities affect the vehicle's performance and passenger comfort.

Advantages of the Quarter-Car Model

1. Simplified Analysis:
o Reduces computational complexity by modeling only one wheel-suspension unit.
2. Focus on Vertical Dynamics:
o Ideal for studying vertical motion and vibration isolation.
3. Baseline for Control Design:
o Provides a foundation for developing more complex models or active suspension controllers.

Limitations
1. Simplified Assumptions:
o Neglects lateral and longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle.
2. Doesn't Model Real-World Interactions Fully:
o Assumes linear components, while real-world systems often exhibit nonlinear behavior.
3. Ignores Coupling Between Wheels:
o Cannot simulate interactions between multiple wheels or the effect of roll and pitch.

Conclusion
The Quarter-Car Model is a fundamental tool in vehicle suspension analysis and design. By simplifying the problem to one wheel
and its suspension, it provides a clear understanding of the vertical dynamics and vibration isolation capabilities of the system.
Despite its limitations, it serves as a foundation for more detailed and complex vehicle models.
Q4) Explain the difference between passive and active isolation (5)