Scribd
Upload
18 views10 pages

Unit III

Uploaded by

Lokeswar Patnaik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views10 pages

Unit III

Uploaded by

Lokeswar Patnaik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

1.

Study of forces, motion and deformation

1.1 Forces
Push or pull of an object is considered a force. Push and pull come from the objects interacting
with one another. Terms like stretch and squeeze can also be used to denote force.

In Physics, force is defined as:


The push or pull on an object with mass causes it to change its velocity.
Force is an external agent capable of changing a body’s state of rest or motion. It has a
magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the
direction of the force, and the application of force is the point where force is applied.
Common symbols : F→, F
SI Unit : Newton
SI base unit : Kg.m/s2
Other units : dyne, poundal, pound-force, kip, kilo pond
Derivation from other : F= m.a
quantities
Dimension : LMT-2

(a) Effect of forces:


In physics, motion is defined as the change in position with respect to time. In simpler words,
motion refers to the movement of a body. Typically, motion can either be described as:

1. Change in speed
2. Change in direction

The Force has different effects, and here are some of them.

• Force can make a body that is at rest to move.


• It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
• It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
• It can also change the direction of a moving body along with its shape and size.

(b) Formula of force:


The quantity of force is expressed by the vector product of mass (m) and acceleration (a). The
equation or the formula for force can mathematically be expressed in the form of:
Where,

F= m.a
• m = mass
• a = acceleration
It is articulated in Newton (N) or Kgm/s2.
Acceleration a is given by
a = v/t
Where

• v = velocity
• t = time taken
So Force can be articulated as:
F = mv/t
Inertia formula is termed as p = mv which can also be articulated as Momentum.
Therefore, Force can be articulated as the rate of change of momentum.
F = p/t = dp/dt
Force formulas are beneficial in finding out the force, mass, acceleration, momentum,
velocity in any given problem.
(c) Types of forces
Force is a physical cause that can change an object’s state of motion or dimensions. There are
two types of forces based on their applications:

1. Contact Force
2. Non-Contact Force

Forces that act on a body either directly or through a medium are called contact forces.

Examples of contact forces are:

• Muscular Force
• Mechanical Force
• Frictional Force
We can use the muscular force of animals like bullocks, horses, and camels to get the activities
done. The frictional force is another type of contact force, which acts between a pair of a
surface in contact and tends to oppose the motion of one surface over the other.

Forces that act through spaces without making direct contact with the body are called non-
contact forces.
Examples of non-contact forces are:

• Gravitational Force
• Electrostatic Force
• Magnetic Force
The force exerted by a magnet on other magnets is called magnetic force. Magnetic force and
electrostatic force act on an object from a distance. That’s the reason they are non-contact
forces. The strength of gravity is an attractive force that is exerted by the Earth on objects,
which makes them fall to the land. The weight of a body is the force that is pulled by the
earth towards the centre.
Q.1) How much net force is required to accelerate a 1000 kg car at 4.00 m/s2?
Solution:
Given,

• a = 4.00 m/s2
• m = 1000 kg
Therefore,
F = ma
= 1000 × 4
= 4000 N
Q.2) Aimee has a toy car mass of 2 kg. How much force should she apply to the car so
that it should travel with the acceleration of 8 m/s2?
Solution:
Known,

• m (Mass of toy car) = 2 Kg,


• a (Acceleration) = 8 m/s2
F is Force to be applied by Aimmee = m × a
= 2 Kg × 8 m/s2 = 16 Kgm/s2 = 16 N.
Q.3) A hammer having a mass of 1 kg going with a speed of 6 m/s hits a wall and comes
to rest in 0.1 sec. Compute the obstacle force that makes the hammer stop.
Solution:
Given,

• Mass of Hammer, m = 1 kg
• Initial Velocity, u = 6 m/s
• Final Velocity, v = 0 m/s
• Time Taken, t = 0.1 s
The acceleration is: a = (v – u)/t
Therefore, a = -60
m/s2
[-ve sign indicates retardation]
Thus, the retarding Force, F = ma = 1 × 60 = 60 N
(d) Line of action of force
The line along which a force acts on an object is called the force’s line of action. The point
where the force is acting on an object is called the point of application of the force. The force
which opposes the relative motion between the surfaces of two objects in contact and acts along
the surfaces is called the force of friction.
Galileo experimentally proved that objects that are in motion move with constant speed when
there is no force acting on it. He could note that when a sphere rolls down an inclined plane,
its speed increases because of the gravitational pull acting on it.
When all the forces acting on an object are balanced, the net force acting is zero. But, if all the
forces acting on a body result in an unbalanced force, then the unbalanced force can accelerate
the body, which means that a net force acting on a body can either change the magnitude of its
velocity or change the direction of its velocity. For example, when many forces act on a body,
and the body is found to be at rest, we can conclude that the net force acting on the body is
zero.
Example of forces
For all masses near the earth’s surface, the earth exerts a downward gravitational force which
is known as the weight of the mass and has a magnitude given by
W =mg
A taught string (a string “under tension”) exerts forces on the objects which are attached to
either end. The forces are directed inward along the length of the string.) Say the string has no
mass, and when it passes over any pulley, the pulley’s mass can also be ignored. In that case,
the magnitude of the string’s force on either end is the same and will usually be called T, the
string’s tension. A solid surface will exert forces on a mass which is in contact with it. In
general, the force from the surface will have a perpendicular (normal) component which is
called as normal force of the surface.
1.2 Motion

(a) Laws of motion:

(i) Newton's First Law of Motion


According to Newton's first law of motion (inertia), an object at rest will remain at rest, or an
object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, until an
outside force acts on it. For an aircraft to taxi or fly, a force must be applied to it. It would
remain at rest without an outside force. Once the aircraft is moving, another force must act on
it to bring it to a stop. It would continue in motion without an outside force. This willingness
of an object to remain at rest or to continue in motion is referred to as inertia.
(ii) Newton's Second Law of Motion
The second law of motion (force) states that if a object moving with uniform speed is acted
upon by an external force, the change of motion (acceleration) will be directly proportional to
the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved. The
motion will take place in the direction in which the force acts. Simply stated, this means that
an object being pushed by 10 kg of force will travel faster than it would if it were pushed by 5
kg of force. A heavier object will accelerate more slowly than a lighter object when an equal
force is applied.
F= m.a
In words, Newton’s Second Law tells us to add up the forces acting on a mass m; this sum,
 F (or, Fnet) is equal to the mass m times its acceleration a.
This is a vector relation; if we are working in two dimensions, this equation implies both of the
following:

F x = m.ax and F
y = m.a y

The units of force must be kg · m s2 , which is abbreviated 1 newton (N).


Thus: 1newton = 1N = 1kg·m s2
(iii) Newton's Third Law of Motion
The third law of motion (action and reaction) states that for every action (force) there is an
equal and opposite reaction (force). This law can be demonstrated with a balloon. If you inflate
a balloon with air and release it without securing the neck, as the air is expelled the balloon
moves in the opposite direction of the air rushing out of it.
Questions:
1.3 Deformation

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy