ADVANCED VOLTAGE SUPPORT AND ACTIVE POWER FLOW CONTROL

IN GRID-CONNECTED CONVERTERS UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT
A grid-connetected control system is proposed in this work to regulate three-phase
bidirectional DC/AC converters in distribution grid exploiting photovoltaic power
generation and not having energy storage at the DC side. To interact power flow at two
its sides, stabilize voltage at the DC bus and synchronize with the grid, it includes an
inner current controller and an outer voltage controller in a cascaded structure. Using
small signal modeling and information about voltage at the point of common coupling
and DC bus, control parameters for controllers are determined to balance power between
photovoltaic system side and grid side. the positive and negative sequences of the
reactive current component were obtained for regulating the phase voltages in an
inductive grid. In this section, two complementary strategies are proposed to be applied
to the active and reactive components of the current. limit the oscillations on the active
power, which is critical to improve the dc-bus voltage stabilization. Furthermore, the
second strategy, intends to deliver the maximum active power with respect to the rating
current while simultaneously supporting the voltage with ZCVS. These strategies can
also be obtained for the resistive grids and grids with any X/R value if the active and
reactive components are replaced or is satisfied
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ACTIVE POWER FLOW CONTROL WITH UNDER UNBALANCED
CONDITIONS

Power converters are critical components for interfacing distributed energy

resources to power grids. The safe and proper operation of the grid-connected converters
(GCCs) has thus been a substantial challenge for network operators. This becomes more
challenging under various fault conditions. The blend of rising distributed energy
resources with large applications of modern loads causes in a grid more vulnerable to
voltage sags, swells, and unbalanced conditions. However, a GCC can be smartly
controlled for not only withstanding these distant faults, but also rendering local ancillary
services.

Different control strategies, which are mainly based on symmetric sequences, were
studied to ride through grid faults by a GCC .References studied two control techniques
for the static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) to regulate the positive and
negative sequences of the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage, where the active
power delivery is considered zero. In the existing literature, little work has been carried
out on the phase voltage regulation of a GCC under unbalanced conditions. The methods
presented in have three drawbacks. First, they do not consider the zero-sequence voltage
component whereas it exists in most unbalanced faults.

Their accuracy is thus severely affected by the zero sequence component of the
PCC voltage. Second, these methods have been only applied in inductive grids, i.e.
assuming very high X/R ratio. Third, all of the existing strategies are formulated
assuming zero active power delivery. Solar energy is gaining popularity in the field of
electricity generation. The advantages of solar power such as no air pollution, no fuel
costs, noiseless and low maintenance have boosted the demand on this type of energy.
However, the high expense in acquiring the Photo Voltaic (PV) module has slowed down
the adoption of PV system in electricity generation.
1.2 SMART GRID

In the literature SG is defined by people have different perspectives. For example,

the authors in gave a general definition of a SG: it is defined with an intelligent, auto-
balancing, self-monitoring power grid, that accepts any power source and transforms its
generated power into the end-users, to be used efficiently in different purposes. SG may
also can be defined as a vision for future electric power market to keep going towards
more developments and improvements of electrical power sector by utilizing more REs
and maintain DG units interconnection to the main grid even under grid abnormalities or
blackouts .

Energy Management Systems (EMSs) is an attractive solution to manage and

distribute the generated power to the customers efficiently with reliability improvements.
EMSs in SGs require interaction between power electronic converters controllers and
information technology to resolve the complexity of this technology. This aspect requires
introducing new technologies, for example the requirements of technical issues have been
changed from using local supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) into other
recent central data loggers.

New solutions instead the limited-capacity communications in SCADA systems

like, for example, technology of agents, which is used to send an appropriate alarms to
the central computers . Aforementioned technologies provide the SG with data logging,
monitoring, prediction, forecasting, SG status, state estimation, protection and energy
management. Which allows the SG to be with more controllability, reliability and
sustainability. Such. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is introduced to
ensure the DG system always provides high efficiency despite the variation in active
power injection and the load. weather conditions, end users behaviors, smart houses,
smart meters, Demand Side Management (DSM) and optimal power flow. Indeed smartly
means system management intelligently for efficient supply, feasible, sustainable electric
power services with more reliability and flexibility
1.3 OBJECTIVE

The use of direct current for medium-voltage distribution systems is investigated.

Current trends in the electric power consumption indicate an increasing use of dc in end-
user equipment, like computers and other electronic appliances used in households and
offices, and in larger equipment used in the industry. With a dc distribution system,
power conversion within the appliance can be avoided, and losses reduced. The ac/dc
conversion is centralized, and by using a fully controllable power-electronic interface,
high power quality for both the ac and the dc system during steady state and ac grid
disturbances can be obtained. Connection of back-up energy storage and small-size
generation is also easier to realize in a dc system.

The construction of new overhead electric lines is increasing difficulty, thus there
is a need to look at alternatives that increases the power transfer capability of the existing
right of ways. It is technically feasible to achieve a substantial power upgrading of
existing AC lines through their conversion for use with DC, by using the same
conductors, tower bodies and foundations, but with changes in tower head and insulation
assemblies. When using existing AC lines to transmit DC power, the lines are already
built, so that cost can be saved.

The distribution networks cost is lower than the transmission ones, because of the
lower voltage level applied to the semiconductor cost. It is also remarkable the fast
development of multi terminal DC systems. DC transmission has many 3 more
advantages, such as stability, controlled emergency support and no contribution to short
circuit level. To facilitate practical application, it is important that the shift from ac to dc
distribution can be done with minimal changes. Results from measurements carried out
on common household appliances reported in this thesis show that most loads are able to
operate with dc supply without any modifications. Furthermore, the measurements are
used to derive simple, yet sufficiently accurate, load models. These are used for further
analysis of the dc system, both in steady state and during transients, by using the
simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC.
 To provide a high-quality interface between the ac and dc system, which also
allows bidirectional power flow, a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) in series with a Buck
converter is proposed, both with controllable output voltages. The effect of different
capacitor sizes, bandwidths of the controllers and load types is studied. The main
conclusion is that the best performance is shown by the energy-balance dc-link-voltage
controller, which only relies on measuring the dc-link voltage

1.4 UNBALANCED CONDITION

Reactive power is the form of magnetic energy flowing per unit time in an electric
circuit. Its unit is VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive). This power can never be used in an AC
circuit. However, in a DC circuit it can be converted into heat as when a charged
capacitor or inductor is connected across a resistor, the energy stored in the element get
converted to heat. Our power system operates on AC system and most of the loads used
in our daily life are inductive or capacitive, therefore reactive power is a very important
concept from electrical perspective. The electrical power factor of any equipment
determines the amount of reactive power it requires. It is the ratio of real or true power to
the total apparent power required by an electrical appliance. Voltage changes
continuously according to the varying electrical demand, transmission lines utilization,
system control by the control centers, and emergency situations occurred in the system.
Since customers require voltage quality, at delivery points, to meet the agreed criteria, it
is the control centers’ responsibility to control the voltage so that it can satisfy the
agreement. Controlling the voltage.

As an increasing amount of converter-based generation on power electronics is

connected to power systems, transmission system operators (TSOs) are revising the grid
connection requirements to streamline the connectivity of the devices to maintain security
of supply. Converter-based generation can behave significantly different from the
traditional alternators under grid faults. In order to evaluate the potential impact of future
converter-based power systems on protective relays, it is necessary to consider diverse
current control strategies of voltage source converters (VSC).
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 BARBOSA, P. S. S., GREGORIO, J. B., LANES, M. M., & DE BEM, N. F. S.
"Flexible control system for experimental evaluation of static converters applied to
DC/DC converters". Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP) pp 978-1-
5090-6248-5 2018.

In this work aims to develop a Flexible Control System for the evaluation of Static
Power Converters applied to DC/DC Converters. It will be composed of four isolated
printed circuit boards, a main board that will support the Texas Instruments DSP
TMS320F28335, which will allow the control and monitoring of voltage and current and
three secondary, namely: current sensor, voltage sensor, and switching circuit. Thus, the
two DC/DC converters, which are Buck and Buck-Boost, will be implemented by the
proposed system. For the development and validation of the system. One of the great
evolutions of this science was in the field of static converters, which allowed the
substitution of classical methods of energy conversion by products capable of processing
it more efficiently.

Due to the great growth of this field and its importance, it is a challenge to
maintain the teaching level of the Power Electronics discipline. This system will allow
the monitoring and control of voltage and current. However, it is important to note that it
will enable other types of measurements, such as temperature, velocity, and others. This
project intends to contribute with the teaching of Power Electronics, as well as the
development of research related to the studied converters, which can be evaluated
experimentally. For the development of the experiment, it was necessary to perform a
theoretical and mathematical basis on the DC/DC Converters, demonstrating the
characteristics and behaviors of each one. DC/DC converters are electronic circuits that
have the function of converting an unregulated DC voltage to different voltage levels or
regulated current at the output. Subsequently the modeling and control of the Buck
converter was developed. The controller was designed only for the Buck converter, in
order to exemplify the studied method for the system that was developed. The dynamic
behavior of the Buck converter was determined using the state space averaging
technique. The modeling performed through the state space averaging technique consists
of a technique that analyzes the dynamic behavior of the converters.

2.2 H., FARJAH, E., & GHANBARI, T."A Comprehensive Monitoring System for
Online Fault Diagnosis and Aging Detection of Non-isolated DC-DC Converters
Components". IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, pp 10.1109/TPEL. 2875830
2018.

Online monitoring is an inevitable necessity for DC- DC converters in industrial

applications to achieve a fault tolerant structure, which ensures reliable operation and
prevents catastrophic failures. In this method, a comprehensive monitoring system is
proposed for non-isolated DC-DC converters. The proposed approach is mainly focused
on monitoring the most prone to failure components of these converters including
switching devices and capacitor. Using the proposed monitoring system, switch/diode
open circuit and short circuit faults are detected in less than one switching cycle.
Furthermore, online monitoring of the capacitor equivalent series resistance and switch
on-state voltage as effective precursors of aging is also carried out.

Finally, an inter-turn fault detection technique is presented for the converter

inductor. The mentioned monitoring tasks are accomplished using only two electrical
sensors (for capturing voltages across the converter diode and inductor) and two
temperature sensors. The presented monitoring approach is simple, cost-effective, easy to
implement, and applicable for all non-isolated DC-DC converters including buck, boost,
and buck boost converters. Performance of the monitoring system is evaluated by
considering different scenarios in the experiments carried out on a laboratory prototype.
The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed system for fault diagnosis and aging
monitoring in non-isolated DC-DC converters.
 The main advantages and capabilities of the proposed system are: being applicable
for all non-isolated DC-DC converters, diagnosis of switch faults, diode faults, and
inductor inter-turn fault in less than one switching cycle, online estimation of the
capacitor ESR, online monitoring of switch on-state voltage for aging detection, the need
of only two electrical sensors and two temperature sensors, low cost, and easy
implementation. In the following, capabilities and limitations of the proposed monitoring
system as well as some important hints for practical implementation .

2.3 ALY, M., AHMED, E. M., & SHOYAMA, M. "A new real-time perfect
condition monitoring for high-power converters". IEEE 3rd International Future
Energy Electronics Conference and ECCE pp 978-1-5090-5157-1 (2017).

presents a comprehensive online condition monitoring algorithm for power

semiconductor devices. The proposed algorithm utilizes the voltage measurement
between the collector and emitter of power semiconductor devices to fully monitor the
performance and state of the device. The proposed algorithm provides four different
detection and monitoring conditions of the device; these four elements are open-circuit
fault detection, short circuit fault detection, overheating fault detection, remaining useful
lifetime estimation. Compared to the previously addressed approaches in the literature,
the proposed algorithm provides full state monitoring and detection of the device using
only one sensed quantity.

Figure 1 schematic diagram boost DC-DC converter

The collector-emitter voltage measurement of the device is chosen for implementing the
proposed algorithm for its generality as it can be applied to various semiconductor
devices technologies. Additionally, the proposed algorithm provides the advantages of
simple implementation, comprehensive condition monitoring, and low cost. The
implementation of the full proposed condition monitoring system is provided in the paper
with case study application to boost DCDC converter system. The results and
comparisons of the proposed algorithm with previous strategies verify the feasibility of
the proposed algorithm.

The increased penetration level and widespread of renewable energy systems have made
the reliability and availability of these systems of the principal interests for research and
industry. Continuous availability and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) represent
the main challenges for optimizing renewable energy sources. Several approaches have
been presented in the literature to monitor faults, lifetime estimation and extension, and
fault tolerant control of power electronic systems. However, all these approaches require
primarily perfect condition and health monitoring systems of power switching devices in
order to apply the most suitable control and to avoid post-fault misact ions.

2.4 GIVI, H., FARJAH, E., & GHANBARI, T. "Switch and Diode Fault Diagnosis
in No isolated DC–DC Converters Using Diode Voltage Signature". IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, pp 65(2), 1606–161.2733486. (2018).

Reliable operation of DC-DC converters is vital for many applications. An

appropriate converter monitoring scheme is required for fault detection and adoption of
effective remedial strategies. Switch faults and degradation of electrolytic capacitor
account for a considerable portion of the converter failures. Although rate of diode
failures is not remarkable, power switch may be damaged in case of diode fault
occurrence. Furthermore, for applications in which a redundant switch is employed as a
remedy, it will be also endangered by diode failures if diode fault detection has not been
considered in the monitoring scheme.
 Therefore, diode condition monitoring improves reliability of the converter
monitoring approaches. This work presents a simple diagnosis technique for open circuit
and short circuit faults of the switch and diode in non-isolated DC-DC converters. The
technique only employs diode voltage as the detection signature. The diode voltage and
gate driver signal are processed in a simple logic circuit to generate some indicators for
switch and diode fault diagnosis. Basis of the technique is discussed in detail.

Figure 2 Logic circuits for diagnose

It is confirmed that the diode voltage contains some suitable signatures for
diagnosis of open circuit and short circuit faults of the switch and diode. A logic circuit is
introduced in which the diode voltage and the gate signal are processed to generate four
logic fault indicator signals. For each type of fault including switch OCF, switch SCF,
diode OCF, and diode SCF, one of the indicator signals becomes low, while others
remain at the high level. The proposed method is simple and cost-effective since it
requires only one voltage sensor and a simple logic circuit. Maximum detection delay of
the proposed method for different faults is less than one switching cycle. Using some
experiments carried out on different non-isolated converters, the capability of the
proposed technique has been confirmed.

2.5 MULPURI, V., HAQUE, M., SHAHEED, M. N., & CHOI, S. "Multistate
Markov Analysis in Reliability Evaluation and Life Time Extension of DC-DC
Power Converter for Electric Vehicle Applications". IEEE Transportation
Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC). pp 10.1109/itec.8450102.2018.

Reliability of power train in electric/hybrid vehicles is one of the important

research topics. DC-DC converter plays a crucial role in the electric power train by
boosting or chopping voltage levels between the battery storage and the dc link.
Consequently, reliability and efficiency of the DC-DC converter is important for safe and
efficient vehicle operation. In this paper, multistage Markov analysis has been used for
reliability evaluation. This analysis provides accurate insight to MOSFET degradation
progression over time. Moreover, an adaptive control algorithm is developed for
extending the life time of the DC- DC converter maintaining high efficiency and low
cost. Reliability models for interleaved converter using conventional Markov model as
well as multistage Markov model are discussed in this work.

The mean time to failure MTTF of each configuration is explained in detail with
experiment results of laboratory prototypes. Results revealed that life time of the
converter can be increased which significantly reduces the cost of the converter over a
period by carefully monitoring the junction temperature and adjust the control of the
converter in adaptive manner. Reliability of interleaved boost power converter in electric
vehicle power train is evaluated using multistage Markov analysis and the results are
compared with conventional boost converter. Taking junction temperature into
consideration MTTF of the converter is increased by using proposed adaptive control
method. Further cost analysis of the converter is done for a period of Result shows the
advantages of proposed control method in increasing MTTF without much lowering the
efficiencies. The proposed control method and multistate Markov model will be applied
to other configurations of dc-dc converters and more experimental results related to
converter losses and switching will be presented in the full paper. These reliability
models in future will be able to provide high reliability and prolonged lifetime for
mission critical and high temperature applications. Although the benefits of electric and
hybrid vehicles have been widely discussed, very limited research has been carried out on
the reliability and fault tolerant capability of the electric drive train. The drive train in
electric vehicles usually consists of several power electronic systems. In conventional
Markov analysis is used to evaluate the reliability of the dc-dc buck converter with
parallel and stand by configurations. It is there by concluded that parallel configuration
has more reliability at high power operating conditions.

2.6 SHAREEF, A., GOH, W. L., NARASIMALU, S., & GAO, Y. “A Rectifier-less
AC-DC Interface Circuit for Ambient Energy Harvesting from Low-Voltage
Piezoelectric Transducer Array”. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics pp
10.1109-2831714(2018).

This work method presents a rectifier-less AC-DC energy harvesting circuit

capable of harvesting energy from multiple low-voltage Piezoelectric Transducers
(PETs). Synchronous electric charge extraction (SECE) technique, with bi-directional
switches is adopted to achieve rectifier-less AC/DC direct conversion. The inductor is
engaged only during the voltage peak of the PET output for a short period of time and
therefore, a single inductor can be shared by multiple transducers. A split-capacitor
charging topology is employed to harvest both positive and negative half-cycle energies,
without the use of an input rectifier.

Figure 3 Block Diagram of Dual level shifter

In addition, a self-startup function is incorporated to kick-start the system from

low input voltages. A prototype has been implemented with off-the-shelf components.
Energy harvesting from three PET energy sources with different resonance frequencies is
demonstrated. A peak overall power conversion efficiency of 79% is achieved with a
system self-startup voltage of 650 mV. Internet of Things (IOT) has triggered massively
in sensor usage such as for the environment, structural health and human health
monitoring systems. There is significant challenge to power these wireless sensors with a
traditional battery, as the limited energy storage can be a bottleneck for long term
operation of the sensors.

With the fast-increasing number of sensors deployed, it is extremely time-

consuming or even impractical to access individual sensor for battery replacement.
Energy harvesting from ambient environment is a promising solution to the issues
described above. Light, heat and motion are the three most commonly available ambient
energy sources. have been reported. Various linear techniques based on impedance
matching have been reported. The interface circuit’s input impedance is transformed to
match the internal impedance of PET for maximum power transfer. Recently, the non-
linear interface circuits that utilize the intrinsic capacitive source impedance to maximize
the energy transfer have attracted significant attention. the harvested power has a strong
dependence on the voltage.

2.7 SUBHAJYOTI MUKHERJEE, POURYA SHAMSI, MEHDI FERDOWSI.

"Small Signal Modeling and Control of a Grid Tied Converter without a
Synchronization Unit" PP 2687-2692, year 2018

Control of a grid-tied converter as a voltage controlled converter is investigated

for distribution level grids. Small signal model of the converter is presented and a control
structure is designed to deliver desired active and reactive power. This controller is using
power flow equations to control the converter as a synchronous machine and without the
need for a dedicated synchronization unit (PLL) during its normal operation. It is
demonstrated that the controller ensures decoupled control and is immune to grid
frequency fluctuations.
 Figure 4 ph grid connected converter

Control of grid connected converters has always been an attractive topic of

research in the field of power electronics. Such converters are generally supplied from
voltage sources and are generally operated as current-controlled converters which are
referred to as voltage-source current-controlled converters . The conventional control
approach requires a phase locked loop (PLL). A PLL with fast dynamics and high noise
rejection is difficult to design. Furthermore, a PLL can lead to unstable operations
especially in weak grids . Another approach in controlling grid tied converters is direct
power control (DPC) . DPC suffers from variable switching frequency and is not
recommended for industrial applications.

Very few studies have investigated controlling a grid connected converters as

voltage-controlled converter . Control of the grid connected converter as voltage-
controlled converter relies on the power flow equations and does not require a PLL under
normal operation conditions. Such inverters are mainly studied for high voltage grids
where the grid is mainly inductive . In this method, applications of voltage-controlled
grid-tied converters in distribution level grids are investigated. Section II analyses the
power flow equations in a distribution level grid and presents the small signal modeling
of the system. Based on this small signal model the controller design.
2.8 BRAHIM ELKHALIL YOUCEFA, AHMED MASSOUM. "DPC Method For
Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Acts as a Shunt Active Power Filter
Implemented with Processor in the Loop" PP 1-7 year 2018

A direct power control strategy is applied to control a photovoltaic system acting

as a shunt active power filter. The main task of the presented system is to reduce
harmonic currents and to ensure reactive power compensation. Ideally, the presented
system needs to generate enough reactive and harmonic current to compensate the
nonlinear load harmonic in the line. Therefore, to establish that, a DC-DC boost converter
is used to interface the photovoltaic generator with the grid, which provides continuous
power flow from the PV to the grid through a voltage source inverter.

Moreover, a suitable control for both shunt active power filter and DC-DC boost
converter are developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of power from the
photovoltaic generator and reduce harmonic currents with insuring reactive power
compensation. The co-simulation processor in the loop results show that the proposed
control method can inject maximum available power of photovoltaic generator to the
grid, compensates the load reactive power, low total harmonic spectrum are effectively
achieved, tracks rapid variations of load, and keeps the DC-link voltage constant

The demand for electricity in the modern industrial world is rapidly increasing,
from commercial industries to household utilities. Renewable energy- based distributed
energy sources are becoming more attractive, on both technological and economic scales.
Photovoltaic systems come within this context . The energy of the photovoltaic system
usually has different output characteristics, and for this reason, a power conditioning
interface between the PV system and the grid is necessary to match the characteristics of
the photovoltaic system and the requirements of the grid connections such as frequency,
voltage, active and reactive powers control, harmonic mitigation, etc.

The main aim of installing the PV system at the PCC is to improve the operation
of power distribution systems and to generate active power. However, to avoid the
additional cost of the power circuit, several PV-fed grid interactive topologies combined
the PV inverter with the additional functionality of the shunt active power filter [5], as
well as reactive power and voltage support. The PV inverter injects the compensating
current into the grid to filter the load current harmonics . In addition, the active power
produced from the PV solar energy system is used by the inverter. On the other hand, the
shunt active power filter is introduced in the PV system to improve the power conversion
efficiency, reliability, and current harmonic distortions of the system.

The performance of the PV-SAPF depends strongly on control strategies. For this
reason, this paper presents a direct power control method based on PI controllers to
control the photovoltaic system acting as a shunt active power filter. Besides, a suitable
direct power control method for the shunt active power filter is given, and a PI control for
the DCDC boost converter side is developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of
power from the photovoltaic generator with reducing harmonic currents and insuring
reactive power compensation. The key point of the direct power control (DPC)
implementation is the correct and fast estimation of the active and the reactive line
powers. The main disadvantage of DPC with switching table is the variation of switching
frequency, which generates an undesired broadband harmonic spectrum range and makes
it hard to design a line filter . However, this disadvantage can be effectively surmount by
using space vector modulation (SVM) algorithm instead of the traditional switching table
which is presented in this paper. The combination of SVM and traditional DPC forms the
space vector modulation direct power control (SVM-DPC) .

2.9 T. GARCÍA-SÁNCHEZ, S. PUGLIESE, M. LISERRE "Reactive Power Flow

Control for PV Inverters Voltage Support in LV Distribution Networks" PP 447-
456, year 2018.

Proposes a reactive power flow control pursuing the active integration of

Photovoltaic systems in LV distribution networks. An alternative power flow analysis is
performed according to the specific characteristics of LV networks, such as high
resistance/reactance ratio and radial topologies. The proposed solution gives high
performances, in terms of RMS-voltage regulation, by estimating the reactive power
reference on each node considering the influence of the rest of the nodes in terms of
active and reactive power demanded/generated by them. The local control of each
Photovoltaic system is based on the power converter control, interfacing these units with
the grid and the loads respectively. The local control is designed on the basis of locally
measured feedback variables. Photovoltaic units thus guarantee universal operation,
being able to change between islanding-mode and grid-connected mode without
disrupting critical loads connected to them, and allowing smooth transitions.

Hence, the integration of renewable energies such as DG in LV networks presents

many significant challenges . Among the possible renewable resources, some authors
affirm that solutions based on PV systems (PVs) are the only viable option at small or
distribution level . Actually, most of the technical literature concentrates on distribution
system studies, whereas the impact of solar PV in transmission systems has not been
extensively studied .According to , distribution systems have been designed as a passive
network in a radial style and then the inter-connection of PVs may cause some issues and
impacts that need to be carefully considered and studied.

In parallel with the promotion of renewable, new requirements and rules have been
issued during the last years. The main target has been focused on including LV customers
as active elements of the grid, providing some ancillary services under normal operating
conditions, basically by modulating their reactive power exchanged with the grid .
Examples of this can be found in Germany, Italy and Slovenia , where the reactive power
exchange should be maintained within a triangular/rectangular reactive power capability
curve depending on the power rate converter. The extension to exploit the reactive power
potential of the inverters more efficiently by expanding the capability area from a
rectangular characteristic to a circular characteristic has been recently discussed in .
According to the specific literature, when large-scale applications of PV in the grid are
considered, few references are found on PV in the individual customer line.
2.10 ALYSSON A. P. MACHADO, DANILO I. BRANDAO, IGOR. "A Fault-
Tolerant Utility Interface Power Converter for Low-Voltage Micro grids" PP 1-5,
year 2018

The utility interface (UI) converter is a three-phase power conversion unit

equipped with energy storage which governs the interaction between the utility grid and
the micro grid. The non-interruptive operation of UI is desired due to its several functions
in grid-connected operation it performs as a voltage-supporting unit regulating the power
flow through the micro grid point of common coupling, and compensating reactive
power, unbalance and distortions caused by loads.

Whereas in islanded operation it performs as a voltage-forming unit and sets

voltage amplitude and frequency for the entire micro grid. Moreover, the UI ensures
seamless transitions from grid-connected to islanded operation, actively decoupling the
micro grid and the mains. Therefore, the UI plays a crucial role in centralized micro grid
structures, and being a single-point of failure its safe and reliable operation entails
directly the overall micro grid reliability. Thus, fault tolerant operation of such converter
is a very important issue. The three-phase active neutral point clamped based power
converter topology is capable to survive to successive open-circuit faults. Besides, it
takes into account the advantages of the multilevel topologies: improved waveform
quality, reduced filter size and equal loss distribution in the semiconductors. Simulation
results are shown to analysis the operation of the fault-tolerant UI under faults.

Fault tolerant operation for UI in low-voltage micro grid was accomplished with
the 3L-ANPC based converter. Such topology is capable to survive up to three successive
open circuit faults at the same leg and continue providing service without reducing
power. Such capability contributes to enhance centralized micro grid reliability and
stability. The 3L-ANPC UI is tolerant to hardware faults and external faults that typically
occur in micro grids, such as: intentional and non-intentional islanding, grid voltage fault,
heavy load variation, reconnection
 CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

3.1 MAT LAB SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

MATLAB a high-performance language for technical computing integrates

computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. It is a
prototyping environment, meaning it focuses on the ease of development with language
flexibility, interactive debugging, and other conveniences lacking in performance-
oriented languages like C and FORTRAN. While Mat lab may not be as fast as C, there
are ways to bring it closer. We want to spend less time total from developing, debugging,
running, and until obtaining results.

It is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. It allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would
take to write a program in a scalar non-interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.

The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally
written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and
EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS
libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation.It has evolved
over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the
standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics,
engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.

Its features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes.

Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply
specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions
(M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems.
You can add on toolboxes for signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many other areas.

3.2 WORKING OF THE MATLAB

3.2.2 THE LANGUAGE:

The MATLAB language is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow

statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming
features. It allows both "programming in the small" to rapidly create quick programs you
do not intend to reuse. You can also do "programming in the large" to create complex
application programs intended for reuse.

3.2.3 GRAPHICS:

MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as
well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-
dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user
interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

3.2.4 EXTERNAL INTERFACES:

The external interfaces library allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs
that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB
(dynamic linking), for calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and
writing MAT-files.
3.2.5 ARRAY PRE ALLOCATION:

Mat lab's matrix variables have the ability to dynamically augment rows and columns.

For example,

>> a = 2

a=2

>> A (2, 6) = 1 a =

200000

000001

Mat lab automatically resizes the matrix. Internally, the matrix data memory must be
reallocated with larger size. If a matrix is resized repeatedly like within a loop this
overhead can be significant. To avoid frequent reallocations, pre allocate the matrix with
the zeros command.

3.2.6 JIT ACCELERATION:

Mat lab 6.5 (R13) and later feature the Just-In-Time (JIT) Accelerator for
improving the speed of M-functions, particularly with loops. By knowing a few things
about the accelerator, you can improve its performance.

The JIT Accelerator is enabled by default. To disable it, type \ feature ace off" in the
console, and \ feature ace on" to enable it again. As of Mat lab R2008b, only a subset of
the Mat lab language is supported for acceleration. Upon encountering an unsupported
feature, acceleration processing falls back to non-accelerated evaluation. Acceleration is
most effective when significant contiguous portions of code are supported.
3.3 DATA TYPES:

Code must use supported data types for acceleration: double (both real and
complex), logical, char, int8 {32, unit 8{32. Some strut, cell, class def, and function
handle usage is supported. Sparse arrays are not accelerated.

3.3.1 ARRAY SHAPES:

Array shapes of any size with 3 or fewer dimensions are supported. Changing the
shape or data type of an array interrupts acceleration. A few limited situations with 4D
arrays are accelerated.

3.3.2 FUNCTION CALLS:

Calls to built-in functions and M-functions are accelerated. Calling MEX

functions and Java interrupts acceleration. (See also page 14 on in lining simple
functions.)

3.3.3 CONDITIONALS AND LOOPS:

The conditional statements if, else if, and simple switch statements are supported
if the conditional expression evaluates to a scalar. Loops of the form for k=a:b, for
k=a:b:c, and while loops are accelerated if all code within the loop is supported.

3.3.4 IN – PLACE COMPUTATION:

Introduced in Mat lab 7.3 (R2006b), the element-wise operators (+.*, etc.) and some
other functions can be computed in-place. That is, a computation likes

x = 5*sort (x.ˆ2 + 1);

is handled internally without needing temporary storage for accumulating the result. An
M-function can also be computed in-place if its output argument matches one of the input
arguments.

x = my fun(x);

Function x = my fun(x)

x = 5* sort (x.ˆ2 + 1); return;

To enable in-place computation, the in-place operation must be within an M-function

(and for an in- place function, the function itself must be called within an M-function).
Currently, there is no support for in-place computation with MEX-functions.

3.3.5 MULTITHREADED COMPUTATION:

Mat lab 7.4 (R2007a) introduced multithreaded computation for multi core and
multiprocessor computers. Multithreaded computation accelerates some per-element
functions when applied to large arrays (for example,^, sin, exp) and certain linear algebra
functions in the BLAS library. To enable it, select File! Preferences! General!
Multithreading and select \Enable multithreaded computation." Further control over
parallel computation is possible with the Parallel Computing Toolbox.

3.3.6 FEATURES:

The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of these main parts:

3.3.7 DESKTOP TOOLS AND DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:

This part of MATLAB is the set of tools and facilities that help you use and become more
productive with MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user
interfaces. It includes: the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, an editor and
debugger, a code analyzer, browsers for viewing help, the workspace, and files, and other
tools.

3.4 SIMULINK DESCRIPTION

3.4.1 SIMULINK:

A block diagram environment for multi domain simulation and Model-Based Design. It
supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous test
and verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor,
customizable block libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems.
It is integrated with MATLAB, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into
models and export simulation results to MATLAB for further analysis. To model a
system and then simulate the dynamic behavior of that system. The basic techniques you
use to create the simple model in this tutorial are the same techniques that you use for
more complex models.

To create this simple model, you need four Simulink blocks. Blocks are the model
elements that define the mathematics of a system and provide input signals.

3.4.2 MODELLING:

To the model algorithms and physical systems using block diagrams. You can model
linear and nonlinear systems, factoring in real-world phenomena such as friction, gear
slippage, and hard stops. A comprehensive library of predefined blocks helps you to build
models. You add blocks from the library to your model using the Simulink Editor. In the
editor, connect blocks by way of signal lines to establish mathematical relationships
between system components. You can also refine the model appearance and add masks to
customize how users interact with the model. You can design your models to be
hierarchical by organizing groups of blocks into subsystems. This approach enables you
to build discrete components that reflect your real-life system and simulate the interaction
of those components.

3.4.3 BLOCK LIBRARIES:

Blocks are the main elements you use to build models in Simulink the Library Browser to
browse and search the block libraries. When you find the block you want to use, add it to
your model.

3.4.4 SIMULATION:

On the can interactively simulate your system and view the results on scopes and
graphical displays. For simulation of continuous, discrete, and mixed-signal systems, you
can choose from a range of fixed-step and variable-step solvers. Solvers are integration
algorithms that compute system dynamics over time. The integration of x ray model and
MATLAB enables you to run unattended batch simulations of your X ray models using
MATLAB commands.

This tutorial shows how to simulate the model of a dynamic system using
Simulink® software, and then use the results to improve the model. After you prepare the
model for simulation, you can use an interface to input measured system data and set
room temperature

3.4.5 PERFORMANCE:

A high-performance link model compiles and simulates quickly. Simulink provides

techniques that you can use to speed up model simulation. As a first step to improving
simulation performance, use Performance Advisor. Performance Advisor checks for
conditions that might be slowing down your simulations. The tool can automatically
make changes to your model to address these conditions or you can review and apply
suggested changes manually. Performance Advisor can check your model for conditions
and settings that can slow down simulation speed. It can recommend modeling
optimizations, implement them automatically, and run simulations in accelerator mode
for you. Use Accelerator and Rapid Accelerator modes to achieve faster simulation
without changing the model itself. Achieve faster simulation with your models by
manually employing some of these optimization techniques.

3.4.6 COMPONENT-BASED MODELING:

The component-based modeling and modular design. You can segment your
model into design components and then model, simulate, and verify each component
independently. You can save individual components as subsystems in a library or as
separate models. Team members can then work on those components in parallel. Use
Simulink Projects to organize large modeling projects by finding required files, managing
and sharing files and settings, and using source control. A component is a piece of your
design, a unit level item, or a subassembly, that you can work on without needing the
higher level parts of the model. Componentization involves organizing your model into
components. Componentization provides many benefits for organizations that develop
large Simulink models that consist of many functional pieces. These componentization
techniques support a wide range of modeling requirements for models that vary in size
and complexity. Most large models use a combination of componentization techniques.

Stimulant provides tools to convert from subsystems to model referencing.

Because of the differences between subsystems and model referencing, switching from
subsystems to model referencing can involve several.

3.4.7 MODELING GUIDELINES:

 These modeling guidelines help you develop models and generate code using
Model-Based Design with Math works products. Applying these guidelines can improve
the consistency, clarity, and readability of your models. The guidelines also help you to
identify model settings, blocks, and block parameters that affect simulation behavior or
code generation. The high-integrity guidelines and corresponding Model Advisor checks
are summarized in the table. For the guidelines that do not have Model Advisor checks, it
is not possible to automate checking of the guideline. Guidelines without a
corresponding.

3.4.8 BLOCK CREATION:

The built-in modeling functionality provided by Simulink, you can create custom
blocks and add them to the Simulink Library Browser. You can create a custom block
from a MATLAB function MATLAB Function blocks enable you to use the MATLAB
language to define custom functionality. These blocks are a good starting point.

 You have an existing MATLAB function that models the custom functionality.

 You find it easier to model custom functionality using a MATLAB function than
using a Simulink block diagram.

 The custom functionality does not include continuous or discrete dynamic states
such as masking a subsystem of other blocks, or by incorporating C, C++, or
FORTRAN code.
 CHAPTER 4
PROJECT DESCRYPTION

4.1 EXISTING METHOD

Supporting the grid and improving its reliability have recently become major
requirements for large distributed genera-ti on units. Under most grid faults, the accuracy
of the traditional voltage support schemes (VSSs) is dramatically affected due to the
existence of the zero-sequence voltage. Also, the traditional VSSs have been used only in
the STATCOM applications VSS in the converter-interfaced units, called zero-sequence
compensated voltage support (ZCVS), to accurately regulate the three-phase voltages of
the connection point within the pre-set safety limits. The proposed scheme not only
compensates the zero-sequence component but also considers the active power injection.

4.1.1 EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

 DC-DC
PHOTOVOLTIC CONVERTER LOAD

STATCOM

4.1.1 DISADVANTAGE

 Voltage unbalance could occur between the different levels .

 Conduction loss and switch loss also high

 due the symmetrical distribution of the load power among the inverter models
may be maximum rating .

4.2 PROPOSED METHOD

power flow from PV g to the grid is controlled by combination IB-AVC method to

control a DC/DC boost converter and a grid-connected control system. intermediate
element between DC bus and the grid in a PV system, input terminals of bidirectional
DC/AC converters are also controlled to balance power at DC side and AC side to hold
voltage at DC bus at a fixed value. Verify the presented analytical expressions and
demonstrate the performance of the proposed ZCVS, the scaled down test system is also
employed. This system contains a voltage-source converter connected to an ac grid via
impedances and a transformer. An important unit in three-phase system to synchronize to
the grid is a phase-locked loop (PLL).Transformer is used to step up voltage
corresponding to the grid voltage and help to fit harmonic waves of output voltage and
current of the bidirectional DC/AC converter.

4.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

DC TO DC
PHOTOVOLT CONVETE
AIC TRANSFOR GRID
R FILTR
DC TO MER
AC ER

GRID
CONNECTED
CONTROL
SYSTEM
4.2.2 Advantages

 Reduce line voltage drops

 Limit load dependent voltage drops
 Increase transfer capability
 Increase load flow in parallel transmission line

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE DESCRYPTION
5.1 INVERTER

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes

direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). An inverter converts the DC voltage to an
AC voltage. In most cases, the input DC voltage is usually lower while the output AC is
equal to the grid supply voltage of either 120 volts, or 240 Volts depending on the
country. The inverter may be built as standalone equipment for applications such as solar
power, or to work as a backup power supply from batteries which are charged separately.
There are different types of inverters based on the shape of the switching waveform.
These have varying circuit configurations, efficiencies, advantages and disadvantages. An
inverter provides an ac voltage from dc power sources and is useful in powering
electronics and electrical equipment rated at the ac mains voltage. In addition they are
widely used in the switched mode power supplies inverting stages.
 In this system we had proposed a specialized inverter circuit as Three Phase
Cascaded H – Bridge Multilevel inverter. Recently, cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter
topology has gained interest from many researchers for PV system applications. Some of
the best advantages of multilevel inverters are,

 Producing the common mode voltage and reducing the stress of the motor
and don’t damage the motor.
 These inverters can draw the input current with low distortion.
 Selective harmonic elimination technique along with the multi-level
topology results the total harmonic distortion becomes low in the output
waveform without using any filter circuit.

Figure 5 Simple H – Bridge Inverter

Multilevel cascade inverters are used to eliminate the bulky transformer required
in case of conventional multi-phase inverters, clamping diodes required in case of diode
clamped inverters and flying capacitors required in case of flying capacitor inverters. But
these require large number of isolated voltages to supply the each cell.

5.2 DC -DC CONVERTER

DC –DC converters are power electronic circuits that convert a dc voltage to a

different voltage level. There are different types of conversion method such as electronic,
linear, switched mode, magnetic, capacitive. The circuits described in this report are
classified as switched mode DC-DC converters. These are electronic devices that are
used whenever change of DC electrical power from one voltage level to another is
needed. Generically speaking the use of a switch or switches for the purpose of power
conversion can be regarded as an SMPS. From now onwards whenever we mention DC-
DC converters we shall address them with respect to SMPS.

A few applications of interest of DC-DC converters are where 5V DC on a

personal computer motherboard must be stepped down to 3V, 2V or less for one of the
latest CPU chips; where 1.5V from a single cell must be stepped up to 5V or more, to
operate electronic circuitry. In all of these applications, we want to change the DC energy
from one voltage level to another, while wasting as little as possible in the process. In
other words, we want to perform the conversion with the highest possible efficiency. DC-
DC Converters are needed because unlike AC, DC can’t simply be stepped up or down
using a transformer. In many ways, a DC-DC converter is the DC equivalent of a
transformer. They essentially just change the input energy into a different impedance
level. So whatever the output voltage level, the output power all comes from the input;
there is no energy manufactured inside the converter.

5.3 PHOTOVOLTIC SYSTEM

Converting solar energy into electrical energy by PV installations is the most

recognized way to use solar energy. Since solar photovoltaic cells are semiconductor
devices, they have a lot in common with processing and production techniques of other
semiconductor devices such as computers and memory chips. As it is well known, the
requirements for purity and quality control of semiconductor devices are quite large.
With today's production, which reached a large scale, the whole industry production of
solar cells has been developed and, due to low production cost, it is mostly located in the
Far East.
 Photovoltaic cells produced by the majority of today’s most large producers are
mainly made of crystalline silicon as semiconductor material. Solar photovoltaic
modules, which are a result of combination of photovoltaic cells to increase their power,
are highly reliable, durable and low noise devices to produce electricity. The fuel for the
photovoltaic cell is free. The sun is the only resource that is required for the operation of
PV systems, and its energy is almost inexhaustible. A typical photovoltaic cell efficiency
is about 15%, which means it can convert 1/6 of solar energy into electricity.
Photovoltaic systems produce no noise, there are no moving parts and they do not emit
pollutants into the environment. Taking into account the energy consumed in the
production of photovoltaic cells, they produce several tens of times less carbon dioxide
per unit

5.4 TRANSFORMERS
To make a coil of wire, we simply curl the wire round into loops or "turns". If the second
coil has the same number of turns as the first coil, the current in the second coil will be
virtually the same size as the one in the first coil. But (and here's the clever part) if we
have more or fewer turns in the second coil, we can make the secondary current and
voltage bigger or smaller than the primary current and voltage. One important thing to
note is that this trick works only if the current is fluctuating in some way. In other words,
you have to use a type of constantly reversing electricity called alternating current (AC)
with a transformer. Transformers do not work with direct current (DC), where a steady
current constantly flows in the same direction. Step-up transformers Reversing the
situation, we can make a step-up transformer that boosts a low voltage into a high one
 Figure 6 Step up transformer

5.5 FUTHURE SCOPE

 Increasing shoot through duty ratio results in more inductor current ripple and thus
further investigation is required for inverter shoot through control techniques.
 Further investigations of different grid current controllers, controller, and
repetitive control for cancellation of harmonic currents will be interesting.
 Effect of partial shading condition on the performance of MPPT is to be
considered.
 At present condition, the PV inverter has to be disconnected from the grid when
any abnormal conditions occur. Thus a control scheme has to be developed and
investigated to make inverter operate between grid tied and islanding modes.
 CHAPTER 6
CONSLUSION

Grid-connected control system for a three-phase bidirectional DC/AC converter to exploit

PV By combining AVC method for a DC/DC boost converter and the grid-connected
control system for the bidirectional DC/AC converter, power flow goes through the
power circuit of this converter in two directions to charge the capacitor at DC bus or
generate power from PV into the grid voltage and current controllers are determined by
using parameters of power circuit to create a stable operation for DC/DC and DC/AC
converters. power at two sides of the bidirectional DC/AC converter and synchronize to
the grid under any operational condition.
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