PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

(1805ES01)

LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES

I BTECH I SEMESTER

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES & SCIENCES

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

(Autonomous Institution-UGC, Govt. of India)
Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade, UGC, Govt. of India
NIRF Indian Ranking–2018, Accepted by MHRD, Govt. of India
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
AAAA+ Rated by Digital Learning Magazine, AAA+ Rated by Careers 360 Magazine, 6th Rank
CSR Platinum Rated by AICTE-CII Survey, Top 100 Rank band by ARIIA, MHRD, Govt. of India
National Ranking-Top 100 Rank band by Outlook, National Ranking-Top 100 Rank band by Times News Magazine
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally, Secunderabad, Kompally-500100
2020 – 2021
COURSE CODE: 1805ES01

Course Objectives:
The students will learn the following:

 To work with an IDE to create, edit, compile, run and debug programs
 To analyze the various steps in program development.
 To develop programs to solve basic problems by understanding basic concepts in C like
operators, control statements etc.
 To develop modular, reusable and readable C Programs using the concepts like
functions, arrays etc.
 To write programs using the Dynamic Memory Allocation concept.
 To create, read from and write to text and binary files

Course Outcomes:
The candidate is expected to be able to:

 formulate the algorithms for simple problems

 translate given algorithms to a working and correct program
 correct syntax errors as reported by the compilers
 identify and correct logical errors encountered during execution
 represent and manipulate data with arrays, strings and structures
 use pointers of different types
 create, read and write to and from simple text and binaryfiles
 modularize the code with functions so that they can bereused
Mapping of Course Outcome with Program Outcomes
Course PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10 PO 11 PO 12
Outcome

CO1 H M M H M H H
CO2 H M M M H H M
CO3 H H H H M H
CO4 H H M
CO5 H H M H
CO6 M H L
CO7 H H H H M H
CO8 H H M H
PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

INDEX
List Of Contents Page
S. No
No
Practice sessions
a. Write a simple program that prints the results of all the operators
available in C (including pre/ post increment , bitwise and/or/not ,
1
etc.). Read required operand values from standard input.
1 b. Write a simple program that converts one given data type to
another using auto conversion and casting. Take the values form
standard input. 3

Simple Numeric Problems

a. Write a program for find the max and min from the three numbers. 4
b. Write the program for the simple, compound interest. 5
c. Write program that declares Class awarded for a given 6
percentage of marks, where mark <40%= Failed, 40% to <60%
= Second class, 60%to <70%=First class, >=70% = Distinction.
Read percentage from standard input.
2 d. Write a program that prints a multiplication table for a given 7
number and the number of rows in the table. For example, for a
number 5 and rows = 3, the output should be: 5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
e. Write a program that shows the binary equivalent of a given positive 8
number between 0 to 255.
Expression Evaluation

a. A building has 10 floors with a floor height of 3 meters each. A ball 9

is dropped from the top of the building. Find the time taken by the
ball to reach each floor. (Use the formula s = ut+(1/2)at^2 where
u and a are the initial velocity in m/sec (= 0) and acceleration in
3 m/sec^2 (= 9.8 m/s^2)).
b. Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one 10
operator from the user, performs the operation and then prints
the
result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch
Statement)
c. Write a program that finds if a given number is a prime number 12

d. Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive 13

Integer and test given number is palindrome.

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

e. A Fibonacci sequence is defined as follows: the first and second 14

terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by
adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C
program to generate the first n terms of the sequence.
f. Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 15
1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the user.
g. Write a C program to find the roots of a Quadratic equation. 16

h. Write a C program to calculate the following, where x is a fractional 18

value. 1-x/2 +x^2/4-x^3/6
i. Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and 19
then compute the sum of this geometric progression:
1+x+x^2+x^3+………+x^n.
For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes
1+5+25+125
Arrays and Pointers and
Functions
a. Write a C program to find the minimum, maximum and average in
20
an array of integers
b. Write a functions to compute mean, variance, Standard Deviation,
22
sorting of n elements in single dimension array.
c. Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i. Addition of Two Matrices e ii. Multiplication of Two Matrices
24-29
iii. Transpose of a matrix with memory dynamically allocated for the
4 new matrix as row and column counts may not be same.
d. Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive
functions
30-35
i. To find the factorial of a given integer.
ii. To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.
iii. To find x^n
e. Write a program for reading elements using pointer into array and
display the values using array. 36
f. Write a program for display values reverse order from array using
pointer. 37
g. Write a program through pointer variable to sum of n elements from
38
array
Strings
5 a. Write a C program to convert a Roman numeral ranging from
39
I to L to its decimal equivalent.
b. Write a C program that converts a number ranging from 1 to 50
41
to Roman equivalent

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

c. Write a C program that uses functions to perform the

following operations:
i. To insert a sub-string in to a given main string from a 44-46
given position
ii. To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string.
d. Write a C program to determine if the given string is a
palindrome or not (Spelled same in both directions with or 47
without a meaning like madam, civic, noon, abcba, etc.)
e. Write a C program that displays the position of a character ch in
48
the string S or – 1 if S doesn‘t contain ch.
f. Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in
49
a given text.
Structures and Unions
a. Write a C program that uses functions to perform the
following operations using Structure
i. Reading a complex number
ii. Writing Complex Number 50
iii. Addition of 2 Complex Numbers
iv. Multiplication of two complex numbers
6 b. Write a C program to store information of 5 students using structures.
52
c. Write a C program to Access all structures members using pointer
54
structure variable.
d. Write a C program to access members of union 55

Files
a. Write a C program to display the contents of a file to standard
56
output device.
b. Write a C program which copies one file to another, replacing all
57
lowercase characters with their uppercase equivalents.
c. Write a C program to count the number of times a character occurs
in a text file. The file name and the character are supplied as 59
commandline arguments.
d. Write a C program that does the following: It should first create a
7 binary file and store 10 integers, where the file name and 10 values
are given in the command line. (hint: convert the strings using atoi
function) Now the program asks for an index and a value from the 60
user and the value at that index should be changed to the new
value inthe file. (hint: use fseek function) The program should then
read all 10 values and print them back.
e. Write a C program to merge two files into a third file (i.e., the
contents of the firs t file followed by those of the second are put in 62
the third file).

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

Miscellaneous
a. Write a menu driven C program that allows a user to enter n
numbers and then choose between finding the smallest, largest, sum,
or average. The menu and all the choices are to be functions. Use a 64
switch statement to determine what action to take. Display an error
message if an invalid choice is entered.
b. Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers as follows:
(i) 1
12 67
123
1234
(ii) *
** 68
***
(iii) 1
8 23 69
456
(iv) 1
22
70
333
4444
(v) *
**
***
****
71
****
***
**
*
C.Write a C Program implements Student Data Base System Using Files
& Structures. 73
Searching and Sorting
a. Write a C program that uses non recursive function to search for a
Key value in a given list of integers using linear search method. 80
b. Write a C program that uses non recursive function to search for a
Key value in a given sorted list of integers using binary search method. 82
c. Write a C program that implements the Bubble sort method to sort a
given list of integers in ascending order. 84
9
d. Write a C program that sorts the given array of integers using
selection sort in descending order 86
e. Write a C program that sorts the given array of integers using
88
insertion sort in ascending order
f. Write a C program that sorts a given array of names. 90

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

1. PRACTISE SESSION

1. a) Write a simple program that prints the results of all the operators
available in C (including pre/ post increment, bitwise and/or/not , etc.).
Read required operand values from standard input.

AIM : To perform operations using all

operators Source code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,result,result2;
float m;
clrscr();
printf("enter a and b values\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("addition of a and b is %d\n",a+b);
printf("substraction of a and b is %d\n",a-b);
printf("multiplication of a and b is %d\n",a*b);
printf("remainder of a and b is %d\n",a%b);
printf("division of a and b is %d\n",a/b);
result=(a>0)&&(b<=10);
printf("Logical And=%d\n",result);
result2=(a==b)||(b!=0);
printf("Logical OR NOT=%d\n",result2);
printf("Bitwise And %d\n",a&b);
printf("Bitwise Or %d\n",a|b);
printf("Bitwise NOT %d\n",!a);
printf("Bitwise complement %d\n",~a);
printf("Bitwise XOR %d\n",a^b);
printf("Bitwise Shift right %d\n",a>>2);
printf("Bitwise Shift left %d\n",b<<3);
printf("integer size=%d,floating point size=%d\n",sizeof(a),sizeof(m));
printf("conditional expression=%d\n",(a-b>50)?100:200);
printf("preincrement %d\n",++a);
printf("postincrement %d\n",b++);
printf("predecrement %d\n",--a);
printf("postdecrement %d\n",b--);
getch();
}

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

INPUT: enter a and b values

20 30

OUTPUT:
addition of a and b is 50
substraction of a and b is -10
multiplication of a and b is 600
remainder of a and b is 2
division of a and b is 0
Logical And=0
Logical OR NOT=1
Bitwise And 20
Bitwise Or 30
Bitwise NOT 0
Bitwise complement -21
Bitwise XOR 10
Bitwise Shift right 5
Bitwise Shift left 240
integer size= 2,floating point size= 4
conditional expression=200
preincrement 21
postincrement 30
predecrement 20
postdecrement 31

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

1.b) Write a simple program that converts one given data type to another
using auto conversion and casting. Take the values form standard input.

AIM: To convert given data type to another type using type

casting. Source code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,x;
float f;
double p;
short s;
clrscr();
printf("enter integer value\n");
scanf("%d",&i);
printf("enter float value\n");
scanf("%f",&f);
p=i; // implicit conversion
printf("implicit value is %lf\n",p);
x= (int) f; // Explicit conversion
printf("Explicit value is %d\n",x);
getch();
}
INPUT:
enter integer value
2
enter float value
18.65
implicit value is 2.0000
Explicit value is 18

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

2. SIMPLE NUMERIC PROBLEMS

2 a) Write a program for find the max and min from the three numbers.

AIM: To find maximum and minimum of three numbers

Source code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter 3 numbers");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b && a>c)
printf("Maximum number is a = %d",a);
else if(b>a && b>c)
printf("Maximum number is b = %d",b);
else
printf("Maximum number is c = %d",c);
if(a<b && a<c)
printf("Minimum number is a = %d",a);
else if(b<a && b<c)
printf("Minimum number is b = %d",b);
else
printf("Minimum number is c = %d",c);
}

INPUT: Enter 3 numbers

10 20 5

OUTPUT:

Maximum number b=20

Minimum number c=5

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

2. b) Write the program for the simple compound interest.

AIM: To compute simple compound interest.

Source code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
float p,q,r,SI,CI;
int n;
printf("Enter the value of Principal p =
"); scanf("%f",&p);
printf("Enter the value of Rate r =
"); scanf("%f",&r);
printf("Enter the value of Period in year n = ");
scanf("%d",&n);
SI =
((p*r*n)/100);
printf("Simple Interest SI=%f \n",SI);
q = 1+(r/100);
CI=p*pow(q,n)-p;
printf("Compound Interest CI=%f \n",CI);
return 0;
}

INPUT:
Enter the value of Principal p =1000
Enter the value of Rate r =12
Enter the value of Period in year n =2

OUTPUT:

Simple Interest SI=240.000000

Compound Interest CI=254.400009

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

2. c) Write program that declares Class awarded for a given percentage of marks,
where mark <40%= Failed, 40% to <60% = Second class, 60% to <70%=First class,
>=70% = Distinction. Read percentage from standard input.

AIM: To calculate the percentage of students marks.

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h> int main()

{
int phy, chem, bio, math, comp; float per;
/* Input marks of five subjects from user */ printf("Enter five subjects marks: ");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d", &phy, &chem, &bio, &math, &comp);
/* Calculate percentage */
per = (phy + chem + bio + math + comp) / 5.0; printf("Percentage = %.2f\n", per);
/* Find grade according to the percentage */ if(per >= 70)
{
printf("Distinction");
}
else if(per >= 60||per<=70)
{
printf("First Class");
}
else if(per >= 40|| per<=60)
{
printf("Second class");
}
else
{

printf("Failed");
}

return 0;
}
INPUT:
Enter five subjects marks:
95 95 97 98 90

OUTPUT:
Percentage= 95.00
Distinction

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

2 d) Write a program that prints a multiplication table for a given number and
the numberof rows in the table. For example, for a number 5 and rows = 3, the
output should be:
5x1=5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
AIM: To prints a multiplication table

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i,rows;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf(“enter the number of rows\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&rows);
for(i=1; i<=rows; i++)
{
printf("%d * %d = %d \n", n, i, n*i);
}
return 0;
}

INPUT:
Enter an integer:5
enter the number of rows: 3

OUTPUT:
5x1=5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

2 e) Write a program that shows the binary equivalent of a given positive

number between 0 to 255.

AIM: To convert given positive number into binary equivalent

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
long decimalToBinary(int decimalnum)
{
long binarynum = 0;
int rem, temp = 1;

while (decimalnum!=0)
{
rem = decimalnum%2;
decimalnum = decimalnum / 2;
binarynum = binarynum + rem*temp;
temp = temp * 10;
}
return binarynum;
}

int main()
{
int decimalnum;
printf("Enter a Decimal Number: ");
scanf("%d", &decimalnum);
printf("Equivalent Binary Number is: %ld",
decimalToBinary(decimalnum));
return 0;
}
INPUT:

Enter a Decimal Number: 234

OUTPUT:

Equivalent Binary Number is: 11101010

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 PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

3. EXPRESSION EVALUATION
3 a)A building has 10 floors with a floor height of 3 meters each. A ball is
dropped from the top of the building. Find the time taken by the ball to reach
each floor. (Use the formula s = ut+(1/2)at^2 where u and a are the initial
velocity in m/sec (= 0) and acceleration in m/sec^2 (= 9.8 m/s^2)).

AIM: To calculate the time.

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int tim_intrval, counter,time;
float accl, distance=0, velos;
clrscr();
printf("<===========PROGRAM FOR CALC TOTAL DISTANCE
TRAVELED BY A VECHIAL===========>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tNO OF TIME INTERVALS : ");
scanf("%d",&tim_intrval);
for(counter = 1; counter <= tim_intrval; counter++)
{
printf("\n\t\t\tAT T%d TIME(sec) : ",counter);
scanf("%d",&time);
printf("\t\t\tVELOCITY AT %d sec (m/sec) : ",time);
scanf("%f",&velos);
printf("\t\t\tACCLERATION AT %d sec (m/sec^2): ",time)
scanf("%f",&accl);
distance += (velos*time + (accl*pow(time,2))/2);

}
printf("\n\n\n\tTOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN %d
INTERVALS OF TIME : %f",tim_intrval,distance);
getch();
}

Output:

NO OF TIME INTERVALS :2
AT T1 TIME(sec) :5
VELOCITY AT 5 sec (m/sec) :20
ACCLERATION AT 5 sec (m/sec^2):35
AT T1 TIME(sec) :10
VELOCITY AT 10 sec (m/sec) :30
ACCLERATION AT 10 sec (m/sec^2):35
TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN 2 INTERVALS OF
TIME :2587.5

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

3 b)Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator
from the user, performs the operation and then prints the result. (Consider
the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement)

AIM: To perform all arithmetic

operations Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c;
char op;
//clrscr();
printf("Enter a and
b:"); scanf("%d
%d",&a,&b); do
{
printf("\n\nMENU\n");
printf("+ Addition\n");
printf("- Subtraction\n");
printf("* Multiplication\n");
printf("/ Division\n");
printf("%% Remainder\n");
printf("E Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice :");
getchar();
op=getchar();
if(op=='E'||op=='e')
exit(1);
switch(op)
{
case '+': printf("Addition\
n"); c=a+b;
printf("Sum=%d\n",c);
break;
case '-':
printf("Subtraction\n");
c=a-b;
printf("Difference=%d\n",c);
break;
case '*':
printf("Multiplication\n");
c=a*b; printf("Product=
%d\n",c);

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

break;

case '/':
printf("Division\n");
c=a/b;
printf("Quotient=%d\n",c);
break;
case '%': printf("Remainder\
n"); c=a%b;
printf("Remainder=%d\n",c);
break;
default:
printf("Invalid Option\n");
break;
} /*end of switch statement*/
}
while(1); /*End of while*/

}/*End of main function*/

INPUT:
Enter a and b:20 10

MENU
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
E Exit
Enter your choice : +
OUTPUT:
Sum= 30

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 PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

3 c) Write a program that finds if a given number is a prime number

AIM: To check given number is prime or

not Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int n, i, count = 0;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1; i<=n; ++i)
{
// condition for nonprime number if(n
%i==0)
{
Count++;
}
}

if (count==2)
printf("%d is a prime number.",n);
else
printf("%d is not a prime number.",n);

return 0;
}
INPUT:
Enter a positive integer:
11

OUTPUT:

11 s a prime number

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

3 d) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive

integer and test given number is palindrome.

AIM: To find the sum of individual digits and check for

palindrome Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
long num, temp, digit, sum = 0,reverse=0;
printf("Enter the number \n");
scanf("%ld", &num);
temp = num;
while (num > 0)
{
digit = num % 10;
reverse = reverse * 10 + digit;
sum = sum + digit;
num /= 10;
}
printf("Given number = %ld\n", temp);
printf("Sum of the digits %ld = %ld\n", temp, sum);
if(reverse==temp)
printf("Given number is palindrome = %ld\n", temp);
else
printf("Given number is not a palindrome = %ld\n", temp);
getch();
}
INPUT:
Enter the number 121

OUTPUT:
Given number =121
Sum of the digits=4
Given number is palindrome =121

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

3 e) A Fibonacci sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in

the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the
preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to generate the
first n terms of the sequence.

AIM: To generate Fibonacci series

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num1=0, num2=1,no,counter,fab;
clrscr();
printf("<--------------------PROGRAM TO FIND THE FIBONACCI
SERIES UP TO N NO. IN SERIES----------------->");
printf("\n\n\n\t\tENTER LENGTH OF SERIES (N) : ");
scanf("%d",&no);
printf("\n\n\t\t\t<----FIBONACCI SERIES- - ->");
printf("\n\n\t\t%d %d",num1,num2);
for(counter = 1; counter <= no-2; counter++)
{
fab=num1 + num2;
printf(" %d",fab);
num1=num2;
num2=fab;
}
getch();
}
INPUT:
ENTER THE LENGTH OF THE SERIES N 10

OUTPUT:
FIBONACCISEQUENCEFOR THE FIRST 10TERMS:
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

3 f) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n,

where n is a value supplied by the user.

AIM: To generate prime number between 1 to

n Source Code
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,fact,j;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0) fact+
+;
}
if(fact==2) printf("\n
%d",i);
}
getch( );
}

INPUT:

Enter the number 10

OUTPUT:

3 5 7 are prime numbers

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3 g) Write a C program to find the roots of a Quadratic equation.

AIM: To find roots of quadratic equation.
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
float disc,root1,root2;
float img,real;
clrscr();
printf("enter values for a,b,c\n");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
disc=(float)b*b-4*a*c;
if(disc>0)
{
printf("the roots are real&unequal\n");
root1=(-b+sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
printf("root1=%f\n",root1);
printf("root2=%f\n",root2);
}
else if(disc==0)
{
printf("the roots are real and equal\n");
root1=-b/(2*a);
root2=root1; printf("root1=%f\
n",root1); printf("root2=%f\n",root2);
}
else
{
printf("the roots are imaginary\n");
disc=-disc;
img=(float)disc/2*a;
real=(float)-b/2*a;
if(img>0)
{
printf("root1=%f+i%f\n",real,img);
printf("root2=%f-i%f\n",real,img);
}
else
{
img=-img; printf("root1=%f+i%f\
n",real,img);

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printf(“Root2=%f-i%f\n”,real,img);
}
}
getch();
}
INPUT:

ENTER VALUESFOR a b c

1 4 4

OUTPUT:

the roots are real and equal

Root1= -2
Root2= -2

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3 h)Write a C program to calculate the following, where x is a fractional value

1-x/2 +x^2/4-x^3/6

AIM: To generate the result of following series :1-x/2 +x^2/4-x^3/6

Source Code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int i,x,k;
float sum=1;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter x value:”);
scanf(“%d”,&x);
printf(“Sum of series is:\t”);
for(i=1;i<=3;i++)
{
sum+=pow(-1,i)*pow(x,i)/2*i;
}
printf(“%f”,sum);
getch();
}

INPUT:
Enter x value: 1

OUTPUT:
Sum of series is: 0.583333

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3 i)Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute

the sum of this geometric progression: 1+x+x^2+x^3+ +x^n. For
example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125.

AIM:To generate geometric progression

Souce code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main() {
int i,x,sum=1,n;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter x and n value:”);
scanf(“d%d”,&x,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum+=pow(x,i);
}
printf( “Sum of series is %d”,sum);
getch();
return 0;
}

INPUT:

Enter x and n value: 2 3

OUTPUT:

Sum of series is 15

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4. ARRAYS AND POINTERS AND FUNCTIONS

4 a)Write a C program to find the minimum, maximum and average in

an array of integers.

AIM: To find max , min and average from an array.

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n,sum =0,min,max,list[100];
float avg;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no of elements :");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter %d elements \n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&list[i]);
min=max=sum= list[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(list[i]>max)
max=list[i];
if(list[i]<min)
min=list[i];
sum+=list[i];
}
avg=sum/(float)n;
printf(“The list of elements are:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%5d",list[i]);
printf("\n\n");
printf("Maximum Value = %d\n",max);
printf("Minimum Value = %d\n",min);
printf("Average = %f\n",avg);
getch();
}

INPUT:

Enter the elements in to the array: 5

Enter 5 elements:
26157

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OUTPUT:

The list of elements are:

26157
Maximum Value = 7
Minimum Value = 1
Average = 4.20000

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4 b)Write a functions to compute mean, variance, Standard Deviation, sorting

of n elements in single dimension array.

AIM: To compute mean, variance, Standard Deviation, sorting of n elements in

single dimension array.
Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include <math.h>
#define MAXSIZE 10
void main()
{
float x[MAXSIZE];
int i, n;
float average, variance, std_deviation, sum = 0, sum1 = 0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of N \n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d real numbers \n", n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
scanf("%f", &x[i]);
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
sum = sum + x[i];
}
average = sum / (float)n;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
sum1 = sum1 + pow((x[i] - average), 2);
}
variance = sum1 / (float)n;
std_deviation = sqrt(variance);
printf("Average of all elements = %.2f\n", average);
printf("variance of all elements = %.2f\n", variance);
printf("Standard deviation = %.2f\n", std_deviation);
}

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INPUT:
Enter the value of N
5
Enter 5 real numbers
34
88
32
12
10

OUTPUT:
Average of all elements = 35.20
variance of all elements = 794.56
Standard deviation = 28.19

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4 c) i) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:

AIM: To perform addition of matrices.

Source Code:

i)Addition of Two Matrices

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void add(int A[10][10],int B[10][10],int m,int n);
void main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of rows\n");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the no. of columns\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements of matrix A\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter the elements of matrix B\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&B[i][j]);
}
}
add(A,B,m,n);
}
void add(int A[10][10],int B[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int C[10][10],i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)

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{ C[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i]
[j];
}
}
printf("The addition of two matrices A and B is\n”);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%3d",C[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}
INPUT:
Enter the no. of rows:3
Enter the no. of columns:3
Enter the elements of matrix A

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
Enter the elements of matrix B

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

OUTPUT:
The addition of two matrices A and B is
2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10

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ii. Multiplication of Two Matrices

AIM: To multiply two matrices

Souce Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void multiply(int a[10][10],int b[10][10],int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
int a[10][10],b[10][10],r1,c1,r2,c2,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no of rows and columns of matrix A\n");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter no of rows and columns of matrix B \n");
scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2);
if(c1==r2)
printf("Matrix multiplication is possible");
else
exit();
printf("Enter the elements of matrix A\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("Enter the elements of matrix B\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
multiply(a,b,r1,c1,r2,c2);
}
void multiply(int a[10][10], int b[10][10],int r1,int c1,int r2,int c2)
{

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int i,j,k,c[10][10];
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{ c[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<r2;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("The resultant matrix multiplication is \n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
printf("%3d",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

INPUT:
Enter number of rows & columns of Matrix A:
2 2
Enter number of rows & columns of MatrixB:
2 2
Enter the elements of matrix A: 2 2 2 2
Enter the elements of matrix B: 2 2 2 2

OUTPUT:
The resultant matrix multiplication is:
88
88

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iii. Transpose of a matrix with memory dynamically allocated for the

new matrix as row and column counts may not be same.
AIM: To transpose a given matrix.
Source code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void matrixTranspose(int **a, int r, int c)
{
int i, j, temp;
for (i = 0; i < r; i++)
{
for (j = i + 1; j < c; j++)
{
temp = a[i][j];
a[i][j] = a[j][i];
a[j][i] = temp;
}
}
}

int main()
{
int i, j, rows, cols, **a;
printf("Transpose of a Matrix");
printf("\nEnter number of rows :");
scanf("%d", &rows);
printf("\nEnter number of columns :");
scanf("%d", &cols);
// allocate rows, each row is a pointer to int
a = malloc(rows * sizeof (int *));
// for each row allocate cols int
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
a[i] = malloc(cols * sizeof (int));
}
printf("\nEnter Matrix\n");
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
printf("Enter Element %d %d : ", i, j);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
matrixTranspose(a, rows, cols);

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printf("\nTranspose of the given Matrix\n");

for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < rows; j++)
{
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
return 0;
}

Input:
Transpose of a Matrix
Enter number of rows: 2
Enter number of columns: 2
Enter Matrix
Enter Element 0 0 : 1
Enter Element 0 1 : 2
Enter Element 1 0 : 3
Enter Element 1 1 : 4
Transpose of given Matrix
1 3
1 4

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4 d) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions

i) To find the factorial of a given integer using non-recursive function.
AIM: To find factorial using non-recursion.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int factorial(int);
int a,r;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number");
scanf("%d",&a);
r=factorial(a);
printf("The factorial value of %d is %d\n",a,r);
getch();
}
int factorial(int n)
{
int i,f=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
f=f*i;
}
return f;
}

INPUT:
Enter a number
5
OUTPUT:
The factorial value of 5 is 120

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AIM: To find the factorial of a given integer using recursive

function #include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
long int recursivefact(int n);
int main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, recursivefact(n));
return 0;
}
long int recursivefact(int n)
{
if (n >= 1)
return n*recursivefact(n-1);
else
return 1;
}
INPUT:
Enter a positive integer:6

OUTPUT:
Factorial of 6 = 720

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ii. To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers using
non- recursive function.
AIM: To find GCD of two integers using non recursive function.
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n1,n2,GCD;
clrscr();
printf("Enter two positive integers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&n1,&n2);
GCD = gcd(n1,n2);
printf("The GCD of two numbers %d and %d is %d.", n1, n2, GCD);
getch();
}
int gcd(int a, int b)
{
int i, gcd;
for(i=1; i <= a && i <= b; ++i)
{
if(a%i==0 && b%i==0)
gcd = i;
}
return gcd;
}

INPUT: Enter two positive integers 15 4

OUTPUT:
The GCD of two numbers 15 and 4 is 1

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AIM:To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers using
recursive function
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int gcd(int n1, int n2);
int main()
{
int n1, n2;
printf("Enter two positive integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &n1, &n2);
printf("G.C.D of %d and %d is %d.", n1, n2, gcd(n1,n2));
return 0;
}

int gcd(int n1, int n2)

{
if (n2 != 0)
return gcd(n2, n1%n2);
else
return n1;
}
Output:
Enter two positive integers:12 16
G.C.D of 12 and 16 is 4.

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iii. To find x^n using non-recursive

function #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int base,pow,i,r=1,t;
printf("Enter a number:");
scanf("%d",&base);
printf("Enter the power:");
scanf("%d",&pow);
for(i=1;i<=pow;i++)
{
t=base;
r=r*t;
}
printf("Result:%d",r);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter a number:2
Enter the power: 3
Result: 8

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AIM: To find x^n using recursive function

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int power(int base, int powerRaised);
void main()
{
int base, powerRaised, result;
clrscr();
printf("Enter base number: ");
scanf("%d",&base);
printf("Enter power number(positive integer): ");
scanf("%d",&powerRaised);
result = power(base, powerRaised); printf("%d^
%d = %d", base, powerRaised, result); getch();
}

int power(int base, int powerRaised)

{
if(powerRaised != 0)
return (base*power(base, powerRaised-1));
else
return 1;
}

INPUT:
Enter base number: 3
Enter power number(positive integer): 4
OUTPUT:
3^4=81

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4.e)Write a program for reading elements using pointer into array and display
the values using array.

AIM: To read elements using pointer into array and display the values using
array.

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX_SIZE 100
int main()
{
int arr[MAX_SIZE];
int N, i;
int * ptr = arr;
printf("Enter size of array: ");
scanf("%d", &N);
printf("Enter elements in array:\n");
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &ptr[i]);
}
printf("Array elements: ");
for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
{
printf("%d, ", i[ptr]);
}
return 0;
}
Input:

Enter size of array: 10

Enter elements in array:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Output:

Array elements: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

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4.f)Write a program for display values reverse order from array using

pointer. AIM: To display values reverse order from array using pointer.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 30
void main()
{
int size, i, arr[MAX];
int *ptr;
clrscr();
ptr = &arr[0];
printf("\nEnter the size of array : ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("\nEnter %d integers into array: ", size);
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
scanf("%d", ptr);
ptr++;
}
ptr = &arr[size - 1];
printf("\nElements of array in reverse order are :");
for (i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
printf("\nElement%d is %d : ", i, *ptr);
ptr--;
}
getch();
}
Input:
Enter the size of array : 5
Enter 5 integers into array: 11 22 33 44 55

Output:
Elements of array in reverse order are
: Element 4 is: 55
Element 3 is: 44
Element 2 is: 33
Element 1 is: 22
Element 0 is: 11

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4.g)Write a program through pointer variable to sum of n elements from

array.

AIM: To find sum of n elements from array through pointer variable.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int numArray[10];
int i, sum = 0;
int *ptr;
printf("\nEnter 10 elements : ");
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
scanf("%d", &numArray[i]);
ptr = numArray;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
sum = sum + *ptr;
ptr++;
}
printf("The sum of array elements : %d", sum);
}

Input:

Enter 10 elements: 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Output:

The sum of array elements is 155

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5. STRINGS
5.a)Write a C program to convert a Roman numeral ranging from I to L to its
decimal equivalent.

AIM: To convert a Roman numeral ranging from I to L to its decimal

equivalent.

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void main()
{
char rom[30];
int a[30], l, i, k, dec;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the roman number\n");
scanf("%s", &rom);
l =strlen(rom);
for(i = 0; i < l; i++)
{
switch (rom[i])
{
case 'I': a[i] = 1;
break;
case 'V': a[i] = 5;
break;
case 'X': a[i] = 10;
break;
case 'L': a[i] = 50;
break;

default : printf("Invalid choice");

break;
}
}
k = a[l - 1];
for(i = l - 1; i > 0; i--)
{
if(a[i] > a[i - 1])
{
k = k - a[i - 1];
}

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if(a[i] <= a[i - 1])

{
k = k + a[i - 1];
}
}

Input:
Enter the roman number:
V Output:
decimal equivalent is: 5

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5.b)Write a C program that converts a number ranging from 1 to 50 to

Roman equivalent.

AIM: To converts a number ranging from 1 to 50 to Roman equivalent.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void predigits(char c1,char c2);
void postdigits(char c,int n);

char roman_Number[1000];
int i=0;

int main(){

int j;
long int number;

printf("\n\nEnter any natural number: ");

scanf("%d",&number);

if(number <= 0){

printf("Invalid number");
return 0;
}

while(number != 0){

if(number >=50){
if(number < (50 + 4 * 10))
{ postdigits('L',number/50);
number = number - (number/50) * 50;
}
else
{ predigits('X','C');
number = number - (100-10);

}
}
else if(number >=10){
if(number < (10 + 3 * 10))
{ postdigits('X',number/10);
number = number - (number/10) * 10;
}
else{

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predigits('X','L');

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number = number - (50-10);

}
}
else if(number >=5){
if(number < (5 + 4 * 1))
{ postdigits('V',number/5);
number = number - (number/5) * 5;
}
else
{ predigits('I','X');
number = number - (10-1);

}
}
else if(number >=1){
if(number < 4){
postdigits('I',number/1);
number = number - (number/1) * 1;
}
else
{ predigits('I','V');
number = number - (5-1);

}
}
}

printf("Roman number will be: ");

for(j=0;j<i;j++)
printf("%c",roman_Number[j]);

return 0;

void predigits(char c1,char c2)

{ roman_Number[i++] = c1;
roman_Number[i++] = c2;
}

void postdigits(char c,int n){

int j;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
roman_Number[i++] = c;

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Input:

enter the natural number 23

Output:

Roman number will be XXIII

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5. c)Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

i. To insert a sub-string in to a given main string from a given position.
Aim: To insert a sub-string in to a given main string from a given
position. Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[30],b[30],c[30];
int pos=0,i=0,l,la,lb,lc,j;
clrscr();
puts("enter a string");
gets(a);
puts("enter sub string");
gets(b);
puts("enter position for insertion");
scanf("%d",&pos);
la=strlen(a);
lb=strlen(b);
l=pos+lb;
lc=la+lb;
for(i=0;i<pos;i++)
{
c[i]=a[i];
}
j=0;
for(i=pos;i<=l;i++)
{
c[i]=b[j];
j++;
}
j=pos;
for(i=l;i<lc;i++)
{
c[i]=a[j];
j++;
} c[i]='\
0';
puts("string after insertion is:");
printf("%s",c);
getch();
}

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Input:
Enter the Original String: computer

Enter the sub String: gec

Enter the index where you want to insert the sub String: 3

Output:

The String after insertion--------------------comgecputer

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ii. To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string

AIM: To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void delchar(char *x,int a, int b);
void main()
{
char string[10];
int n,pos,p;
clrscr();
puts("Enter the string");
gets(string);
printf("Enter the position from where to delete");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("Enter the number of characters to be deleted");
scanf("%d",&n);
delchar(string, n,pos);
getch();
}

/* Function to delete n characters*/

void delchar(char *x,int a, int b)
{
if ((a+b-1) <= strlen(x))
{
strcpy(&x[b-1],&x[a+b-1]);
puts(x);
}
}

Input:
Enter the string: jayapal
Enter the position from where to delete:4
Enter the number of characters to be deleted 2
Output:
Jayal

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5.d)Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not

(Spelled same in both directions with or without a meaning like madam, civic,
noon, abcba, etc.)
AIM: To determine if the given string is a palindrome or not.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[20],str2[20],str3[20],k;
clrscr();
printf("enter the string\n");
scanf("%s",str1);
strcpy(str3,str1);
strcpy(str2,strrev(str1));
k=strcmp(str3,str2);
if(k==0)
{
printf("the given string is palindrome");
}
else
{
printf("the given string is not a palindrome");
}
getch();
}

Input:
Enter the string: Madam

Output:
the given string is palindrome

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5.e)Write a C program that displays the position of a character ch in the

string S or – 1 if S doesn‘t contain ch.

AIM: To displays the position of a character ch in the string S or – 1 if S

doesn‘t contain ch.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[30], t[20];
char *found;
clrscr();
puts("Enter the first string: ");
gets(s);
puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");
gets(t);
found = strstr(s, t);
if(found)
{
printf("Second String is found in the First String at %d position.\n",
found - s);
}
else
{
printf("-1");
}
getch();
}
Input:
1. Enter the first
string: kali
Enter the string to be searched:
L
Output:
second string is found in the first string at 2 position

2. Enter the first

string: mrecw
Enter the string to be searched:
ma
-1

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5.f)Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

AIM: To count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

Source code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
unsigned int long linecount, wordcount, charcount;
int u;
linecount=0;
wordcount=0;
charcount=0;
while((ch=getc(stdin))!=EOF){
if (ch !='\n') {++charcount;}
if (ch==' ' || ch=='\n') {++wordcount;}
if (ch=='\n') {++linecount;}

}
if(charcount>0){
++wordcount;
++linecount;
}
printf( "%lu %lu %lu\n", charcount, wordcount, linecount );
return 0;

Input :

Enter any string:abc def ghi jkl mno pqr stu vwx yz

Output:

The number of characters in the string are 34

The number of words in the string are 9

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6. STRUCTURES & UNIONS

6.a)Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations
using Structure
i. Reading a complex number
ii. Writing Complex Number
iii. Addition of 2 Complex Numbers
iv. Multiplication of two complex numbers
Aim: To perform reading, writing, addition and multiplication using structures.
Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct complex
{
float real, imag;
}a, b, c;
struct complex read(void);
void write(struct complex);
struct complex add(struct complex, struct complex);
struct complex mul(struct complex, struct complex);
void main ()
{
clrscr();
printf("Enter the 1st complex number\n ");
a = read();
write(a);
printf("Enter the 2nd complex number\n");
b = read();
write(b);
printf("Addition\n ");
c = add(a, b);
write(c);
printf("Multiplication\n");
c = mul(a, b);
write(c);
getch();
}
struct complex read(void)
{
struct complex t;
printf("Enter the real part\n");
scanf("%f", &t.real);
printf("Enter the imaginary part\n");
scanf("%f", &t.imag);
return t;
}

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void write(struct complex a)

{
printf("Complex number is\n");
printf(" %.1f + i %.1f", a.real, a.imag);
printf("\n");
}
struct complex add(struct complex p, struct complex q)
{
struct complex t;
t.real = (p.real + q.real);
t.imag = (p.imag + q.imag);
return t;
}
struct complex mul(struct complex p, struct complex q)
{
struct complex t;
t.real=(p.real * q.real) - (p.imag * q.imag);
t.imag=(p.real * q.imag) + (p.imag * q.real);
return t;
}

Input:
Enter the real part 2
Enter the imaginary part 4
Output:
Complex number is
4.0 + i2.0
Addition
Complex number is
6.0 + i6.0
Multiplication
Complex number is
0.0 + i20.0

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6.b)Write a C program to store information of 5 students using

structures. Aim: To store information of 5 students using structures.

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct student
{
char name[50];
int roll;
float marks;
} s[5];

int main()
{
int i;
printf("Enter information of students:\n");
for(i=0; i<5; ++i)
{
s[i].roll = i+1;
printf("\nFor roll number%d,\n",s[i].roll);
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",s[i].name);
printf("Enter marks: ");
scanf("%f",&s[i].marks); printf("\
n");
}
printf("Displaying Information:\n\n");
for(i=0; i<5; ++i)
{
printf("\nRoll number: %d\n",i+1);
printf("Name: ");
puts(s[i].name);
printf("Marks: %.1f",s[i].marks);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Input:
Enter information of students:

For roll number1,

Enter name: Tom
Enter marks: 98

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For roll number2,

Enter name: Jerry
Enter marks: 89

For roll number3,

Enter name: Robin
Enter marks: 99

For roll number4,

Enter name: Jack
Enter marks: 87

For roll number5,

Enter name: Adam
Enter marks: 88

Output:
Displaying Information:

Roll number: 1
Name: Tom
Marks: 98

Roll number: 2
Name: Jerry
Marks: 89

Roll number: 3
Name: Robin
Marks: 99

Roll number: 4
Name: Jack
Marks: 87

Roll number: 5
Name: Adam
Marks: 88

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6.c)Write a C program to Access all structures members using pointer

structure variable.
Aim: To Access all structures members using pointer structure variable.
Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct person
{
int age;
int weight;
};

int main()
{
struct person *personPtr, person1;
personPtr = &person1;
printf("Enter integer: ");
scanf("%d",&personPtr->age);
printf("Enter number: ");
scanf("%d",&personPtr->weight);
printf("Displaying: ");
printf("%d\t%d",personPtr->age,personPtr->weight);
getch();
return 0;
}

Input:
Enter integer: 20
Enter number: 64

Displaying: 20 64

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6.d)Write a C program to access members of union

Aim: To access members of union.
Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
union emp
{
int id;
char name[20];
}e1;
int main()
{
e1.id = 10;
printf("\nID : %d",e1.id);
strcpy(e1.name,"Pranay"); printf("\
nName : %s",e1.name); getch();
return 0;
}

Output:
ID : 10
Name : Pranay

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7. FILES
7.a)Write a C program to display the contents of a file to standard output
device.

AIM: To display the contents of a file to standard output device.

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("mrecw.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("file does not exist");
exit(0);
}
else
printf("file exist");
while((ch=fgetc(fp))!=EOF)
{
printf("%c",ch);
}
fclose(fp);
getch();
}
Input:
Mrecw.txt :welcome to mrecw
Output:
welcome to mrecw

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7.b)Write a C program which copies one file to another, replacing all

lowercase characters with their uppercase equivalents.

AIM: To copy one file to another, replacing all lowercase characters with their
uppercase equivalents.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp1=fopen("check.txt","r");
fp2=fopen("check1.txt","w");
if(fp1==NULL)
{
printf("files not exist");
exit(0);
}
else
printf("file exist");
while((ch=fgetc(fp1))!=EOF)
{
ch=toupper(ch);
fputc(ch,fp2);
}
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
printf("the resulted contents are\n");
fp2=fopen("check1.txt","r");
while((ch=fgetc(fp2))!=EOF)
{
printf("%c",ch);
}
fclose(fp2);
getch();
}

Input:

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Check.txt : hello world

Output:

The resulted contents are

HELLO WORLD

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7.c)Write a C program to count the number of times a character occurs in a

text file. The file name and the character are supplied as command line
arguments.

AIM: To count the number of times a character occurs in a text file.

Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
FILE *f1;
char ch;
int count=0;
if(argc!=3)
{
printf("error occured");
exit();
}
f1=fopen(argv[1],"r");
while((ch=getc(f1))!=EOF)
{
if(ch==*argv[2])
count++;
}
fclose(f1);
printf("character %c occurred %d times",*argv[2],count);
}

Input:

a.txt: hello how are you

prg.exe a.txt O

Output:

character O occurred 3 times

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7.d)Write a C program that does the following: It should first create a binary
file and store 10 integers, where the file name and 10 values are given in the
command line. (hint: convert the strings using atoi function) Now the program
asks for an index and a value from the user and the value at that index should
be changed to the new value in the file. (hint: use fseek function) The program
should then read all 10 values and print them back.

AIM: To store 10 elements in binary files

Source code:

#include<stdio.h>

/* Our structure */

struct rec

int x,y,z;

};

int main(int argc,char *argv)

int counter;
FILE *ptr_myfile;
struct rec my_record;
ptr_myfile=fopen("test.bin","rb");
if (!ptr_myfile)
{
printf("Unable to open file!");
return 1;
}

fseek(ptr_myfile, sizeof(struct rec), SEEK_END);

rewind(ptr_myfile);
for ( counter=1; counter <= 10; counter++)
{
fread(&my_record,sizeof(struct rec),1,ptr_myfile);
printf("%d\n",my_record.x);
}
fclose(ptr_myfile);
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return 0;
}

Input:

File.exe 10 20 34 45 67 44 33 78 90 56

Output:

My record 10 20 34 45 67 44 33 78 90 56

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7.e)Write a C program to merge two files into a third file (i.e., the contents
of the firs t file followed by those of the second are put in the third file).

AIM: To merge two files into a third file.

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp1,*fp2,*fp3;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp1=fopen("DATA1.txt","r");
fp2=fopen("DATA2.txt","r");
if(fp1==NULL||fp2==NULL)
{
printf("files not exist");
exit(0);
}
else
printf("file exist");
fp3=fopen("result.txt","w");
while((ch=fgetc(fp1))!=EOF)
{
fputc(ch,fp3);
}
while((ch=fgetc(fp2))!=EOF)
{
fputc(ch,fp3);
}
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
fclose(fp3);
printf("two files merged into third file");
printf("the resultant contents are\n");
fp3=fopen("result.txt","r");
while((ch=fgetc(fp3))!=EOF)
{
printf("%c",ch);
}
fclose(fp3);
getch();
}

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Input:

Data1.txt: welcome

Data2.txt: to MRECW

Output:

two files merged into third file

the resultant contents are

result.txt: welcome to MRECW

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8. MISCELLANEOUS
8.a)Write a menu driven C program that allows a user to enter n numbers and
then choose between finding the smallest, largest, sum, or average. The menu
and all the choices are to be functions. Use a switch statement to determine
what action to take. Display an error message if an invalid choice is entered.

AIM: To find the smallest, largest, sum and average using

menu. Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int smallest(int a[10],int n);
int largest(int a[10],int n);
int sum(int a[10],int n);
int average(int a[10],int n);
void main()
{
int a[10],n,i,ch,small,large,total,avg;
clrscr();
printf(“enter the value of n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(“enter n elements in an array”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
do
{
printf("\t *********************");
printf("\n\tMENU\n"); printf("\
t********************"); printf("\n\
t(1)TO FIND SMALLEST"); printf("\
n\t(2)TO FIND LARGEST "); printf("\
n\t(3)TO FIND SUM"); printf("\n\
t(4)TO FIND AVERAGE"); printf("\n\
t(0)EXIT"); printf("\n\
t********************"); printf("\n\n\
tEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
small=smallest(a,n);
printf(“the smallest element in a list is %d”,small);
break;

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case 2:
large= largest(a,n);
printf(“the largest element in list is %d”,large);
case 3: break;
total=sum(a,n);
printf(“the sum of the elements in a list is %d”,total);
break;
case 4:
avg=average(a,n);
printf(“the average of element in a list is %d”,avg);
break;
case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;
default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice");
}}while(1);
getch();
}
int smallest( int a[10],int n)
{
int min,i;
min=a[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]<min)
min=a[i];
}
return min;
}
int largest( int a[10],int n)
{
int max,i;
max=a[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]>max)
max=a[i];
}
return max;
}
int sum( int a[10],int n)
{
int s=0,i;

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for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
s=s+a[i];
}
return s;
}
int average( int a[10],int n)
{
int s=0,i; for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
{
s=s+a[i];
}
return (s/n);
}

INPUT:

Enter the value of n

5
Enter the elements :
20 16 3 56 7 1
MENU OPTIONS

*************** 1.TO FIND SMALLEST

2. TO FIND LARGEST
3. TO FIND SUM
4. TO FIND AVERAGE
5. EXIT

ENTER UR CHOICE 1
The smallest element is 1

ENTER UR CHOICE 2
The largest element is 56

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b. Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers as follows:

(i) 1
12
123
1234

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, rows;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=1; i<=rows; ++i)
{
for(j=1; j<=i; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",j);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Input:

Enter no of rows:4

Output:

1
12
123
1234

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(ii) *
**
***
Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n, c, k;
printf("Enter number of rows:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for ( c = 1 ; c <= n ; c++ )
{
for( k = 1 ; k <= c ; k+
+ ) printf("*");
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Input:

Enter number of rows:3

Output:

*
**
***

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(iii) 1

23

456

Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int rows, i, j, number= 1;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=1; i <= rows; i++)
{
for(j=1; j <= i; ++j)
{
printf("%d ", number);
++number;
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
Input: Enter number of rows:3
Output:
1
23
456

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(iv) 1
22
333
4444

Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j;
int num;
printf("Enter the number of Digits :");
scanf("%d", &num);
for (i = 0; i <= num; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < i; j++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Output:
1
22
333
4444

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(v) *
**
***
****
****
***
**
*
Source code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, rows;
clrscr();
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=1; i<=rows; ++i)
{
for(j=1; j<=i; ++j)
{
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}
for(i=rows; i>=1; --i)
{
for(j=1; j<=i; ++j)
{
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

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Input:
Enter no of rows: 4

Output:
*
**
***
****
****
***
**
*

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8.C) Writea C Program implement Student Data Base System Using Files &
Structures.

/* Student Data Base System*/

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void menu();
void header();
void newfile();
void add();
void search();
void display();
void deleted();
void update();
int ch,f=0;
char tid[10];
struct student
{
char id[10],name[10],rollno[10],branch[10],sec[10],addr[10],dob[10];
}rec;
struct student rec1={0};
void main()
{
menu();
}
void menu()
{
header();
gotoxy(23,9);
cprintf("\n1.CREATE A NEW FILE");
gotoxy(23,10);
cprintf("\n2.ADD A NEW RECORD");
gotoxy(23,11);
cprintf("\n3.SEARCH A RECORD");
gotoxy(23,12);
cprintf("\n4.DISPLAY A RECORD");
gotoxy(23,13);
cprintf("\n5.DELETE A RECORD");
gotoxy(23,14);
cprintf("\n6.UPDATE A RECORD");
gotoxy(23,15);
cprintf("\n7.EXIT");
gotoxy(23,16);

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cprintf("\nENTER UR CHOICE");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:newfile();
break;
case 2:add();
break;
case 3:search();
break;
case 4:display();
break;
case 5:deleted();
break;
case 6:update();
break;
case 7:exit(0);
}
getch();
}
void newfile()
{
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("student.txt","w");
printf("\n ONE NEW FILE CREATED SUCCESFULLY");
getch();
fclose(fp);
getch();
menu();
}

void add()
{
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("student.txt","a+");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("FILE IS NOT OPENED");
getch();
exit(0);
}
printf("\n ENTER STUDENT ID");
scanf("%s",&rec.id);
printf("\ENTER STUDENT NAME");
scanf("%s",&rec.name);
printf("\n ENTER STUDENT ROLL NO");

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scanf("%s",&rec.rollno);
printf("\n ENTER BRANCH NAME");
scanf("%s",&rec.branch);
printf("\n ENTER SECTION");
scanf("%s",&rec.sec); printf("\
n ENTER ADDRESS");
scanf("%s",&rec.addr);
fwrite(&rec,sizeof(rec),1,fp);
printf("\nONE NEW RECORD CREATED SUCCESFULLY");
getch();
fclose(fp);
menu();
}

void search()
{
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("student.txt","r+");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("FILE IS NOT OPENED");
getch();
exit(0);
}
printf("ENTER UR ID TO BE SEARCHD:");
scanf("%s",&tid);
while(fread(&rec,sizeof(rec),1,fp))
{
if(!strcmp(rec.id,tid))
{ f=1
;
printf("\n\t\t\tRECORD IS FOUND");
printf("\nID :%s",rec.id); printf("\
nNAME :%s",rec.name); printf("\
nROLL NO:%s",rec.rollno); printf("\
nBRANCH :%s",rec.branch); printf("\
nSECTION:%s",rec.sec); printf("\
nADDRESS:%s",rec.addr); printf("\
nDOB:%s",rec.dob); printf("\n\n");
getch();
}
}
if(f==0)
printf("\n\n\t\t\tRECORD is not FOUND");
getch();

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fclose(fp);
menu();
}

void display()
{
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("student.txt","r+");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("FILE IS NOT OPENED");
getch();
exit(0);
}
while(fread(&rec,sizeof(rec),1,fp))
{
if(strcmp(rec.id,'\0'))
{ f=1
;
printf("\nID :%s",rec.id); printf("\
nNAME :%s",rec.name); printf("\
nROLL NO :%s",rec.rollno); printf("\
nBRANCH :%s",rec.branch); printf("\
nSECTION :%s",rec.sec); printf("\
nADDRESS :%s",rec.addr); printf("\
nDOB :%s",rec.dob); printf("\n\n");
getch();
}
}
if(f==0)
printf("\n\n\t\t\tNO RECORDS");
getch();
fclose(fp);
menu();
}

void deleted()
{
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("student.txt","r+");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("FILE IS NOT OPENED");
getch();
exit(0);

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}
printf("ENTER UR ID TO BE DELETED:");
scanf("%s",&tid);
while(fread(&rec,sizeof(rec),1,fp))
{
if(!strcmp(rec.id,tid))
{ f=1
;
printf("\n\t\t\tONE RECORD IS DELETED SUCCESSFULLY");
printf("\nID :%s",rec.id); printf("\
nNAME :%s",rec.name); printf("\
nROLL NO:%s",rec.rollno); printf("\
nBRANCH :%s",rec.branch);
printf("\nSECTION:%s",rec.sec);
printf("\nADDRESS:%s",rec.addr);
printf("\nDOB:%s",rec.dob); printf("\
n\n");
getch();
fseek(fp,ftell(fp)-sizeof(rec),0);
fwrite(&rec1,sizeof(rec),1,fp);
}
}
if(f==0)
printf("\n\n\t\t\tRECORD is not FOUND");
getch();
fclose(fp);
menu();
}

void update()
{
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen("student.txt","r+");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("FILE IS NOT OPENED");
getch();
exit(0);
}
printf("ENTER UR ID TO BE UPDATED:");
scanf("%s",&tid);
while(fread(&rec,sizeof(rec),1,fp))
{
if(!strcmp(rec.id,tid))
{ f=1
;

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printf("\nID :%s",rec.id); printf("\

nNAME :%s",rec.name); printf("\
nROLL NO:%s",rec.rollno); printf("\
nBRANCH :%s",rec.branch); printf("\
nSECTION:%s",rec.sec); printf("\
nADDRESS:%s",rec.addr); printf("\
nDOB:%s",rec.dob); printf("\n\n");
getch();printf("1.NAME\n2.ROLL NO \n3.BRANCH NAME \n4.SECTIO
\n5.ADDRESS\n6.DOB:");
printf("enter ur choice :");
scanf("%d",&ch);

switch(ch)
{
case 1:printf("enter new name");
scanf("%s",rec.name);
break;
case 2:printf("enter new roll no");
scanf("%d",&rec.rollno);
break;
case 3:printf("enter new branch");
scanf("%s",rec.branch);
break;
case 4:printf("enter new section");
scanf("%s",rec.sec);
break;
case 5:printf("enter new
address");
scanf("%s",rec.addr);
break;
}
fseek(fp,ftell(fp)-sizeof(rec),0);
fwrite(&rec,sizeof(rec),1,fp);
printf("\n\t\t\tONE RECORD IS updated SUCCESSFULLY");
}
}
if(f==0)
printf("\n\n\t\t\tRECORD is not FOUND");
getch();
fclose(fp);
menu();
}

void header()
{
clrscr();

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gotoxy(20,5);
textcolor(BLUE);
cprintf("*******************************");
gotoxy(10,6);
textcolor(YELLOW);
cprintf("@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@....STUDENT
MANAGEMENT....@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@");
gotoxy(20,7);
textcolor(BLUE);
cprintf("********************************");
}

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9. SEARCHING AND SORTING

9.a)Write a C program that uses non recursive function to search for a Key
value in a given list of integers using linear search method.

AIM: To search for a key value in a given list of integers using linear search
method
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int linear(int a[],int,int);
void main()
{
int a[20],n,i,key,pos;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no. of elements u want in array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter %d elements\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("enter the key which u wnt to search\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
pos=linear(a,n,key);
if(pos==-1)
printf("element is not found");
else
printf("element is found at %d position",pos+1);
getch();
}
int linear(int a[],int n,int key)
{
int i,k=0; for(i=0;i<n;i+
+)
{
if(key==a[i])
{
k=i;
}
}
if(k==0)
return(-1);
else
return(k);

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}
INPUT:

enter the no. of elements u want in array 5

enter 5 elements

56 87 4 34 21

enter the key which u want to search 4

OUTPUT:

element is found at 3 position

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9.b)Write a C program that uses non recursive function to search for a Key
value in a given sorted list of integers using binary search method.
AIM: To search for a Key value in a given sorted list of integers using binary
search method.
Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int binary(int a[],int,int);
void main()
{
int a[20],i,n,key,pos;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no. of elements u want in the list\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the %d elements of array\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("enter the key u want to search\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
pos=binary(a,n,key);
if(pos==-1)
printf("key is not found");
else
printf("key is found at %d position",pos+1);
getch();
}
int binary(int a[],int n,int key)
{
int low=0,high=n-1,mid;
while(high>=low)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
if(key>a[mid])
low=mid+1;
else if(key<a[mid])
high=mid-1;
else
return(mid);
}
return(-1);
}

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INPUT:
enter the no. of elements u want in the list 5

enter 5 elements of array

14 45 57 85 96

enter the key which u want to search 85

OUTPUT:

key is found at 4 position

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

9.c)Write a C program that implements the Bubble sort method to sort a given
list of integers in ascending order.
AIM:To implement the Bubble sort method to sort a given list of integers in
ascending order.
Source Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void bubble(int a[20],int);
void main()
{
int a[20],n,i;
clrscr();
printf("enter the no. of elements to sort\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter %d elements\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("before sorting,the elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%3d",a[i]);
}
bubble(a,n);
getch();
}
void bubble(int a[20],int n)
{
int i,j,temp;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}
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}
}
printf("after sorting,the elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%3d",a[i]);
}
}
Input:

enter the no. of elements to sort 5

enter 5elements 1 5 3 2 4

Output:
before sorting,the elements are 1 5 3 2 4
after sorting,the elements are 1 2 3 4 5

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9.d)Write a C program that sorts the given array of integers using selection
sort in descending order.
AIM: To sort the given array of integers using selection sort in descending
order.
Source Code:

#include <stdio.h>
void selection_sort();
int a[30], n;
void main()
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter size of an array: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nEnter elements of an array:\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
selection_sort(); printf("\n\
nAfter sorting:\n"); for(i=0;
i<n; i++)
printf("\n%d", a[i]);
getch();
}
void selection_sort()
{
int i, j, min, temp;
for (i=0; i<n; i++)
{
min = i;
for (j=i+1; j<n; j++)
{
if (a[j] < a[min])
min = j;
}
temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[min];
a[min] = temp;
}
}

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

Input:
Enter size of an array: 6

Enter elements of an array: 3 1 4 2 5 6

Output:
After sorting:
1
2
3
4
5
6

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9.e)Write a C program that sorts the given array of integers using insertion
sort in ascending order
AIM: To sort the given array of integers using insertion sort in ascending
order.
Source Code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void insertion(int [], int );
int main()
{
int arr[30];
int i,size;
printf("Enter total no. of elements : ");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf(“\n Enter the elements to sort:”);
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
insertion(arr,size);
printf("\nAfter sorting\n");
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
printf(" %d",arr[i]);
getch();
return 0;
}
void insertion(int arr[], int size)
{
int i,j,tmp;
for(i=0; i<size; i++)
{
for(j=i-1; j>=0; j--)
{
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1])
{
tmp=arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=tmp;
}
else
break;

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}
}
}

Input:
Enter total no. of elements: 6
Enter the elements to sort:6 3 1 4 2 5

Output:
After sorting 1 2 3 4 5 6

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PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Department of H &S

9.f)Write a C program that sorts a given array of names

AIM:To sort a given array of names.

Source Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
int i, j, num;
char name[20][10], t_name[15][10], temp[20];
printf("Enter how many number of names to be sorted in alphabetical
order\n");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("Please enter %d names one by one\n", num);
for(i=0; i< num ; i++)
{
scanf("%s",name[i]);
strcpy (t_name[i], name[i]);
}
for(i=0; i < num-1 ; i++)
{
for(j=i+1; j< num; j++)
{
if(strcmp(name[i],name[j]) > 0)
{
strcpy(temp,name[i]);
strcpy(name[i],name[j]);
strcpy(name[j],temp);
}
}
}
printf("Names before sorting in alphabetical order\n");
for(i=0; i< num ; i++)
{
printf("%s\n",t_name[i]);
}
printf("Names after sorting in alphabetical order\n");
for(i=0; i< num ; i++)
{
printf("%s\n",name[i]);

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}
}

Input:

Enter how many number of names to be sorted in alphabetical order 4

Please enter 4 names one by one
thiyagu
raja
mani
Arul

Output:

Entered names before sorting in alphabetical order

thiyagu
raja
mani
Arul
Entered names after sorting in alphabetical order
Arul
mani
raja
thiyagu

Malla Reddy Engineering College for Women (Autonomous Institution-UGC, Govt. of India) Page 93