Chapter 1

Operating System
Bubble chart of Functions of operating system

Bubble chart of states of process

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 Bubble chart of types of operating system
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 Topic wise Mcqs
1. The development of operating system has started since_________

a) 1950s b) 1980s c) 1970s d) 1990s

2. DOS is the abbreviation for_______

a) Disk operating system b) double operating system c) Doctor of system d) none of these
3. RD command used for_____

a) removes a directory b) renames a file c) creates a new directory d) none of these

4. The first windows operating system_______ was launched on November 20,1985

a) window 1.0 b) window 2.0 c) window 3.0 d) window 4.0

5. Window 8 was released on ________

a) October 2012 b) October 2014 c) October 2015 d) march 2012

6. Window 7 was released on __________

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 a) October 2009 b) October 2014 c) October 2015 d) march 2012
7. Unix was first developed in ________

a) assembly language b) high level language c) low level language d) none

8. GNU/Linux is the example of______

a) Unix b) Mac c) windows d) all of these

9. _____ management is that function of OS in which it deals with running multiple processes on a single computer

a) Memory b) Process c) File management d) Network

10 The Data store in secondary storage is accessed in ___________

.
a) Primary storage b) drive c) CD d) memory

11 On ________Apple computers manufactured first Macintosh personal computer

.
a) March 24,1950 b) March 24,1980 c) jan 24,1984 d) March 14,1950
12 In storage each location has an ________
.
a) number b) variable c) address d) all of these

13 __________ means that the process actually using the CPU at that particular time
.
a) new state b) Running state c) Blocked state d) Ready state

14 Mac OS has _______ versions

.
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 10

15 All the jobs are stored in _______

.
a) job queues b) interrupt queues c) Multiprocessing d) None of these

16 A Process is said to be in _______ if it is waiting for some external event which has not yet been occurred.
.
a) start state b) ready state c) blocked state d) terminating state

17 Multiprogramming requires ______since several programs sequentially share the CPU.

.
a) context switching b) short time c) Call line interaction d) none

18 The most recently launched operating system of Microsoft is:

.

a) Windows 98 b) Windows 8 c) Windows 11 d) Windows NT

19 Which type of software enables you to solve specific problems or perform specifictasks?
.

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 a) System software b) Operating system c) Utility software d) Application software

20 A _______ is an OS that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to user as single
. computer.

a) Real time OS b) multiprocessor OS c) Parallel processing OS d) distributed OS

21 When you delete a file in your computer, where does it go?

.
a) Recycle bin b) hard disk c) Task bar d) None of these
22 Time sharing OS have a ____ slices given to each process.
.

a) short time b) no time c) long time d) none

23 In multitasking OS there is ____ slice assigned to each process.

.
a) short time b) no time c) long time d) none

24 _______ are those operating systems which give quick response to users request without any delay.
.
a) Real time OS b) multiprocessor OS c) Parallel processing OS d) distributed OS

25 In _______ multiprocessing systems, all the CPU’s controlling equal

.
a) Asymmetric b) symmetric c) multiprocessing d) none

26 __________ is used for problems which need many calculations simultaneously.

.
a) parallel computing b) distributed computing c) no processor d) both a and b

27 In _________ OS, if the deadlines are missed by some amount of time still they are acceptable.
.
a) soft-real time b) hard-real time c) symmetric d) Asymmetric

28 Security and privacy is an issue in _______

.
a) Batch Processing system b) multiprocessor OS c) Real time OS d) distributed OS

29 Parallel processing can be achieved at different levels such as,_______

.
a) bit level b) instruction level c) data level d) all of these

30 Network management is the________ of operating system.

.
a) function b) type c) component d) all of these

SLO based questions.

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Q1.How does a real-time operating system (RTOS) ensure timely processing of tasks in a robotics
application?

Answer: An RTOS prioritizes tasks based on urgency and deadlines, using scheduling algorithms that
guarantee high-priority tasks are executed within a defined time frame. This is crucial for robotics, where
timely responses to sensor data can be the difference between success and failure.

Question:2

In a multi-user environment, how does an operating system manage resource allocation to ensure fair
access for all users?

Answer: The OS employs process scheduling algorithms to manage CPU time and employs mechanisms like
quotas or priority levels to manage memory and I/O resources. This prevents resource starvation and
ensures that all users can perform tasks without significant delays..

Question:3

In what ways does an embedded operating system differ from a desktop operating system in terms of
design and functionality?

Answer: An embedded OS is designed for specific hardware and applications, prioritizing efficiency and low
resource usage, while a desktop OS is general-purpose with a broader range of functionalities. Embedded
systems often have real-time constraints, while desktop OSs focus on user interface and multitasking
capabilities.

Question:4

How can an operating system enhance security in a multi-tasking environment?

Answer: The OS enhances security by implementing user authentication, access controls, and process
isolation. By ensuring that processes operate in their own memory space and cannot interfere with each
other, it minimizes the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches.

Question:5

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Describe how a mobile operating system manages power consumption differently from a traditional
desktop operating system.

Answer: Mobile operating systems employ strategies like aggressive power-saving modes, dynamic
frequency scaling, and app lifecycle management to reduce power consumption. Unlike desktop OSs, which
prioritize performance, mobile OSs are optimized for battery life and efficient resource use to extend device
usability.

Question: 6

How does the choice of operating system affect software compatibility in a development environment?

Answer: Different operating systems have distinct APIs, libraries, and system calls, which can lead to
compatibility issues. Developers must consider the target OS's architecture and supported languages when
creating software to ensure it functions correctly across platforms.

Question: 7

How does a distributed operating system enhance the performance and reliability of applications
compared to a centralized operating system?

Answer: A distributed OS allows multiple computers to work together as a single coherent system,
providing greater processing power and redundancy. By distributing tasks across various nodes, it can
balance loads, provide fault tolerance, and improve reliability, making it ideal for applications requiring high
availability and scalability

Question: How does Windows manage user accounts and what features support user security in a multi-
user environment?

Answer: Windows uses User Account Control (UAC) to manage permissions, allowing users to operate with
standard privileges while elevating rights for administrative tasks when needed. Features like password
policies, account lockout, and BitLocker encryption enhance security in a multi-user setup.

Question: In what ways does macOS leverage its UNIX-based architecture for application development
and system stability?

Answer: macOS provides a robust UNIX environment that supports POSIX-compliant applications, making it
easier for developers to create cross-platform software. Its stability comes from features like process
isolation and efficient memory management inherent in UNIX systems, reducing system crashes.

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Question: How does Linux's open-source nature benefit enterprises compared to proprietary operating
systems like Windows?

Answer: Linux's open-source nature allows enterprises to customize the OS to fit their specific needs,
reducing licensing costs and increasing flexibility. Additionally, the active community provides regular
updates and security patches, which can enhance reliability and security without vendor lock-in.

Question: What advantages does Android offer for mobile application development compared to iOS?

Answer: Android's open-source framework allows for greater customization and access to a wider range of
hardware, encouraging diverse app development. Additionally, its larger market share enables developers
to reach a broader audience, although they must also consider the fragmentation across different device
manufacturers.

Question: How does the file system used by Windows affect data management and retrieval
performance?

Answer: Windows primarily uses NTFS, which supports large file sizes, file permissions, and journaling for
data integrity. These features enhance performance in data retrieval and management, especially for
applications requiring quick access to large datasets, while also providing robust security and recovery
options.

Question: In what ways does the user interface design of macOS contribute to productivity for creative
professionals?

Answer: macOS features a streamlined, intuitive user interface with tools like Mission Control and Split
View, allowing users to manage multiple applications effectively. Its seamless integration with creative
software (like Final Cut Pro and Logic Pro) enhances workflow efficiency for professionals in design, audio,
and video production.

Question: How does the command-line interface in Linux provide advantages for system administrators
compared to graphical user interfaces?

Answer: The command-line interface (CLI) in Linux allows for faster execution of tasks, automation through
scripting, and the ability to perform complex operations that may not be easily accessible via a graphical
user interface (GUI). This efficiency is crucial for system administrators managing servers and networks.
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Question: What role does virtualization play in Windows Server environments, and how does it enhance
resource management?

Answer: Windows Server includes Hyper-V, a built-in virtualization platform that allows multiple virtual
machines to run on a single physical server. This enhances resource management by improving hardware
utilization, enabling easy scalability, and simplifying backup and disaster recovery processes.

Question: How does the use of package managers in Linux distributions streamline software installation
and updates?

Answer: Package managers automate the process of installing, updating, and removing software by
resolving dependencies and fetching the latest versions from repositories. This simplifies software
management for users, ensuring that their systems remain up-to-date and reducing the risk of compatibility
issues.

Question: In what way does the integration of cloud services in Windows 10 enhance user experience and
data accessibility?

Answer: Windows 10 integrates seamlessly with cloud services like OneDrive, enabling users to store and
access files from anywhere. This enhances collaboration, as files can be easily shared and edited in real-
time. It also ensures data backup and recovery options, improving overall user experience and security.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN `MULTIPROGRAMMING AND MULTTHREADING

Multiprogramming
Definition: Multiprogramming is the ability of an operating system to execute multiple programs
simultaneously. The OS manages multiple processes in memory, switching between them to maximize CPU
usage.

Process Level: It involves multiple processes, where each process has its own memory space and resources.

Context Switching: The OS performs context switching between processes, which involves saving and
loading process states, and can be relatively expensive in terms of performance.

Resource Allocation: Each process has its own resources (e.g., memory, file handles). The OS allocates
these resources to ensure that processes do not interfere with each other.

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Overhead: There is generally more overhead in terms of memory and CPU time due to managing multiple
processes and their states.

Multithreading
Definition: Multithreading is the ability of a program to execute multiple threads concurrently. Threads are
lightweight and share the same memory space within a single process.

Thread Level: It operates at the thread level, allowing multiple threads within a single process to run
concurrently.

Context Switching: Context switching between threads is generally faster and less resource-intensive than
switching between processes, as threads share the same memory and resources.

Resource Sharing: Threads within the same process can easily share data and resources, making
communication between them more efficient.

Overhead: There’s typically less overhead involved compared to multiprogramming, making multithreading
more efficient for tasks that require frequent communication or data sharing.

Define types of operating system

1. Batch Operating Systems

 Description: Processes are collected in batches and executed sequentially without user
interaction.
 Example: Early mainframe systems like IBM's OS/360.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

 Description: Multiple users can access the system simultaneously through time-sharing. The
CPU time is divided among active users.
 Example: UNIX, Linux.

3. Distributed Operating Systems

 Description: Manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to users as a
single coherent system.
 Example: Google’s Android, Microsoft Windows Server.

4. Network Operating Systems

 Description: Provides services to computers connected over a network, enabling resource

sharing (like files and printers).
 Example: Novell NetWare, Windows Server.

5. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

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  Description: Designed to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in,
typically without buffer delays.
 Example: VxWorks, RTEMS.

6. Embedded Operating Systems

 Description: Designed to operate on embedded systems with limited resources and specific
functions.
 Example: FreeRTOS, embedded Linux.

7. Mobile Operating Systems

 Description: Specifically designed for mobile devices, focusing on touch interfaces and
mobile connectivity.
 Example: Android, iOS.

8. Multitasking Operating Systems

 Description: Allow multiple processes to run concurrently, switching between them to give
the appearance of simultaneous execution.
 Example: Windows, macOS.

9. Single-user and Multi-user Operating Systems

 Single-user: Designed for one user at a time (e.g., most desktop OS like Windows and
macOS).
 Multi-user: Allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously (e.g., UNIX, Linux).

10. Graphical User Interface (GUI) vs. Command-Line Interface (CLI)

 GUI: Uses graphical elements for user interaction (e.g., Windows, macOS).
 CLI: Requires text-based commands (e.g., Linux terminal, DOS).

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 Computer Science F.Sc-II
Unit-2

System Development Life Cycle

Q.1 Fill in the blanks.

i. The requirements which define the function of a software system are called
functional
requirements.
ii. All the activities that make a software system available for use is known as
software deployment.
iii. The person who is familiar with a variety of programming languages,
operating systems and computer hardware is known as system analyst.
iv. A software tester is basically a programmer having a specialty in testing the
computer programs.
v. A project manager is a professional in the field of project
management.

Q.2 Select the correct choice for the following Multiple Choice Questions.

i. The first step in the system development life cycle is:

a)Analysis
b)Design
c)Problem Identification
d)Development and Documentation

ii. The organized process or set of steps that needs to be followed to

develop an information system is known as a) Analytical cycle
b) Design cycle
c) Program specifications
d) System development life cycle

iii. Enhancements, upgradation and bugs fixation are done during the
step in the SDLC.
a) Maintenance and Evaluation
b)Problem Identification
c)Design
d)Development and Documentation

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 iv. The determines whether the project should go forward. a)
Feasibility b) Problem identification

c) System evaluation
d) Program specification
v. spend most of their time in the beginning stages of the SDLC,
talking with endusers, gathering requirements, documenting systems
and proposing solutions. a) Project managers b)System analysts
c) Network engineers
d) Database administrators
vi. The entities having a positive or negative influence in the project
completion are known as .
a)Stakeholders
b)Stake supervisors
c)Stake owners
d)None of the above
vii. System maintenance is performed in response to
a)Business changes
b)Hardware and software changes
c)User's requests for additional features d All of the above

Q.3 Write TRUE/FALSE against the following statements.

i. A stakeholder is any person or organization who has a direct or indirect

interest the project.(T)
ii. System maintenance is performed to gather the requirements of the
proposed system. (F) iii. The how, when, what type of questions are
answered in the planning phase of SDLC. (T) iv.
The three architectures i.e. algorithms, pseudo code and
flowcharts are used in the implementation phase of SDLC. (F)
v. Each phase of SDLC is accomplished as a discrete, separate step. (T)

Questions and answers

Q.4 Define software development life cycle (SDLC). What are its objectives?

An effective Software/System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) should result in a

high quality system that meets customer expectations, reaches completion within
time and cost evaluations, and works effectively and efficiently in the current and
planned Information Technology infrastructure.
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 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model which includes
policies and procedures for developing or altering systems throughout their life
cycles.
The system/software development life cycle is a project management model that
defines the stages involved in bringing a project from inception to completion.
Software development teams, for example, deploy a variety of system development
life cycle, that include waterfall, spiral and agile processes.
System development life cycle and its importance

If a business determines a change is needed during any phase of the SDLC, the
company might have to proceed through all the above life cycle phases again. The
life cycle approach of any project is a timeconsuming process. Even though some
steps are more difficult than others, none are to be overlooked. An oversight could
prevent the entire system from functioning as planned.

• It acts as a guide to the project and meet client’s objectives.

• It helps in evaluating, scheduling and estimating deliverables.
• It provides a framework for a standard set of activities.
• It ensures correct and timely delivery to the client.

Objectives of SDLC

Following are the main objectives of SDLC.

• Deliver quality systems which meet or exceed customer expectations when

promised and within cost estimates.
• Provide a framework for developing quality systems using an
identifiable, measurable, and repeatable process.
• Establish a project management structure to ensure that each system
development project is effectively managed throughout its life cycle.
• Identify and assign the roles and responsibilities of all involved parties,
including functional and technical managers, throughout the system
development life cycle.
• Ensure that system development requirements are well defined and
subsequently satisfied.

Q.5What is a system? Where exactly the testing activities begin in SDLC?

A System

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 System is a broad and a general term, and as per to Wikipedia; “A system is a set of
interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole” it’s a term
that can be used in different
industries, therefore system/software development life cycle is a limited term that
explains the phases of creating a software component that integrates with other
software components to create the whole system.

Testing

Bringing different components and subsystems together to create the whole

integrated system, and then introducing the system to different inputs to obtain and
analyze its outputs and behavior and the way it functions. Testing is becoming more
and more important to ensure customer’s satisfaction, and it requires no knowledge
in coding, hardware configuration or design.

Testing can be performed by real users, or by a team of specialized personnel, it can

also be systematic and automated to ensure that the actual outcomes are compared
and equal to the predicted and desired outcomes.

Q.6Why software development life cycle is important for the development of

software?

Software development life cycle and its importance

If a business determines a change is needed during any phase of the SDLC, the
company might have to proceed through all the above life cycle phases again. The
life cycle approach of any project is a timeconsuming process. Even though some
steps are more difficult than others, none are to be overlooked. An oversight could
prevent the entire system from functioning as planned.

• It acts as a guide to the project and meet client’s objectives.

• It helps in evaluating, scheduling and estimating deliverables.
• It provides a framework for a standard set of activities.
• It ensures correct and timely delivery to the client.

Q.7Who are stakeholders of SDLC? Describe their responsibilities.

Stakeholders of SDLC:

Active stakeholder participation is vital to the success of IT projects. Stakeholders

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should be kept engaged throughout the life of the project. Without the fully
engaged cooperation of the stakeholders, it is difficult to have a successful software
development project. This is especially true in agile development, where everything
is moving very quickly and so much depends on the Product Owner obtaining a
complete understanding of the stakeholder needs and communicating these needs to
the development team Role of Stakeholders:
• The most important and obvious involvement for the stakeholder is
during requirements development.
• Stakeholders have the most knowledge of the processes involved and their
input is imperative to your project’s success. Using the requirements,
• The stakeholders can stay involved during the rest of project.
• In the design phase, the stakeholders need to be involved to verify that
their requirements are correctly interpreted into the design.
• The stakeholders often need to clarify requirements in both the design and
development activities.
• The stakeholders can use the requirements and design documents to plan for
necessary changes to the business processes and business rules while the
developers are working on the program code.
• In User Acceptance Testing (UAT), the stakeholders can validate that the
developers correctly converted the design into the expected functional
product. After delivery, stakeholders should be asked if the product
satisfied their needs and met the business objectives.

Q.8 What is meant by the term software requirement? Differentiate

between functional and non- functional requirements.
Requirement Engineering:

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-
level requirements identified in the Initiation and Feasibility Phases. The
requirements are defined in this phase to a level of detail sufficient for systems
design to proceed. They need to be measurable, testable, and relate to the business
need or opportunity identified in the Initiation phase. OR
The phase is where businesses will work on the source of their problem or the need
for a change. In the event of a problem, possible solutions are submitted and
analyzed to identify the best fit for the ultimate goal(s) of the project. This is where
teams consider the functional requirements of the project or solution. It is also
where system analysis takes place—or analyzing the needs of the end users to
ensure the new system can meet their expectations. Systems analysis is vital in
determining what a business’s needs are, as well as how they can be met, who will
be responsible for individual pieces of the project, and what sort of timeline should
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 be expected.

Functional Requirement

In software engineering, a functional requirement defines a system or its

component. It describes the functions a software must perform. A function is
nothing but inputs, its behavior, and outputs. It can be a calculation, data
manipulation, business process, user interaction, or any other specific functionality
which defines what function a system is likely to perform.

Functional software requirements help you to capture the intended behavior of the
system. This behavior may be expressed as functions, services or tasks or which
system is required to perform.
Examples of Functional Requirements

• The software automatically validates customers against the ABC Contact

Management System
• The Sales system should allow users to record customers sales
• The background color for all windows in the application will be blue and
have a hexadecimal RGB color value of 0x0000FF.
• Only Managerial level employees have the right to view revenue data.
• The software system should be integrated with banking API
• The software system should pass Section 508 accessibility requirement.
Non-Functional Requirement

A non-functional requirement defines the quality attribute of a software system.

They represent a set of standards used to judge the specific operation of a system.
Example, how fast does the website load?

A non-functional requirement is essential to ensure the usability and effectiveness of

the entire software system. Failing to meet non-functional requirements can result in
systems that fail to satisfy user needs.

Non-functional Requirements allows you to impose constraints or restrictions on

the design of the system across the various agile backlogs. Example, the site
should load in 3 seconds when the number of simultaneous users are > 10000.
Description of non-functional requirements is just as critical as a functional
requirement.

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Examples of Non-functional requirements

Here, are some examples of non-functional requirement:

• Users must change the initially assigned login password immediately

after the first successful login. Moreover, the initial should never be
reused.
• Employees never allowed to update their salary information. Such attempt
should be reported to the security administrator.
• Every unsuccessful attempt by a user to access an item of data shall be
recorded on an audit trail.
• A website should be capable enough to handle 20 million users with affecting
its performance
• The software should be portable. So moving from one OS to other OS
does not create any problem.
• Privacy of information, the export of restricted technologies, intellectual
property rights, etc. should be audited.

Parameters Functional Requirement Non-Functional Requirement

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 What it is Verb Attributes
Requirement It is mandatory It is non-mandatory
It is captured in use
Capturing type It is captured as a quality attribute.
case.
End-result Product feature Product properties
Capturing Easy to capture Hard to capture

Helps you verify the functionality of Helps you to verify the

Objective
performance of the software. the software.
Focus on user requirement Concentrates on the user's
Area of focus
expectation.
Documentation Describe what the product does Describes how the product works
Functional Testing like System, Non-Functional Testing like Type of Testing
Integration, End to End, API testing, Performance, Stress, Usability, Security etc.
testing, etc.

Test Execution is done before non-

Test Execution After the functional testing

functional testing.
Product Info Product Features Product Properties

Q.9 Design a flowchart for the following algorithm. sum

= 0, while x s N do sum = sum + x

end while print sum

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