report 1

TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT
on the INTEGRITY & STABILITY

of the EXISTING 3-STOREY OFFICE &
FACILITY MEAD JOHNSON BUILDING
located at
2314 CHINO ROCES AVENUE, MAKATI
PREPARED BY:
ENGR. BENJAMIN A. BAUN

Civil-Structural Engineer
Baun Engineering Design Services
December 2024
I. INTRODUCTION
This report was prepared in accordance with the instruction of Mead

Johnson (Phils) thru SEVC Construction to determine the integrity and
stability of the Existing 3-Storey Office and Facility Building of Mead
Johnson (Phils), for future usage and structure life span that will enable the
Owner for better appreciation and feasibility for future development.
The existing 3-Storey Office and Facility Building was designed and
constructed in accordance with the National Building Code of the
Philippines, sometime fifty (50) years ago, with its physical condition of
very good state due to proper maintenance and constructed using old
method of structural engineering design such as Working Stress Design.
With its present state and with no occurrence of structural damages such
cracks, settlements and deflections can give us an idea on how to prolong
the life span of the above-mentioned structure.
To further investigate its capabilities, the undersigned Structural Engineer

had conducted two important methods in determining its actual
compressive strength of the concrete using Coring Test and Hammer
Rebound Test which will guide the undersigned in giving proper
recommendations in rectifying the structure.
Taking into consideration the actual age of the structure, exposure in

gravity and induced load such as during the occurrence of the most recent
earthquakes, will help us assess the entire structure by conducting the most
common and credible methods in concrete strength evaluation.
The study and design of building structures during the preparation of

structural plans and prior to construction and implementation, needs a lot
of scrutiny from the kind of materials to be used, floor layout, method of
construction as well as quality and workmanship. From the foundation
design system as well as the skeletal diagram of the structure gives an
overview of what column dimensions are needed as well as beam
requirements. These primary members of the structures, once designed
properly and meeting the required design criteria will ensure structural
safety and stability. Engineering design works are just half of the entire
dream of having a sound and stable buildings. Actual construction will do
a lot of proper implementation and interpretation of plans, meeting the
prevailing International and local standards governing construction works.
Proper implementation means, obtaining the required excavation depth for
footings, correct and precise column and beam dimensions together with
the proper spacing of column ties and beam stirrups. These minimum
requirements for column and beams will give us data which may be helpful
in eliminating structural defects and damages which be incur during lateral
loads particularly during the occurrence of an earthquake.
In this report, we will discuss the design and construction methods used,
evaluate the actual test results derived from the Rebound Hammer Test and
Coring Test, and will recommend proper rectification works that will be
implemented. Hoping that this technical investigation report will be of
great help in assessing the integrity and stability of the building.
II. DISCUSSION
Industrial and office buildings were designed to carry heavy loads as well
as lateral loads particularly earthquake load. Gravity loads include the
actual building itself as well as live load including equipment and other
movable materials. Nowadays, industrial and office buildings were
erected with combination of concrete and steel materials. These materials
were designed meeting the constructions standards and workmanship.
Structural members were designed with a convenient factor of safety that
will ensure stability and life span. To be discussed below are the finding
based on the ocular inspection conducted last November 30, 2024 by the
undersigned Structural Engineer after the occurrence of the most recent
September 22, 2024, 5.70 magnitude earthquake with epicenter near
Balayan, Batangas. Technically the above-mentioned tremors did not
affect the existing structures. No damage such settlement and structural
cracks were evident on the structure.
The structure was built and designed using working stress design. These
methods were efficiently helped the structure to withstand any induced
loads and giving recognition with the quality of materials used fifty (50)
years ago.
Reinforced concrete cross-section analysis
At this point, we’ve developed a good overall understanding of concrete’s

strengths and weaknesses and a general understanding that embedded steel
reinforcement compensates for concrete’s inherent weakness in tension.
Next, we need to start exploring exactly how the steel and concrete act
compositely to resist externally applied loading.
Stress-resultants and the internal moment of resistance

We’ll start by considering a simply supported beam subject to a uniformly
distributed load (UDL). We can think of this loading as generating an
external bending moment.
In response, the beam generates a resistance to MEXTMEXT through the

development of internal normal stresses in the material. These normal
stresses can be represented by stress resultant forces (simply stress
multiplied by the area over which it develops); one in tension, FTFT and
one in compression, FCFC. The internal stress resultants, separated by a
lever arm, zz, form a couple, MINTMINT. It is this internal couple or
bending moment that resists the externally applied bending moment, Fig.
1. So far, this is classical beam bending theory – nothing specific to
reinforced concrete behaviour.
Fig 1. Simply supported beam, with a cut at section XXXX , revealing the internal stress
resultants, FCFC and FTFT and corresponding internal bending moment, MINTMINT which
resists the externally applied loading.
As mentioned earlier, concrete is strong in compression but
comparatively weak in tension, with a tensile capacity of
approximately 1/10th1/10th of its compression capacity. Therefore we
must use reinforcing steel to provide tensile resistance. In fact, when
considering the ultimate moment capacity of a concrete beam, we
conservatively assume the concrete has no tensile capacity whatsoever
and that the section is cracked between the extreme tensile fibre and the
neutral axis.
Stress and strain distributions in reinforced concrete

Consider again the simply supported reinforced concrete beam subject
to a UDL. The external loading will induce stresses internally within
the beam. When we make an imaginary cut (shown above in Fig 3),
we expose the internal stresses acting on the exposed cross-section. The
cross-section we are referring to is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig 2. The red shaded area is the section under consideration in the following discussion on
section analysis.
Before proceeding any further, we also define the ultimate moment of

resistance of a reinforced concrete section as the maximum value of
the internal moment that can be generated, beyond which either the
concrete would fail in compression or the steel would yield in tension.
Now, consider the cross-section identified in figures 1 and 2. The
orientation of the loading is such that the top fibres of the beam will be
in compression and the bottom fibres in tension. In Fig. 3 (a) below, we
can see an elevation view of the section and its associated dimensions
and in (b), we can see how the strain varies with height across the
section.
Figures (c), (d) and (e) represent three possible stress distribution diagrams:
 Figure (c) shows a linear stress distribution. As we saw in the previous tutorial, stress
is not linearly proportional to strain in plain concrete. However, for relatively low
levels of strain, we can reasonably approximate stress as being linearly proportional
to strain. This assumption is synonymous with serviceability limit state analysis.
 Figure (d) is referred to as the rectangular-parabolic stress block and is observed at
the point of concrete compression failure. The stresses at the outermost (furthest from
the neural axis) fibres have reached their compression
limit (0.85fck/1.5=0.567fck)(0.85fck/1.5=0.567fck).
 Figure (e) represents the equivalent rectangular stress block. This stress block is an
approximation of the rectangular-parabolic stress block. It yields almost identical
numerical results while being much easier to manage numerically.
Fig 3. (a) Concrete cross-section, (b) strain distribution and (c-e) three possible
stress distributions.
In all three stress diagrams, the tensile stress is only developed at the
level of the reinforcing steel, i.e. tensile stresses are only developed in
the steel. The concrete in all cases is assumed to be cracked up to the
height of the neutral axis and therefore does not provide any tensile
resistance. This is a fundamental assumption of ultimate limit state
(ULS) section analysis.
Balanced section design

Now we can start to think about the limits imposed by fundamental
material behaviour. Remember, our models of material behaviour
dictate that the steel will yield at a strain value of ϵy=0.00217ϵy
=0.00217, while the concrete will crush at a compressive
strain ϵcu,2=0.0035ϵcu,2=0.0035. Looking at the strain distribution in
Fig. 3(b), using basic geometry (similar triangles), these two strain
limits can be used to determine the position of the neutral axis as a
function of the effective depth, dd (distance from the top of the
compression zone to the centre of the steel reinforcement):
x=d1+0.002170.0035x=0.617 d(1)x=x=1+0.00350.00217d0.617d(1)
If the neural axis is in this position when the beam is subject to its
ultimate load, in theory, the concrete will crush in compression, and the
steel will yield in tension simultaneously. This is referred to as
a balanced section design.
This is not a desirable mode of failure. Concrete compression failures

are brittle failures providing little or no visible warning signs, whereas
yielding of steel is a ductile failure. A ductile beam failure, one in which
the steel yields before the concrete crushes, is preceded by a period of
pronounced tensile cracking of the concrete. This provides a warning
that a failure is possible, even likely.
For this reason, we design concrete sections to fail due to yielding of

the steel first. Practically we do this by placing limits on the position of
the neutral axis, and we do this by controlling how much reinforcing
steel we place in the cross-section. Put simply, if we put too much steel
in our beam, the tensile force that can be developed in the steel
reinforcement will be larger than the compressive force that the
concrete can resist, so the concrete will fail first – a sudden, explosive,
brittle failure.
The material properties and geometry of the section dictate that for a
ductile failure (steel yielding first), the neutral axis, x≤0.617dx≤0.617d.
However, the Eurocode specifies that x≤0.45dx≤0.45d. This means that
when the steel has yielded, the concrete strain is far enough away from
its ultimate value to allow further rotation of the section to occur.
To further emphasise the meaning of this limit on neutral axis depth,

consider the strain distribution in Fig. 6. If we impose the condition that
at the instant of failure, the steel will have yielded, the bottom strain
value is fixed at ϵyield=0.00217ϵyield=0.00217.
Now, if the neutral axis was permitted to be as low as 0.617d0.617d,

this would result in the strain in the concrete being equal to the ultimate
value of ϵcu,2=0.0035ϵcu,2=0.0035, or a balanced design, as discussed
above. However, if we limit the neutral axis depth to 0.45d0.45d, the
maximum strain in the concrete will be the value shown, ϵ1<0.0035ϵ1
<0.0035. This leaves an additional capacity strain of ϵ2=0.0035−ϵ1ϵ2
=0.0035−ϵ1.
This allows rotation of the beam to continue after the steel has yielded
but before the concrete crushes in compression. This further rotation is
referred to as plastic rotation or plastic hinge behaviour and allows
redistribution of moments to take place in the structure, provided it has
sufficient structural redundancy.
Fig 4. Limits on neutral axis depth.

Working Stress Design Method Definition:
Working Stress Design Method is a method used for the reinforced

concrete design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and
concrete act together elastically where the relationship between loads
and stresses is linear .
Assumptions of Working Stress Design Method
i. Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending

ii. Bond between steel and concrete is perfect with in elastic limit of
steel
iii. The steel and concrete behaves as linear elastic material
iv. All tensile stresses are taken by reinforcement and none by concrete
v. The stresses in steel and concrete are related by a factor known as
“modular ratio
vi. The Stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete is a Straight line
under working load
COMPARISON BETWEEN WORKING STRESS DESIGN AND
ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN
i. The assumptions of linear elastic behaviour and control of stresses
within specially defined permissible stresses are unrealistic due to
several reasons viz., creep, shrinkage and other long term effects,
stress concentration and other secondary effects
ii. Different types of load acting simultaneously have different
degrees of uncertainties. This cannot be taken into account in the
working stress method
iii. The actual factor of safety is not known in this method of design.
The partial safety factors in the limit state method is more realistic
than the concept of permissible stresses in the working stress
method to have factor of safety in the design.

report 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

report 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

report 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT

on the INTEGRITY & STABILITY

ENGR. BENJAMIN A. BAUN

This report was prepared in accordance with the instruction of Mead

To further investigate its capabilities, the undersigned Structural Engineer

Taking into consideration the actual age of the structure, exposure in

The study and design of building structures during the preparation of

At this point, we’ve developed a good overall understanding of concrete’s

Stress-resultants and the internal moment of resistance

In response, the beam generates a resistance to MEXTMEXT through the

Stress and strain distributions in reinforced concrete

Before proceeding any further, we also define the ultimate moment of

Balanced section design

This is not a desirable mode of failure. Concrete compression failures

For this reason, we design concrete sections to fail due to yielding of

To further emphasise the meaning of this limit on neutral axis depth,

Now, if the neutral axis was permitted to be as low as 0.617d0.617d,

Fig 4. Limits on neutral axis depth.

Working Stress Design Method is a method used for the reinforced

Assumptions of Working Stress Design Method

i. Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.