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Worksheet Name: Probability Standard: 12th Science Subject: Mathematics

Student Name: Section: Roll No.:
Questions: 76

Q1. If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A ∪ B) = 0.6, then find P(B ′
∩ A).

Q2. Three friends A, B and C got their photograph clicked. Find the probability that B is standing at the central position, given that
A is standing at the left corner.
Q3. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.5 and P(B|A) = 0.4, find A ∪ B and P(A|B).
Q4. If A and B are independent events with P(A) = 3

7
and P(B) = 2

5
, then find P(A ′
∩ B ).
′

Q5. Probabilities of A and B solving a specific problem are 2

3
and 3

5
respectively. If both of them try independently to solve the
problem, then find the probability that the problem is solved.
Q6. The probabilities of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are 1

3
and
1

5
respectively. If both try to solve the
problem independently, find the probability that the problem is solved.
Q7. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately till one of them gets the sum of the numbers as multiples of 6 and wins the game. If
A starts first, find the probability of B winning the game.
Q8. If P(not A) = 0.7, P(B) = 0.7 and P( B
) = 0.5, then find P( A
).
A B

Q9. Find [P( B

) + P(
A
)], if P(A) =
3
, P(B) =
2
and P(A ∪ B) =
3
.
A B 10 5 5

Q10.A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining the sum 8, given that the red die
resulted in a number less than 4.
Q11.Prove that if E and F are independent events, then the events E and F' are also independent.
Q12.Given two independent events A and B such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.6, find P(A ′
∩ B )
′

Q13.A purse contains 3 silver and 6 copper coins and a second purse contains 4 silver and 3 copper coins. If a coin is drawn at
random from one of the two purses, find the probability that it is a silver coin.
Q14.Mother, father and son line up at random for a family photo. If A and B are two events given by A = Son on one end, B =
Father in the middle, find P(
B
).
A

Q15.A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4, 5, 6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event “number is even” and B be the event “number is
marked red”. Find whether the events A and B are independent or not.
Q16.Events A and B are, such that P(A) = , P(B) = and (A ∪ B) =
1 7 ¯
¯¯¯ ¯
¯¯¯ 1

2 12 4

Find whether the rie Aand B are independent or not.

Q17.The probability that A hits the target is and the probability that B hits it, is
1

3
2

5
If both try to hit the target independently, find
the probability that the target is hit.
Q18.The probability of two students A and B coming to school on time are and , respectively. Assuming that the events ‘A
2

7
4

coming on time’ and ‘B coming on time’ are independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to school on time.
Q19.A pair of dice is thrown and the sum of the numbers appearing on the dice is observed to be 7. Find the probability that the
number 5 has appeared on atleast one die.
Q20.Out of 8 outstanding students of a school, in which there are 3 boys and 5 girls, a team of 4 students is to be selected for a
quiz competition. Find the probability that 2 boys and 2 girls are selected.
Q21.An urn contains 4 red and 7 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability of getting:
1. 2 red balls.
2. 2 blue balls.
3. One red and one blue ball.
Q22.Two dice are rolled once. Find the probability that:
1. the numbers on two dice are different.
2. the total of numbers on the two dice is at least.
Q23.E and F are two independent events such that P(ā) = 0 ⋅ 6 and P(E ∪ F) = 0 ⋅ 6 Find P(F) and P(Ē ∪ F̄ ).

Q24.A and B are independent events such that P(A ∩ B̄) = 1

4
and P(A
¯
∩ B) =
1

6
. Find P(A) and P(B).
Q25.The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 3

7
respectively. Assuming that the events,
and
5

‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to the school in
time. Write at least one advantage of coming to school in time.
Q26.There are two bags A and B. Bag A contains 3 white and 4 red balls whereas bag B contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Three
balls are drawn at random (without replacement) from one of the bags and are found to be two white and one red. Find the
probability that these were drawn from bag B.
Q27.A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From the remaining cards, 2 cards are drawn at random without replacment,
and are found to be both aces. Find the Probability that lost card being an ace.
Q28.Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a family has two children, what is the conditional
probability that both are girls? Given that
1. The youngest is a girl.
2. Atleast one is a girl.
Q29.This section comprises 3 case study based questions of 4 marks each.
There are different types of Yoga which involve the usage of different poses of Yoga Asanas, Meditation and Pranayam as
shown in the figure below:

The Venn diagram below represents the probabilities of three different types of Yoga, A, B and C performed by the people of
a society. Further, it is given that probability of a member performing type C Yoga is 0.44.

On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions:

1. Find the value of x.
2. Find the value of y.
3. Find P( ).
C

OR
3. Find the probability that a randomly selected person of the society does Yoga of type A or B but not C.
Q30.12 cards, numbered 1 to 12, are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then a card is drawn at random from the box. If it
is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, find the probability that it is an even number.
Q31.In a factory, machine A produces 30% of total output, machine B produces 25% and the machine C produces the remaining
output. The defective items produced by machines A, B and C are 1%, 1.2%, 2% respectively. An item is picked at random
from a day's output and found to be defective. Find the probability that it was produced by machine B?
Q32.Probabilities of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are and respectively. If both try to solve the problem
1

2
1

independently, find the probability that(i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
Q33.
 Of the students in a school, it is known that 30% have 100% attendanceand 70% students are irregular. Previous year results
report that 70% of all students who have 100% attendance attain A grade and 10% irregular students attain A grade in their
annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the school and he was found to have an A
grade. What is the probability that the student has 100% attendance? Is regularity required only in school? Justify your
answer.
Q34.Often it is taken that a truthful person commands, more respect in the society. A man is known to speak the truth 4 out of 5
times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
Do you also agree that the value of truthfulness leads to more respect in the society?
Q35.Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of manager in a private company. 4 Chances oftheir selection are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 4.
The probability that A, B and C can introduce changes to increase the profits of a company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively.
Ifincrease in the profit does not take place, find the probability that it is due to the appointment of A.
Q36.In a game of Archery, each ring of the Archery target is valued. The centremost ring is worth 10 points and rest of the rings
are allotted points 9 to 1 in sequential order moving outwards. Archer A is likely to earn 10 points with a probability of 0 - 8
and Archer B is likely the earn 10 points with a probability of 0-9.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions : If both of them hit the Archery target, then find the
probability that
1. exactly one of them earns 10 points.
2. both of them earn 10 points.
Q37.Case Study
According to recent research, air turbulence has increased in various regions around the world due to climate change.
Turbulence makes flights bumpy and often delays the flights. Assume that, an airplane observes severe turbulence, moderate
turbulence or light turbulence with equal probabilities. Further, the chance of an airplane reaching late to the destination are
55%, 37% and 17% due to severe, moderate and light turbulence respectively.

On the basis of the above information, answer the following questions:

1. Find the probability that an airplane reached its destination late.
2. If the airplane reached its destination late, find the probability that it was due to moderate turbulence.
Q38.A family has 2 children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is known that.
1. at least one of the children is a boy,
2. the elder child is a boy.
Q39.In a shop X, 30 tins of pure ghee and 40 tins of adulterated ghee which look alike, are kept for sale while in shop Y, similar 50
tins of pure ghee and 60 tins of adulterated ghee are there. One tin of ghee is purchased from one of the randomly selected
shops and is found to be adulterated. Find the probability that it is purchased from shop Y. What measures should be taken
to stop adulteration?
Q40.A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of obtaining the third six in the sixth throw
of the die.
Q41.A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2, A3. They are sold in the form of a mixture, where the proportions of
these seeds are 4 : 4 : 2, respectively. The germination rates of the three types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35% respectively.
Based on the above information:
1. Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen seed will germinate;
2. Calculate the probability that the seed is of type A2, given that a randomly chosen seed germinates.
Q42.A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are random (without replacement) and are found to be white. What is the probability that
all balls in the bag are white?
Q43.
 There are two bags, I and II. Bag I contains 3 red and 5 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 3 black balls. One ball is
transferredrandomly from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn randomly from Bag II. If the ball so drawn is found to be
black in colour, then find the probability that the transferred ball is also black.
Q44.A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls. A die is thrown. If 1 or 2 appears on it,
then bag A is chosen, otherwise bag B. If two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) from the selected bag, find
the probability of one of them being red and another black.
Q45.Three persons A, B and C apply for a job of Manager in a Private Company. Chances of their selection (A, B and C) are in the
ratio 1 : 2 : 4. The probabilities that A, B and C can introduce changes to improve profits of the company are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3
respectively. If the change does not take place, find the probability that it is due to the appointment of C.
Q46.In a game, a man wins ₹ 5 for getting a number greater than 4 and loses ₹ 1 otherwise, when a fair die is thrown. The man
decided to throw a die three but to quit as and when he gets a number greater than 4. Find the expected value of the
amount he wins/loses.
Q47.The probability distribution of a random variable X, where k is a constant is given below:
⎧ 0.1, if x = 0
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2
kx , if x = 1
P(X = x) = ⎨
⎪ kx, if x = 2 or 3
⎪
⎩
⎪
0, otherwise

Determine
1. The value of k
2. P(x ≤ 2)
3. Mean of the variable X.
Q48.A and B throw a pair of dice alternately, till one of them gets a total of 10 and wins the games. Find their respective
probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
Q49.A random variable X has the following probability distribution:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 K 2K 2K 3K K2 2K2 7K2 + K
Determine:
1. K.
2. P(X < 3).
3. P(X > 6).
4. P(0 < X < 3).
Q50.A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game if he gets a total of 7 and B wins the game if he gets a total of 10. If
A starts the game, then find the probability that B wins.
Q51.If A and B are independent events such that P(A) = p, P(B) = 2p and P(Exactly one of A and B occurs) = 5

9
, then find the value
or p.
Q52.There are three categories of students in a class of 60 students:
A : Very hardworking
B : Regular but not so hardworking
C : Careless and irregular 10 students are in category A, 30 in category B and the rest in category C.
It is found that the probability of students of category A, unable to get good marks in the final year examination is 0.002, of
category B it is 0.02 and of category C, this probability is 0.20. A student selected at random was found to be one who could
not get good marks in the examination. Find the probability that this student is category C.
Q53.A pair of dice is thrown. Let E be the event that the sum is greater than or equal to 10 and F be the event "5 appears on the
first-die". Find P( E

F
) . If F is the event "5 appears on at least one die", find P( E

F
) .

Q54.A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’ and B be the event ‘3 on the die’.
Check whether A and B are independent events or not.
Q55.An urn contains 4 red and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability of getting,
1. 2 red balls,
2. 2 blue balls,
3. One red and one blue ball.
Q56.Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture. If A and B are two events given by A = Son on one end, B =
Father in the middle, find P (A/B) and P (B/A).
Q57.
 Three urns A, B and C contain 6 red and 4 white; 2 red and 6 white; and 1 red and 5 white balls respectively. An urn is chosen
at random and a ball is drawn. If the ball drawn is found to be red, find the probability that the ball was drawn from urn A.
Q58.A bag A contains 5 white and 6 black balls. Another bag B contains 4 white and 3 black balls. A ball is transferred from
bag A to the bag B and then a ball is taken out of the second bag. Find the probability of this ball being black.
Q59.A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 9 white and 7 black balls. A ball is transferred from the first
bag to the second and then a ball is drawn at random from the second bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white.
Q60.A and B are two events such that P(A) = 1

2
, P(B) =
1

3
and P(A ∩ B) = 1

4
. Find:
1. P( A

B
)

2. P(
B
)
A

3. P( A

B
)

4. P( A

B
′
)

Q61.The contents of three urns are as follows:

Urn 1 : 7 white, 3 black balls,
Urn 2 : 4 white, 6 black balls,
Urn 3 : 2 white, 8 black balls.
One of these urns is chosen at random with probabilities 0.20, 0.60 and 0.20 respectively. From the chosen urn two balls are
drawn at random without replacement. If both these balls are white, what is the probability that these came from urn 3?
Q62.Suppose that 6% of the people with blood group O are left handed and 10% of those with other blood groups are left handed
30% of the people have blood group O. If a left handed person is selected at random, what is the probability that he/she will
have blood group O?
Q63.Two dice are thrown together and the total score is noted. The events E, F and G are ‘a total of 4’, ‘a total of 9 or more’, and ‘a
total divisible by 5’, respectively. Calculate P(E), P(F) and P(G) and decide which pairs of events, if any, are independent.
Q64.Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin 3 times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or
4 she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is
the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
Q65.A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1% of defective items, whereas the
other two operators B and C produces 5% and 7% defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B on the
job 30% of the time and C on the job for 20% of the time. All the items are put into one stockpile and then one item is
chosen at random from this and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it was produced by A?
Q66.A bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls, a second bag contains 3 red and 6 black balls. One of the two bags is selected at
random and two balls are drawn at random (without replacement) both of which are found to be red. Find the probability
that the balls are drawn from the second bag.
Q67.Given three identical boxes I, II and III each containing two coins. In box I, both coins are gold coins, in box II, both are silver
coins and in box III, there is one gold and one silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is
of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold?
Q68.A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are drawn randomly one-by-one
without replacement and are found to be both kings. Find the probability of the lost card being a king.
Q69.A, B and C throw a pair of dice in that order alternately till one of them gets a total of 9 and wins the game. Find their
respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first.
Q70.In a hockey match, both teams A and B scored same number of goals up to the end of the game, so to decide the winner, the
referee asked both the captains to throw a die alternately and decided that the team, whose captain gets a six first, will be
declared the winner. If the captain of team A was asked to start, find their respective probabilities of winning the match and
state whether the decision of the referee was fair or not.
Q71.Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40%. Assuming that a meditation and yoga course reduces the
risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of certain drug reduces its chance by 25%. At a time a patient can choose any
one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is given that after going through one of the two options, the patient
selected at random suffers a heart attack. Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and yoga.
Interpret the result and state which of the above stated methods is more beneficial for the patient.
Q72.Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. Agrey haired person is selected at random.What is the probability of
this person being male? Assume that there are equal number of males and females.
Q73.If A and B are two independent events such that P(A ∩ B) =
¯¯
¯¯¯¯
2
¯
¯¯
and P(A ∩ B) =
¯
¯¯
1
, then find P(A) and P(B).
15 6
Q74.Three persons A, B, C throw a die in succession till one gets a 'six' and wins the game. Find their respective probabilities of
winning.
Q75.A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2 and A3. They are sold as a mixture where the proportions are 4 : 4 : 2
respectively. The germination rates of the three types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35%. Calculate the probability:
1. Of a randomly chosen seed to germinate.
2. That it will not germinate given that the seed is of type A3.
3. That it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate.
Q76.The contents of urns I, II, III are as follows:
Urn I : 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls
Urn II : 2 white, 1 black and 1 red balls
Urn III : 4 white, 5 black and 3 red balls.
One urn is chosen at random and two balls are drawn. They happen to be white and red. What is the probability that they
come from Urns I, II, III?