S 11 SCIEN Total Marks :

TE 1

* Cho T Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [

1. What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85g of NaCl(s) per 500mL?
(A) 4mol L–1 (B) 20mol L–1 (C) 0.2mol L–1 (D) 2mol L–1

An
–1
c. 0.2mol L

Explanation:

M= no. of moles of
solute Volime of
solution in L
5.85
58.5 0.1
=
0.5L = 0.5
= 0.2 mol L−1
2. One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to .
23
(A) 6.022 × 10 molecules of oxygen. (B) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen.
(C) 16g of oxygen. (D) 32g of oxygen.

An
23
a. 6.022 × 10 molecules of oxygen.
d. 32g of oxygen.
Explanation:
23
1 mole of O2 gas at STP = 6.022 × 10 molecules of O2 (Avogadro number) = 32g of
O2. Hence, 1 mole of oxygen gas is equal to molecular weight of oxygen as well as
Avogadro number.
3. Which of the following equations is unbalanced?
(A) 4Fe (s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s). (B) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s).
(C) P4(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s). (D) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g).
An
c. P4(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s).
Explanation:
The unbalanced equation is,
P4(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s)
It can be balanced as follows:
P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
4. Elements X, Y and Z have atomic numbers 5, 9 and 11 respectively. Which one forms an
anion?
(A) X (B) Y
(C) Z (D) Both B and C
An
b. Y
Explanation:
 Atomic number of X is 5 and electronic configuration is: 2, 3
Atomic number of Y is 9 and electronic configuration is: 2, 7
Atomic number of Z is 12 and electronic configuration is: 2, 8, 1
Y is one electron short of stable completely filled configuration and thus readily
accepts one electron to form an anion.
22
5. How many moles are present in 6.023 × 10 molecules of CO2?
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.01 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.02

An
c. 0.1
Explanation:

23
1 mole of CO2 contains 1 NA molecules. ( NA = 6.023 × 10 )
22
Moles present in given sample are: 6.023 × 10 ÷ NA = 0.1
6. 16g of oxygen has same number of molecules as in:
(A) 16g of CO (B) 28g of N2 (C) 14g of N2 (D) 1.0g of H2
An
c. 14g of N2
d. 1.0g of H2
Explanation:
Number of molecules of O2 in 16g of O2
16
=× 6.023 × 1023
3
0.5 × 6.023 × 1023
0.5 moles in present in 14g N2 and 1g H2, hence these samples will also have (0.5 ×
23
6,023 × 10 ) molecules.
Number of molecules of N2
= w × 6.023 × 1023
mol.wt.

14
=× 6.023 × 1023
2
= 0.5 × 6.023 × 1023
1
× 6.023 × 1023
Number of molecules of H2 =
2
23
= 0.5 × 6.023 × 10
7. Which of the following statements about a compound is incorrect?
(A) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different elements.
(B) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical methods of
separation.
(C) A compound retains the physical properties of its constituent elements.
(D) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound is fixed.
An
c. A compound retains the physical properties of its constituent elements.
Explanation:
 A compound does not retain the physical or chemical properties of its constituent
elements.
8. At same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number
of:
(A) Molecules (B) Electrons (C) Protons (D) Particles
An
a. Molecules
Explanation:
Avogadro's hypothesis: All gases containing equal moles if substance occupy the
same volume at the same temperature and pressure.
9. Which of the following is the best example to demonstrate the law of conservation of
mass?
(A) 12gm of carbon combines with 32gm of oxygen to form 44gm of CO 2.
(B) When 72gm of carbon is heated in a vacuum and no change in its mass takes place.
(C) The weight of a piece of platinum is the same before and after heating in air.
(D) None of these

An
2
a. 12gm of carbon combines with 32gm of oxygen to form 44gm of CO .

Explanation:
According to the law of conservation of mass:
The total mass of the reactant = the total mass of the product.
Mass of reactants = 12 + 32 = 44 i.e w(C) + w(oxygen)
Mass of products = 44 i.e. w(carbon dioxide)

10. The laws of chemical combination formed on the basis of:

(A) Dalton's atomic theory (B) Dalton's mass theory
(C) Both A and B (D) None of the above
An
a. Dalton's atomic theory
Explanation:
Before Dalton, the concept of the atom was not concrete. Dalton explained atoms
based on the laws of chemical combinations. When substances react, they do so by
following certain laws. These laws are called the laws of chemical combination.
These laws formed the basis of Dalton's atomic theory.

11. Which of the following terms are unitless?

(A) Molality. (B) Molarity.
(C) Mole fraction. (D) Mass percent.
An
c. Mole fraction.
d. Mass percent.
Explanation:
Mole fraction,
 nA Mole of component Total number
xA nA+n=B of moles (unitless)
Mass percentage Mass of component
Total mass
× 100(unitless)

23
12. Which term describes the mass of 6.022 × 10 representative particles?
(A) Molar mass. (B) Avogadro's number.
(C) Empirical formula. (D) Molecular formula.
An
a. Molar mass.
Explanation:
23
Molar mass of a compound describes the total mass of 6.023 × 10 atoms or
particles of the compound.
Ex: Molar mass of H2 = 2g
13. The percentage value of nitrogen in urea is about:
(A) 46 (B) 85 (C) 18 (D) 28
An
a. 46
Explanation:
The formula of urea is NH2CONH2
WN = 28
WC = 12
WO = 16
WH = 4
In 60g urea, WN = 28g
28
100g urea, WN is = × 100 = 46%
6
14. Which of the following statements is/ are correct regarding significant figures?
(A) All non-zero digits are significant.
(B) Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainty.
(C) Zero between two non-zero digits are significant.
(D) All of the above.
An
d. All of the above.
15. Dalton’s atomic theory was based on:
(A) Law of chemical combination. (B) Mass theory.
(C) Periodic table. (D) None of the above.
An
a. Law of chemical combination.
Explanation:
When substances react, they do so by following certain laws. These laws are called
the laws of chemical combination. Law of conservation of mass, the law of definite
proportions, the law of multiple proportions, Gay lussac's law of gaseous
volumes, Avogadro's law. These formed the basis of Dalton's atomic theory of matter.
16. Which of the following reactions is not correct according to the law of conservation of
mass.
(A) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

(B) C3H8(g) = O2(g) → CO2(g) = H2O(g)

(C) P4(s) = 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
(D) CH4(g) = 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
An

b. C3H8(g) = O2(g) → CO2(g) = H2O(g)

Explanation:
Since the reaction is not balanced, hence, mass of reactants and products are
different. It is against the law of conservation of mass.
17. Which of the following expression of concentration of a solution is independent of
temperature?
(A) Molarity (B) Normality (C) Formality (D) Molality
An
d. Molality
Explanation:
number of moles of
Molalit solute mass of solvent in
kilograms
Since mass is unaffected by the change in temperature, hence molality is
independent of temperature.
18. A solution is prepared by dissolving 5.64g of glucose in 60g of water. Calculate the mass
percent of glucose.
(A) 8.59% (B) 6.85% (C) 9.34% (D) 3.59%
An
a. 8.59%
Explanation:
mass of glucose mass of solutio
Mass percent of × 100

glucose =

= 5.64 × 100
(5
.6
4
+
6
0)
19. Avogadro's law finds an application in the determination of:
(A) Atomicity of gas. (B) Molecular weights of gases.
(C) Molecular formula of certain gaseous (D) All the above.
compoun.

An
b. Molecular weights of gases.
Explanation:
Avogadro's law finds an application in the determination of molecular weights of
gases.

* astatement of ( is follow by a statement of ( [

Choose the opti
1.
 Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of
one carbon-12 atom.
Reason (R): Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundunt isotope of carbon and has been
chosen as standard.
i. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
ii. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. Both A and R are false.

Ans. :
ii. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
1a mu = 1 × Mass of oneC12Atom∣C12
12 ∣
Isotope is considered as standard for defining the atomic and molecular mass.

2. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of

Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): The empirical mass of ethene is half of its molecular mass.
Reason (R): The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of
various atoms present in a compound.
i. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
ii. A is true but R is false.
iii. A is false but R is true.
iv. Both A and R are false.

An
i. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Molecular formula = n × (emprirical formula)

n= Molecular mass
Empirical formula
mass
Empirical formula of ethene = CH2 Empirical
formula mass of ethene = 14 amu
1
= molecular
× mass of ethwne
2
Emprical formula show that ethene has (C : H) 1 : 2
3. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): Significant figures for 0.200 is 3 where as for 200 it is 1.
Reason (R): Zero at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are not
on the right side of the decimal point.
i. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
ii. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
iii. A is true but R is false.
iv. Both A and R are false.
 Ans. :
iii. A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Significant figures for 0.200 = 3
Significant figure for 200 = 1
Zeros at the end of a number without decimal- point, may or may not be significant
depending on the accuracy of measurement.
4. Note: In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.
Assertion (A): Combustion of 16g of methane gives 18g of water.
Reason (R): In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.
i. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
ii. A is true but R is false.
iii. A is false but R is true.
iv. Both A and R are false.

Ans. :
iii. A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
CH4(g) + 202(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
16g of CH4 on complete combustion will give 36g of water

* Given consists questions marks each. [

1. Calculate the number of atoms in the following:
52g of He.
23
An 4g of He = 6.022 ×2310 atoms of He
6.022×10 ×52
∴52g of He = 4
atoms of He
24
= 7.8286 × 10 atoms of He.
12
2. What will be the mass of one C atom in g?
12 23
An 1mol of C atom = 6.022 × 10 atom = 12g
23
Thus, 6.022 × 10 atoms of 12C have mass = 12g
12 12
∴ 1 atom of C will have mass =
6.022×10
3
2

g = 1.9927 × 10−23g
3. In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following:
Number of moles of hydrogen atoms.

An 1 mole C2H6 contains six moles of H- atoms.

∴No. of moles of C- atoms in 3 moles of C 2H6.
=3×6
= 18
4. How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following
calculations?
 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215

An 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215

Since the least number of decimal places in each term is four, the number of significant
figures in the answer is also 4.
5. In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following:
Number of moles of carbon atoms.

An 1 mole C2H6 contains two moles of C- atoms.

∴No. of moles of C- atoms in 3 moles of C 2H6.
=2×3
=6
6. In a reaction
A + B2 → AB2
Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B.

An A limiting reagent determines the extent of a reaction.

It is the reactant which is the first to get consumed during a reaction, thereby causing the
reaction to stop and limiting the amount of products formed.
According to the given reaction, 1 atom of A reacts with 1 molecule of B.
Thus, 200 molecules of B will react with 200 atoms of A, thereby leaving 100 atoms of A
unused.
Hence, B is the limiting reagent.
7. Calculate the number of atoms of the following:
52 moles of Ar
23
An 1 mole of Ar = 6.022 × 10 atoms of Ar
23
∴ 52mol of Ar = 52 × 6.022 × 10 atoms of Ar
25
= 3.131 × 10 atoms of Ar
-1
8. Empirical formula of a compound X (molar mass 78g mol ) is CH. Write its molecular
formula.
C6H6
An
∴ n= Molar mass
Emiprical formula
mass
78g mol−1
=
13g mol−1 =6

M.F. = 6(E.F.) = 6(CH) = (C)6H6.

9. Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2.
Molecular mass of Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 × 40 + 2 × 31 + 8 × 16 = 310
An 3×40
Mass pre cent of Ca = × 100 = 38.71%
3
Mass per cent of P= 2×31
× 100 = 20% 3
Mass per cent of O =
8×16
× 100 = 41.29%
3
10. Calculate the number of molecules present in 22.0g of CO 2 [C = 12u, H = 14u]
Mass 22
Number of atoms =
An
=
1 Molar 4
=mole
2
1 mole of CO2 = 6.022 × 1023
1
mole of CO2
2
1 23
=×2 6.022 ×2310
= 3.011 × 10 molecules.

11. Calculate the percentage by mass of water in sodium carbonate crystals.

(Na2CO3.10H2O).

An
% of H O in Na CO310H2O
2 2
Total mass of H2O Molar mass
= × 100
180
% of CaCO3 = × 100 = 62.9%
2
12. How many atoms are present in 16g of ozone?

Number of moles of O3 = Mass of O3

An Molar mass of O3
16 1
= 4
=mole
3
23
Number of atoms in 1 mole of O3 = 3 × 6.022 × 10 atoms
1 3
Number of atoms in
mole of O3
= 3 × 6.022 × 1023 × 1
3
23
= 6.002 × 10 atoms.
* Given consists marks each.
questions [
1. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the
following chemical equation:
N2(g) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
3
Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 × 10 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00 ×
3
10 g of dihydrogen.

An Balancing the given chemical equation,

N2(g) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
From the equation, 1 mole (28g) of dinitrogen reacts with 3 mole (6g) of dihydrogen to give
2 mole (34g) of ammonia.
3 6g dihydrogen i.e.,
⇒ 2.00 × 10 g of × 2.00 × 103g
dinitrogen will react with
3
2
2.00 × 10 g of dinitrogen will react with 428.6g of dihydrogen.
Given,
3
Amount of dihydrogen = 1.00 × 10 g
Hence, N2 is the limiting reagent.
∴ 28g of N2 produces 34g of NH3.
Hence, mass of ammonia produced by 34g
× 2000g
2000g of N2 = 2
 = 2428.57g.
2. How are 0.50mol Na2CO3 and 0.50M Na2CO3 different?
Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (2 × 23) + 12.00 + (3 × 16)
An –1
= 106g mol
Now, 1 mole of Na2CO3 means 106g of Na2CO3.
106g
∴0.5mol of Na2CO3 = 1mole × 0.5mol Na2 CO3
= 53g Na2CO3
⇒ 0.50M of Na2CO3 = 0.50mol/L Na2CO3
Hence, 0.50mol of Na2CO3 is present in 1L of water or 53g of Na2CO3 is present in 1L of
water.
3. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a
–1
density, 1.41g mL and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.

An Mass percent of nitric acid in the sample = 69% [Given]

Thus, 100g of nitric acid contains 69g of nitric acid by mass.
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3).
–1
= {1 + 14 + 3(16)}g mol
= 1 + 14 + 48
–1
= 63g mol
∴ Number of moles in 69g of HNO3.

= 69g
63g mol−1
= 1.095 mol
Volume of 100g of nitric acid solution,
Mass of solution
=
density of solution

= 100g
1.41g
mL −1

= 70.92mL = 70.92 × 10−3L

Concentration of nitric acid,

= 1.095mole−3
70.92×10
L
= 15.44mol/L
∴ Concentration of nitric acid = 15.44mol/L.
4. A compound on analysis was found to contain C = 34.6%, H = 3.85%, and 0 =
61.55%. Calculate its empirical formula.
Calculation of the empirical formula.
An
Ele Percen Atomi Gram Molar ratio Simplest whole
m ta c atoms numbar ratio
e ge mass (Moles)
nl
C 34.6 1 34.6
= 2.88 =1 3
2 2.88
2.88
12
H 3.85 1 3.85 3.85
= = 1.335 4
4
3.85 or
1 2.88
3
O 61.65 1 3.85
61.55 = = 1.335 4
6 3.85
16 4
or
2.88
3
 ∴ The simplest whole number ratios of the different elements are: C : H : 0 :: 3 : 4 : 4 and
the empirical formula of the compound = C3H4O4.
5. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water, in which the mole fraction of
ethanol is 0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).

Mole fraction of C2H5OH

An = Number of
moles of
C2H5OH
Number of
moles of
solution
0.040 =
n
C2H5OH
n C2H5 OH+ n H2O
. . . . . (1)
Number of moles present in 1L water:
n 1
H2O =
0
0
0
g
1
8
g

m
o
l
−

n
H2O = 55.55mol
n
H2 O in equation (1),
Substituting the value of

n
C2H5OH
n = 0.040
C2H5OH+55.55
n
C2H5 OH = 0.040 nC2H5OH + (0.040)(55.55)
0.96 nC2H5OH = 2.222mol
n 2.222
C2H5OH = 0.96 m
n
C2H5OH = 2.314mol
∴ Molarity of solution
= 2.314mol
1L
= 2.314M
6. i. Calculate the mole fraction of water in a mixture of 15g water, 18g acetic acid
and 84g ethyl alcohol.
ii. Excess the following numbers to four significant figures.
3.607892
3
6.5869 × 10
iii. Write balanced chemical equation for the following:
KMnO4 + C2H4 + H2O → MnO2 +KOH+ (CH2OH)2

An
Mass of water
i. n(H2O) = Molar mass of water
= 15g = 0.84mol
18g mol−1

n(CH3COOH) =
= 78 60g mol−1
= 1.64mol

n(C2H5OH) = M
a
s
s

o
f
e
t
h
y
l
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
M
o
l
a
r

m
a
s
s

o
f

e
t
h
y
l
a
l
c
o
h
o
l
84g
= = 1.82mol
46g mol−1
So, Total number of moles in the solution,
ntotal = (0.84 + 1.82 + 1.64)mol = 4.30mol
n (H O)
2

Therefore, Xwater = ntotal

1.64
= 4.50
= 0.38
 Xacetic acid = n
(
C
H
3
C
O
O
H
)
n
t
o
t
a
l
0.84mol
=
4.30mol =
Xethyl alcohol = n

(
C
2

H
5

O
H

)
n
t
o
t
a
l

= 1.82mol = 0.42
4.30mol
ii.
3.608
6.578 103
iii. 2KMnO4 +3C2H4 + 4H2O → 2 MnO2 + 2KOH + 3(CH2OH)2
7. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO 2) with
aqueous hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s) → 2H2O(l) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0g of manganese dioxide?

1mol [55 + 2 × 16 = 87g] MnO2 reacts completely with 4mol [4 × 36.5 = 146g] of
An
HCl.
∴ 5.0g of MnO2 will react with
146g
= × 5.0g of HCl
8
= 8.4g of HCl
Hence, 8.4g of HCl will react completely with 5.0g of manganese dioxide.
8. An organometallic compound on analysis was found to contain, C = 64.4%, H = 5.5%
and Fe= 29.9%. Determine its empirical formula (At. mass of Fe = 56u).

Ele
An % Atomi Relative Simplest Simplest whole number
m c number of molar ratio molar Ratio
en mass moles
 t
64.4 5.36
C 6 1 = 5.36 = 1
4 2 12
0
10.1
.
0.53
4
5.50 5.50
H 5 1 = 5.50 = 1
. 1
0
10.4
5
0.53
0
29.9
F 2 5 = 0.53 0.53 =1 1
e 9 6 56 0.53

.
9
Therefore, empirical formula= C10H10Fe.
9. How many atoms are present in 1ml of NH3 at STP?
22400ml of NH3 contains = 4 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms
An
[∵ NH3 contains 4 atoms]
1ml of NH3
contains = 4×6.022×1023
22400
= 1.07 × 1020 atoms.
10. If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element, are in whole number
ratio.
 a. Is this statement true?
b. If yes, according to which law?
c. Give one example related to this law.

An
a. Yes, the statement is true.
b. According to law of multiple proportions.
c. Hydrogen and oxygen react to produce two compounds, water and hydrogen
peroxide. Masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of hydrogen are in
simple ratio.
H2 + 1
O2 → H 2 O
2
2g 16g 18g

* Case study questi [

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 5.
After having some idea about the terms atomsand molecules, it is appropriate here
tounderstand what do we mean by atomic andmolecular masses.One atomicmass unit
is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth of the mass of one carbon – 12
atom.Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a
molecule. It is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number
of its atoms and adding them together. Some substances, such as sodium chloride, do
not contain discrete molecules as their constituent units. In such compounds, positive
(sodium ion) and negative (chloride ion) entities are arranged in a three dimensional
structure. The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole
23
contains exactly 6.02214076× 10 elementary entities. This number is the fixed
numerical value of the Avogadro constant, N A , when expressed in the unit mol–1 and is
called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a
measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be
an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of
particles. It may be emphasised that the mole of a substance always contains the same
number of entities, no matter what the substance may be. In order to determine this
number precisely, the mass of a carbon–12 atom was determined by a mass
–23
spectrometer and found to be equal to 1.992648 × 10 g. Knowing that one mole of
carbon weighs 12 g, the number of atoms in it is equal to:
12 g /mol C-12 .
23 23
1.992648 × 10 g / C- 12 atom. = 6.0221367 × 10 atoms/mol.
The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass. the molar mass
in grams is numerically equal to atomic molecular/formula mass in u.An empirical
formula represents the simplestwhole number ratio of various atoms present ina
compound, whereas, the molecular formulashows the exact number of different types
ofatoms present in a molecule of a compound. If the mass per cent of variouselements
present in a compound is known, its empiricalformula can be determined. Molecular
formulacan further be obtained if the molar mass isknown.Many a time, reactions are
carried out with the Amounts of reactants that are different than The amounts as
required by a balanced chemical reaction. In such situations, one Reactant is in more
amount than the amount required by balanced chemical reaction. The reactant which is
present in the least amount Many a time, reactions are carried out with the
amounts of reactants that are different than the amounts as required by a balanced
chemical reaction. In such situations, one reactant is in more amount than the amount
required by balanced chemical reaction. The reactant which is present in the least
 amount gets consumed after sometime and after that further reaction does not take
place whatever be the amount of the other reactant. Hence, the reactant, which gets
consumed first, limits the amount of product formed and is, therefore, called the
limiting reagent.
i. One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-
twelfth of the mass of one …atom.
a. Hydrogen – 1
b. Carbon – 12
c. Oxygen -12
d. Chlorine – 35
ii. The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its..
a. Atomic mass
b. Molecular Weight
c. Molecular mass
d. Molar mass.
iii. … is the sum of atomic massesof the elements present in a molecule.
a. Atomic mass
b. Molecular Weight
c. Molecular mass
d. Molar mass.
iv. One mole contains exactly …elementary entities.
21
a. 02214076 × 10
22
b. 02214076 × 10
23
c. 6.02214076 × 10
24
d. 02214076 × 10
v. For which of the following compound , formula mass is preferred instead of
molecular mass?
a. NaCl
b. C2H6
c. N2
d. H2O

An
i. (b) Carbon – 12
ii. (d) Molar mass.
iii. (c) Molecular mass
23
iv. (c) 6.02214076 × 10
v. NaCl
2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from 1 to 5.
Chemistry is the science of molecules and theirtransformations. It is the science not so
much of the one hundred elements but of the infinite variety of molecules thatmay be
built from them. Chemistry plays a central role in science andis often intertwined with
other branches ofscience.to understand thebasic concepts of chemistry, which begin
withthe concept of matter. Let us start with thenature of matter. matter can exist in
threephysical states viz. solid, liquid and gas.Particles are held very close to each
otherin solids in an orderly fashion and there is notmuch freedom of movement. In
liquids, theparticles are close to each other but they canmove around. However, in
gases, the particlesare far apart as compared to those present insolid or liquid states
and their movement iseasy and fast. different states of matter exhibitthe following
characteristics:
1. Solids have definite volume and definiteshape.
 2. Liquids have definite volume but do nothave definite shape. They take the
shapeof the container in which they are placed.
3. Gases have neither definite volume nordefinite shape. They completely occupy
thespace in the container in which they are placed.
Matter can be classified as mixture or pure substance. A mixture may be homogeneous
or heterogeneous. Pure substances can further be classified into elements and
compounds. Particles of an element consist of only one type of atoms. These particles
may exist as atoms or molecules. When two or more atoms of different elements
combine together in a definite ratio, the molecule of a compound is obtained.
Every substance has unique or characteristic properties. These properties can be
classified into two categories — physical properties, such as colour, odour, melting
point, boiling point, density, etc., and chemical properties, like composition,
combustibility, ractivity with acids and bases, etc. Physical properties can be
measured or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the
substance. The measurement or observation of chemical properties requires a
chemical change to occur. Measurement of physical properties does not require
occurance of a chemical change.
i. Which of the following state of matter have definite volume but do not have
definite shape?
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Plasma
ii. Particles are held very close to each other in … in an orderly fashion and there
is not much freedom of movement.
a. Liquid
b. Gas
c. Solid
d. Plasma
iii. Particles of …. consist of only one type of atom.
a. Compound
b. Mixture
c. Element
d. All the above
iv. Water molecule comprises …hydrogen atoms and … oxygen atom.
a. One, two
b. Three, one
c. One, three
d. Two, one
v. Which of the following is not an example of Physical Properties of substance.?
a. Odour
b. Melting point
c. Density
d. Composition

An
i. (b) Liquid
ii. (c) Solid
iii. (c) Element
iv. (d) Two, one.
v. (d) Composition
3.
The uncertainty in the experimental or the calculated values is indicated by mentioning
the number of significant figures. Significant figures are meaningful digits which are
known with certainty plus one which is estimated or uncertain. The uncertainty is
indicated by writing the certain digits and the last uncertain digit. there are certain rules
for determining the Number of significant figures. These are Stated below:
All non-zero digits are significant. For Example in 285cm, there are three
Significant figures and in 0.25 mL, there are two significant figures.
Zeros preceding to first non-zero digit are not significant. such zero indicates
the position of decimal point. thus, 0.03 has one significant figure and 0.0052
has two significant figures.
Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. thus, 2.005 has four
Significant figures.
Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant, provided they are on the
right side of the decimal point. For example, 0.200 g has three significant
figures. But, if otherwise, the terminal zeros are not significant if there is no
decimal point.
Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same quantity.
However, accuracy is the agreement of a particular valueto the true value of the result.
LAWS OF CHEMICALCOMBINATIONS- The combination of elements to form compounds
is governed by the following five basic laws.
1. Law of Conservation of Mass-This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisierin
1789. He performed careful experimental studies for combustion reactions and
reached to the conclusion that in all physical andchemical changes, there is no
net change inmassduring the process. Hence, he reachedto the conclusion that
matter can neither becreated nor destroyed. This is called ‘Law ofConservation
of Mass’.
2. Law of Definite Proportions-This law was given by, a French chemist,
Joseph Proust. He stated that a given compound always contains exactly
the same proportion of elements by weight.
3. Law of Multiple Proportions-This law was proposed by John Dalton. According to
this law, if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the
masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element,
are in the ratio of small whole numbers. For example, hydrogen combines with
oxygen to form two compounds, namely, water and hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen + Oxygen→ Water
2g 16g 18g
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Hydrogen Peroxide
2g 32g 34g
Here, the masses of oxygen (i.e., 16 g and 32 g), which combine with a fixed mass
of hydrogen (2g) bear a simple ratio, i.e., 16:32 or 1:2.
4. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes-This law was given by Gay Lussac in
1808. Heobserved that when gases combine or are produced in a
chemicalreaction they do so in asimple ratio by volume,provided all gases are
at the same temperature and pressure.
5. Avogadro’s Law – In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of all gases
at the same temperature and pressure should contain equal number of
molecules.
 In 1808, Dalton published ‘A New System of Chemical Philosophy’, in which he proposed
the following :
1. Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element have identical properties, including identical
mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed
ratio.
4. Chemical reactions involve reorganisati on of atoms. These are neither created
nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
i. … refers to the closeness of variousmeasurements for the same quantity.
a. Accuracy
b. Reliability
c. Precision
d. Uncertainty
ii. Law of Conservation of mass was put forth by ….in 1789.
a. Joseph Proust
b. Antoine Lavoisier
c. Joseph Louis
d. Gay Lussac
iii. Which of the following number has twosignificant figures.
a. 0.0052
b. 052
c. 52
d. 0052
iv. … is the agreement of a particular valueto the true value of the result.
a. Accuracy
b. Reliability
c. Precision
d. Uncertainty
v. Law of Multiple Proportions proposed by....
a. Joseph Proust
b. Antoine Lavoisier
c. Joseph Louis
d. John Dalton

An
i. (c) Precision
ii. (b) Antoine Lavoisier
iii. (a) 0.0052
iv. (a) Accuracy
v. (d) John Dalton
4. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions from (i) to (v).
The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains,
but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. The experimental approach required
the introduction of a new unit for amount of substances, the mole, which remains
indispensable in modern chemical science. The mole is an amount unit similar to
familiar units like pair, dozen, gross, etc. It provides a specific measure of the number of
atoms or molecules in a bulk sample of matter. A mole is defined as the amount of
substance containing the same number of discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions,
etc.) as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12g. One Latin
connotation for the word “mole” is “large mass” or “bulk,” which is consistent with its
use as the name for this unit. The mole provides a link between an easily measured
macroscopic property, bulk mass, and an extremely important fundamental property,
number of atoms, molecules and so forth. The number of entities composing a mole
23
has been experimentally determined to be 6.02214179 × 10 .
23
6.02214179 × 10 , a fundamental constant named Avogadro’s number (NA ) or the
Avogadro constant in honor of Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. This constant is
properly reported with an explicit unit of “per mole,” a conveniently rounded version
23
being 6.022×10 /mol. Consistent with its definition as an amount unit, 1 mole of any
element contains the same number of atoms as 1 mole of any other element. The
masses of 1 mole of different elements, however, are different, since the masses of the
individual atoms are drastically different. The molar mass of an element (or compound)
is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that substance, a property expressed in units of
grams per mole (g/mol).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate
answer:
i. A sample of copper sulphate pentahydrate contains 8.64g of oxygen. How
many grams of Cu is present in the sample?
a. 0.952g
b. 3.816g
c. 3.782g
d. 8.64g
ii. A gas mixture contains 50% helium and 50% methane by volume. What is
the percent by \ weight of methane in the mixture?
a. 19.97%
b. 20.05%
c. 50%
d. 80.03%
iii. The mass of oxygen gas which occupies 5.6 litres at STP could be:
a. Gram atomic mass of oxygen
b. One fourth of the gram atomic mass of oxygen
c. Double the gram atomic mass of oxygen
d. Half of the gram atomic mass of oxygen
iv. What is the mass of one molecule of yellow phosphorus? (Atomic mass of
phosphorus = 30)
-22
a. 1.993 x 10 mg
-19
b. 1.993 x 10 mg
-20
c. 4.983 x 10 mg
-23
d. 4.983 x 10 mg
v. The number of moles of oxygen in 1L of air containing 21% oxygen by volume,
in standard conditions is:
a. 0.186 mol
b. 0.21 mol
c. 2.10 mol
d. 0.0093 mol

An
i. (b) 3.816g
ii. (d) 80.03%
iii. (b) Half of the gram atomic mass of oxygen.
-19
iv. (b) 1.993 x 10 mg
v. (d) 0.0093 mol
 * Given consists questions marks each. [
1. Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water, in which the mole fraction of
ethanol is 0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).

Mole fraction of C2H5OH

An = Number of
moles of
C2H5OH
Number of
moles of
solution
0.040 =
n
C2H5OH
n C2H5 OH+ n H2O
. . . . . (1)
Number of moles present in 1L water:
n 1
H2O =
0
0
0
g
1
8
g

m
o
l
−

n
H2O = 55.55mol
n
H2 O in equation (1),
Substituting the value of
 n
C2H5OH
n
C2H5OH+55.55
= 0.040
n
C2H5 OH = 0.040 nC2H5OH + (0.040)(55.55)
0.96 nC2H5OH = 2.222mol
n 2.222
C2H5OH = 0.96 m
n
C2H5OH = 2.314mol
∴ Molarity of solution
= 2.314mol
1L
= 2.314M
2. Express the following in the scientific notation:
i. 0.0048
ii. 234, 000
iii. 8008
iv. 500.0
v. 6.0012

Ans
.:
i. -3
0.0048 = 4.8 × 10
ii. 234, 000 = 2.34 ×
5
10
iii. 3
8008 = 8.008 × 10
iv. 2
500.0 = 5.000 × 10
v. 6.0012 = 6.0012 ×
0
10
3. Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl 2 and CO2 according to the
reaction, CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25mL of 0.75M HCl?
0.75M of HCl ≡ 0.75mol of HCl are present in 1L of water
An
–1
≡ [(0.75mol) × (36.5g mol )] HCl is present in 1L of water
≡ 27.375g of HCl is present in 1L of water
Thus, 1000mL of solution contains 27.375g of HCl.
∴ Amount of HCl present in 25mL of solution
27.375g
=
1000mL×
= 0.6844g
From the given chemical equation,
 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
2mol of HCl (2 × 36.5 = 73g) react with 1 mol of CaCO 3 (100g).
∴ Amount of CaCO3 that will react with 0.6844g,
= 100/73 × 0.684410073 × 0.6844
= 0.9375g
4. Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron, which has 69.9% iron and 30.1%
dioxygen by mass.
Percent of Fe by mass = 69.9% [As given
An
above] Percent of O2 by mass = 30.1% [As given
above] Relative moles of Fe in iron oxide:
percent of iron by
=mass
of iron
Atomic mass

69.9
=
55.85
= 1.25
Relative moles of O in iron oxide:
= percent of oxygen by
mass Atomic mass of
oxygen
30.1
=
16.00
= 1.88
Simplest molar ratio of Fe to O:
= 1.25 : 1.88
= 1 : 1.5
=2:3
Therefore, empirical formula of iron oxide is Fe 2O3.
5. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in
oxygen gives 3.38g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of
10.0L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6g. Calculate.
i. Empirical formula.
ii. Molar mass of the gas.
iii. Molecular formula.

Amount of carbon in 3.38g CO2 = 12

× 3.38g = 0.9218g
An 4
2
Amount of hydrogen in 0.690g H2 O = × 0.690g = 0.0767g
1
As compound only C and H,
Therefore, total mass of the compound,
= 0.9218 +0.0767g = 0.9985g

% of C in the compound = 0.9218

× 100 = 92.32 0.9
% of H in the compound = 0.0767
× 100 = 7.68
Calculation of Empirical Formula. 0.9

Elem % Atomi Moles of the Simplest Simplest whole no.

e by c element molar molar ratio
nt ma mass ratio
ss
C 92.3 1 1 1
92.32 =
2 2 7.69
12
 H 7.68 1 7.68
= 1 1
7.68
1
∴ Empirical formula = CH
10.0L of the gas at STP weight = 11.6g
11.6
∴ 22.4L of the gas at S.T.P. will weight = × 22.4 = 25.984g ≈ 26g
1

-1
∴Moral mass = 26g mol
Emprirical formula mass of CH = 12 + 1 = 13
∴ Molecular mass
n E.F. mass
∴ Molecular formula = 2 × CH = C2H2

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