computer graphics

Images/Graphics
Graphics/Images make the multimedia application attractive. In many cases people

do not like reading large amount of textual matter on the screen. Therefore,
graphics are used more often than text to explain a concept, present background
information etc. There are two types of Graphics:
● Bitmap
● Vector
Bitmap/Raster
Bitmap/Raster images- Bitmap images are real images that can be captured from
devices such as digital cameras or scanners. Generally bitmap images are not
editable. Bitmap images require a large amount of memory.
Raster images are constructed by a series of pixels, or individual blocks, to form an
image. JPEG, GIF, and PNG are all raster image extensions. Every photo you find
online or in print is a raster image. Pixels have a defined proportion based on their
resolution (high or low), and when the pixels are stretched to fill space they were
not originally intended to fit, they become distorted, resulting in blurry or unclear
images.
In order to retain pixel quality, you cannot resize raster images without
compromising their resolution. As a result, it is important to remember to save
raster files at the exact dimensions needed for the application.
Vector
Vector Graphics- Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require a
small amount of memory. These graphics are editable.
Vector images are far more flexible. They are constructed using proportional
formulas rather than pixels. EPS, AI and PDF are perfect for creating graphics that
require frequent resizing. Your logo and brand graphics should have been created
as a vector, and you should always have a master file on hand. The real beauty of
vectors lies in their ability to be sized as small as a postage stamp, or large enough
to fit on an 18-wheeler!
High Resolution vs. Low Resolution
Have you heard your designer talk about DPI or PPI? DPI stands for "dots per inch" and
PPI translates to "pixels per inch." These units of measure are essential for determining
if the density of pixels in an image is appropriate for the application you are using.
The biggest thing to note when determining what DPI or PPI you require is if you are
using an image for print or web. Websites display images at 72dpi, which is low
resolution; however images at this resolution look really crisp on the web. This is not the
case for print. Best practices for printing an image will require it to be no less than
300dpi.
Don't try to trick the system. A lot of magic can happen in Photoshop, but creating pixels
out of thin air isn't one of them. Pulling an image off of the web and trying to get it to fit
the dimensions of your print project just won't work. You will end up with a pixelated
image that appears stretched and distorted.
File Formats
File Formats
1. JPEG (or JPG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group

2. PNG - Portable Network Graphics
3. GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
4. TIFF - Tagged Image File
5. PSD - Photoshop Document
6. PDF - Portable Document Format
7. EPS - Encapsulated Postscript
8. AI - Adobe Illustrator Document
9. INDD - Adobe Indesign Document
10. RAW - Raw Image Formats
JPEG (or JPG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPEGs might be the most common file type you run

across on the web, and more than likely the kind of
image that is in your company's MS Word version of
its letterhead. JPEGs are known for their "lossy"
compression, meaning that the quality of the image
decreases as the file size decreases.
You can use JPEGs for projects on the web, in
Microsoft Office documents, or for projects that
require printing at a high resolution. Paying attention
to the resolution and file size with JPEGs is essential
in order to produce a nice-looking project.
JPG vs JPEG
There is no difference between the .jpg and .jpeg filename extensions. Regardless
of how you name your file, it is still the same format and will behave the same way.
The only reason that the two extensions exist for the same format is because .jpeg
was shortened to .jpg to accommodate the three-character limit in early versions of
Windows. While there is no such requirement today, .jpg remains the standard and
default on many image software programs.
PNG - Portable Network Graphics
PNGs are amazing for interactive documents such as

web pages but are not suitable for print. While PNGs
are "lossless," meaning you can edit them and not lose
quality, they are still low resolution.
The reason PNGs are used in most web projects is

that you can save your image with more colors on a
transparent background. This makes for a much
sharper, web-quality image.
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
GIFs are most common in their animated form, which are

all the rage on Tumblr pages and in banner ads. It seems
like every day we see pop culture GIF references from
Giphy in the comments of social media posts. In their
more basic form, GIFs are formed from up to 256 colors
in the RGB colorspace. Due to the limited number of
colors, the file size is drastically reduced.
This is a common file type for web projects where an
image needs to load very quickly, as opposed to one that
needs to retain a higher level of quality.
TIFF - Tagged Image File
A TIF is a large raster file that doesn't lose quality. This

file type is known for using "lossless compression,"
meaning the original image data is maintained
regardless of how often you might copy, re-save, or
compress the original file.
Despite TIFF images' ability to recover their quality
after manipulation, you should avoid using this file
type on the web. Since it can take forever to load, it'll
severely impact website performance. TIFF files are
also commonly used when saving photographs for
print.
PSD - Photoshop Document
PSDs are files that are created and saved in Adobe

Photoshop, the most popular graphics editing
software ever. This type of file contains "layers" that
make modifying the image much easier to handle. This
is also the program that generates the raster file types
mentioned above.
The largest disadvantage to PSDs is that Photoshop

works with raster images as opposed to vector
images.
PDF - Portable Document Format
PDFs were invented by Adobe with the goal of

capturing and reviewing rich information from any
application, on any computer, with anyone, anywhere.
I'd say they've been pretty successful so far.
If a designer saves your vector logo in PDF format,
you can view it without any design editing software (as
long as you have downloaded the free Acrobat
Reader software), and they have the ability to use this
file to make further manipulations. This is by far the
best universal tool for sharing graphics.
EPS - Encapsulated Postscript
EPS is a file in vector format that has been designed to

produce high-resolution graphics for print. Almost any
kind of design software can create an EPS.
The EPS extension is more of a universal file type

(much like the PDF) that can be used to open vector-
based artwork in any design editor, not just the more
common Adobe products. This safeguards file
transfers to designers that are not yet utilizing Adobe
products, but may be using Corel Draw or Quark.
AI - Adobe Illustrator Document
AI is, by far, the image format most preferred by

designers and the most reliable type of file format for
using images in all types of projects from web to print,
etc.
Adobe Illustrator is the industry standard for creating
artwork from scratch and therefore more than likely
the program in which your logo was originally
rendered. Illustrator produces vector artwork, the
easiest type of file to manipulate. It can also create all
of the aforementioned file types. Pretty cool stuff! It is
by far the best tool in any designer's arsenal.
INDD - Adobe InDesign Document
INDDs (InDesign Document) are files that are created

and saved in Adobe InDesign. InDesign is commonly
used to create larger publications, such as
newspapers, magazines and eBooks.
Files from both Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator can

be combined in InDesign to produce content rich
designs that feature advanced typography, embedded
graphics, page content, formatting information and
other sophisticated layout-related options.
RAW - Raw Image Formats
A RAW image is the least-processed image type on this

list -- it's often the first format a picture inherits when it's
created. When you snap a photo with your camera, it's
saved immediately in a raw file format. Only when you
upload your media to a new device and edit it using
image software is it saved using one of the image
extensions explained above.
RAW images are valuable because they capture every
element of a photo without processing and losing small
visual details. Eventually, however, you'll want to
package them into a raster or vector file type so they can
be transferred and resized for various purposes.
As you can see from the icons above, there are multiple raw image files in which you can
create images -- many of them native to certain cameras (and there are still dozens more
formats not shown above). Here's a brief description of those four raw files above:
● CR2: This image extension stands for Canon RAW 2, and was created by Canon for
photos taken using its own digital cameras. They're actually based on the TIFF file type,
making them inherently high in quality.
● CRW: This image extension was also created by Canon, preceding the existence of the
CR2.
● NEF: This image extension stands for Nikon Electric Format, and is a RAW file type
created by (you guessed it) Nikon Cameras. These image files actually allow for
extensive editing without changing file types, provided the editing takes place using a
Nikon device or Nikon Photoshop plugin.
● PEF: This image extension stands for Pentax Electronic Format, a RAW image file type
created by Pentax Digital Cameras.
Conclusion on File Formats
Working with images is a lot more complicated than you'd think at first glance.
Hopefully this guide has provided a better understanding of the standard file types
and which are most appropriate for your project.
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Images/Graphics

Graphics/Images make the multimedia application attractive. In many cases people

1. JPEG (or JPG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group

JPEGs might be the most common file type you run

PNGs are amazing for interactive documents such as

The reason PNGs are used in most web projects is

GIFs are most common in their animated form, which are

A TIF is a large raster file that doesn't lose quality. This

PSDs are files that are created and saved in Adobe

The largest disadvantage to PSDs is that Photoshop

PDFs were invented by Adobe with the goal of

EPS is a file in vector format that has been designed to

The EPS extension is more of a universal file type

AI is, by far, the image format most preferred by

INDDs (InDesign Document) are files that are created

Files from both Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator can

A RAW image is the least-processed image type on this

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