CHAPTER 2

CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL

ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY

SOURCES

OVERVIEW

THE COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE of the past through

credible and reliable sources is essential to the understanding

and learning of the students of their own history. History

must be studied carefully; hence it necessitates the

application of historical method. Historical method is the

process of critically examining and analyzing the records

and survivals of the past (Gottschalk, 1969).

The intent of the application of historical method is to

make students competent in their interpretation of facts and

critical analysis of historical narrative or account. For this

to be achieved, the students will be engaged in content and

contextual analysis of the selected primary sources.

Content analysis is a systematic evaluation of the primary

source be it a text, painting, caricature, and/or speech that in

the process students could develop and present an argument

based on their own understanding of the evidences from their

readings. The students will identify pertinent information

from the text/document and explain its importance to their

understanding of history in the Philippine setting. Contextual

analysis on the other hand, considers specifically the time,

place, and situation when the primary source was written. The

analysis as well includes the author's background, authority

on the subject and intent perceptible, and its relevance and

meaning to people and society today.

The approach is essential to the enhancement of student's

analytical and critical thinking skills and their ability to

articulate their own views on the specific primary source in this

chapter. Moreover, for this to be realized, the selected primary

sources which will be utilized are provided and introduced

separately with a brief description for each.

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 1

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

WHOEVER has the willpower to undertake a journey across oceans begets the one

entity desired. The development of Portuguese maritime empire, apparent scientific

and technological advancement, European attraction to Asia's wealth and spices, incited

Spain to expend for an expedition. Subsequently, Spain along with other European

nations engaged in discovering and taking possessions of lands beyond the continent.

The period of discovery and expansionism began in the 15th century, henceforth

from Europe came to the East huge vessels loaded with merchandize and men under a

command to discover and covet lands in the east. This was an eventuality which adjoined

people and nations and such encounter had far-reaching consequences until 19th century.

The Philippine island in 1521 has been "rediscovered by the Spanish commissioned
authority, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who gained confidence and

support from the monarchy of Spain. This information on rediscovery which the world

is cognizant of is attributable to an Italian chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta. The details of

the world's first circumnavigation were accurately recorded in his journal. This chronicle

serves as the lens through which the voyage and circumnavigation of the world can be

apprehended with certainty. It specifically furnishes important details on the discovery

of the islands and people inhabiting the place, these people were to be the Filipinos'

great ancestors who lived peacefully and with abundance in the area. The comprehension

of the cultural life of these people was made possible through the chronicle of Pigafetta.

The narrative of the voyage which is

a translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley

is presented below. However, only the

necessary and important details of the

narrative were taken based on what is

useful for the students. In brief, the

narrative as it was written, commenced

with the description of the preparation

for the voyage, the captain and his men,

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA, Patrician of Vicenza, and Knight of

Rhodes, to the very illustrious and very excellent LORD PHILIP time when oceans were crossed like the

the dates as to when it left Spain, the

DE VILLIERS LISLEADEN, the famous Grand Master of Rhodes,

his most respected Lord.

Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Indian

Source: https:f/archive.org/details/firstvoyageroundoOpiga Ocean. In particular, Pigafetta wrote

ONE BOCS TUE WORLD

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

appertaining to the description of the different places he had seen, the people he met

and their distinct and interesting culture. The historic voyage began in 1519 and was

successfully completed in 1522.

Since there are several curious persons (very illustrious and very reverend lord) who not

only are pleased to listen to and learn the great and wonderful things which God has permitted

me to see and suffer in the long and perilous navigation, which I have performed (and which

is written hereafter), but also they desire to learn the methods and fashions of the road which

I have taken in order to go thither, (and who do} not grant firm belief to the end unless they

are first well advised and assured of the commencement. Therefore, my lord, it will please you

to hear that finding myself in Spain in the year of the Nativity of our Lord, one thousand five

hundred and nineteen, at the court of the most serene king of the Romans, with the reverend

lord, Mons. Francis Cheregato, then apostolic proto-notary, and ambassador of the Pope Leon

the Tenth, who, through his virtue, afterwards arrived at the bishoprick of Aprutino and the

principality of Theramo, and knowing both by the reading of many books and by the report of

many lettered and well-informed persons who conversed with the said proto-notary, the very

great and awful things of the ocean, I deliberated, with the favour of the Emperor and the

above-named lord, to experiment and go and see with my eyes a part of those things. By which

means I could satisfy the desire of the said lords, and mine own also. So that it might be said

that I had performed the said voyage, and seen well with my eyes the things hereafter written...

Finally (very illustrious lord), after all provisions had been made, and the vessels were

in order, the captain-general, a discreet and virtuous man, careful of his honour, would not

commence his voyage without first making some good and wholesome ordinances, such as it
is the good custom to make for those who go to sea. Nevertheless he did not entirely declare

the voyage which he was going to make, so that his men should not from amazement and fear

be unwilling to accompany him on so long a voyage, as he had undertaken in his intention.

Considering the great and impetuous storms which are on the ocean sea, where I wished to go;

and for another reason also, that is to say that the masters and captains of the other ships of his

company did not love him: of this I do not know the reason, except by cause of his, the captain-

general, being Portuguese, and they were Spaniards or Castilians, who for a long time have been

in rivalry and ill will with one another. Notwithstanding this all were obedient to him. He made

his ordinances such as those which follow, so that during the storms at sea, which often come on

by night and day, his ships should not go away and separate from one another. These ordinances

he published and made over in writing to each master of the ships, and commanded them to be

observed and inviolably kept, unless there were great and legitimate excuses, and appearance

of not having been able to do otherwise...

Tuesday, the 20th September of the said year, we set sail from St. Lucar, making the course

of the south-west otherwise named Labeiche; and on the twenty-sixth of the said month we

arrived at an island of great Canaria, named Teneriphe, which is in twenty-eight degrees

latitude; there we remained three days and a half to take in provisions and other things which

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

were wanted. After that we set sail thence and came to a port named Monterose, where we

sojourned two days to supply ourselves with pitch, which is a thing necessary for ships. It is to

be known that among the other isles which are at the said great Canaria, there is one, where

not a drop of water is to be found proceeding from a fountain or a river, only once a day at the

hour of midday, there descends a cloud from the sky which envelops a large tree which is in this

island, and it falls upon the leaves of the tree, and a great abundance of water distils from these
leaves, so that at the foot of the tree there is so large a quantity of water that it seems as if there

was an ever-running fountain. The men who inhabit this place are satisfied with this water;

also the animals, both domestic and wild, drink of it...

Saturday, the 16th of March, 1521, we arrived at daybreak in sight of a high island, three

hundred leagues distant from the before mentioned Thieves' island. This isle is named

Zamal. The next day the captain-general wished to land at another uninhabited island near the

first, to be in greater security and to take water, also to repose there a few days. He set up there

two tents on shore for the sick, and had a sow killed for them.

Monday, the 18th of March, after dinner, we sawa

boat come towards us with nine men in it: upon which

the captain-general ordered that no one should move

or speak without his permission. When these people

had come into this island towards us, immediately

the principal one amongst them went towards the

captain-general with demonstrations of being very

joyous at our arrival. Five of the most showy of them

remained with us, the others who remained with the

boat went to call some men who were fishing, and

afterwards all of them came together. The captain

seeing that these people were reasonable, ordered

food and drink to be given them, and he gave

them some red caps, looking glasses, combs, bells,

ivory, and other things. When these people saw

the politeness of the captain, they presented some

fish, and a vessel of palm wine, which they call in

their language Uraca; figs more than a foot long,

Pigafetta's Map Of The Straits Of Magellan

and others smaller and of a better savour, and two

cochos. At that time they had nothing to give him,

and they made signs to us with their hands that in four days they would bring us Umai, which

is rice, cocos, and many other victuals.

To explain the kind of fruits above-named it must be known that the one which they call

cochi, is the fruit which the palm trees bear. And as we have bread, wine, oil, and vinegar,

proceeding from different kinds, so these people have those things proceeding from these palm

trees only. It must be said that wine proceeds from the said palm trees in the following manner.

They make a hole at the summit of the tree as far as its heart, which is named palmito, from

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Porno

Neon peu

Juhan

which a liquor comes out in drops down the tree, like white must, which is sweet, but with

somewhat of bitter. They have canes as thick as the leg, in which they draw off this liquor, and

they fasten them to the tree from the evening till next morning, and from the morning to the

evening, because this liquor comes little by little...

These people became very familiar and friendly with us, and explained many things to us

in their language, and told us the names of some islands which we saw with our eyes before us.

*The island where they dwelt is called Zuluam, and it is not large." As they were sufficiently

agreeable and conversible we had great pleasure with them. The captain seeing that they were

of this good condition, to do them greater honour conducted them to the ship, and showed them
all his goods, that is to say, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold and all that

was in the ship. He also had some shots fired with his artillery, at which they were so much

afraid that they wished to jump from the ship into the sea. They made signs that the things

which the captain had shown them grew there where we were going. When they wished to leave

us they took leave of the captain and of us with very good manners and gracefulness, promising

us to come back to see us. The island we were at was named Humunu; nevertheless because we

found there two springs of very fresh water we named it the Watering Place of good signs, and

because we found here the first signs of gold. There is much white coral to be found here, and

large trees which bear fruit smaller than an almond, and which are like pines. There were also

many palm trees both good and bad. In this place there were many circumjacent islands, on

which account we named them the archipelago of St. Lazarus, because we stayed there on the

day and feast of St. Lazarus. This region and archipelago is in ten degrees north latitude, and a

hundred and sixty-one degrees longitude from the line of demarcation.

Friday, the 22nd of March, the above-mentioned people, who had promised us to return,

came about midday, with two boats laden with the said fruit cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel of

palm wine, and a cock, to give us to understand that they had poultry in their country, so that

we bought all that they brought. The lord of these people was old, and had his face painted,

and had gold rings suspended to his ears, which they name Schione, and the others had many

bracelets and rings of gold on their arms, with a wrapper of linen round their head. We remained

at this place eight days: the captain went there every day to see his sick men, whom he had

placed on this island to refresh them: and he gave them himself every day the water of this said

fruit the cocho, which comforted them much. Near this isle is another where there are a kind of

people who wear holes in their ears so large that they can pass their arms through them; these

people are Caphre, that is to say, Gentiles, and they go naked, except that round their middles

they wear cloth made of the bark of trees. But there are some of the more remarkable of them
who wear cotton stuff, and at the end of it there is some work of silk done with a needle. These

people are tawny, fat, and painted, and they anoint themselves with the oil of coco nuts and

sesame, to preserve them from the sun and the wind. Their hair is very black and long, reaching

to the waist, and they carry small daggers and knives, ornamented with gold, and many other

things, such as darts, harpoons, and nets to fish, like...

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The Monday of Passion week, the 25th of March, and feast of our Lady, in the afternoon,

and being ready to depart from this place, I went to the side of our ship to fish, and putting

my feet on a spar to go down to the store room, my feet slipped, because it had rained, and I

fell into the sea without any one seeing me, and being near drowning by luck I found at my left

hand the sheet of the large sail which was in the sea, I caught hold of it and began to cry out

till they came to help and pick me up with the boat. I was assisted not by my merits, but by the

mercy and grace of the fountain of pity. That same day we took the course between west and

southwest, and passed amidst four small islands, that is to say, Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson,

and Abarien.

Thursday, the 28th of March, having seen the night before fire upon an island, at the morning

we came to anchor at this island; where we saw a small boat which they call Boloto, with eight

men inside, which approached the ship of the captain-general. Then a slave of the captain's,

who was from Sumatra, otherwise named Traprobana, spoke from afar to these people, who

understood his talk, and came near to the side of the ship, but they withdrew immediately, and

would not enter the ship from fear of us. So the captain seeing that they would not trust to us

showed them a red cap, and other things, which he had tied and placed on a little plank, and the
people in the boat took them immediately and joyously, and then returned to advise their king.

Two hours afterwards, or thereabouts, we saw come two long boats, which they call Ballanghai,

full of men. In the largest of them was their king sitting under an awning of mats; when they

were near the ship of the captain-general, the said slave spoke to the king, who understood him

well, because in these countries the kings know more languages than the common people. Then

the king ordered some of his people to go to the captain's ship, whilst he would not move from

his boat, which was near enough to us. This was done, and when his people returned to the boat,

he went away at once. The captain gave good entertainment to the men who came to his ship,

and gave them all sorts of things, on which account the king wished to give the captain a rather

large bar of solid gold, and a chest full of ginger. However, the captain thanked him very

much

but would not accept the present. After that, when it was late, we went with the ships near to

the houses and abode of the king.

The next day which was Good Friday, the captain sent on shore the before mentioned slave,

who was our interpreter, to the king to beg him to give him for money some provisions for his

ships, sending him word that he had not come to his country as an enemy, but as a friend. The

king on hearing this came with seven or eight men in a boat, and entered the ship, and embraced

the captain, and gave him three china dishes covered with leaves full of rice, and two dorades,

which are rather large fish, and of the sort above-mentioned, and he gave him several other

things. The captain gave this king a robe of red and yellow cloth, made in the Turkish fashion,

and a very fine red cap, and to his people he gave to some of them knives, and to others mirrors.

After that refreshments were served up to them. The captain told the king, through the said

interpreter, that he wished to be with him, cassi cassi, that is to say, brothers. To which the king

answered that he desired to be the same towards him. After that the captain showed him cloths

of different colours, linen, coral, and much other merchandise, and all the artillery, of which he
had some pieces fired before him, at which the king was much astonished; after that the captain

had one of his soldiers armed with white armour, and placed him in the midst of three comrades,

who struck him with swords and daggers. The king thought this very strange, and the captain

told him, through the interpreter, that a man thus in white armour was worth a hundred of his

men; he answered that it was true; he was further informed that there were in each ship two

hundred like that man. After that the captain showed him a great number of swords, cuirasses,

and helmets, and made two of the men play with their swords before the king; he then showed

him the sea chart and the ship compass, and informed him how he had found the strait to come

there, and of the time which he had spent in coming; also of the time he had been without seeing

any land, at which the king was astonished. At the end the captain asked if he would be pleased

that two of his people should go with him to the places where they lived, to see some of the

things of his country. This the king granted, and I went with another...

This kind of people are gentle, and go naked, and are painted. They wear a piece of cloth

made from a tree, like a linen cloth, round their body to cover their natural parts: they are

great drinkers. The women are dressed in tree cloth from their waists downwards; their hair is

black, and reaches down to the ground; they wear certain gold rings in their ears. These people

chew most of their time a fruit which they call areca, which is something of the shape of a pear;

they cut it in four quarters, and after they have chewed it for a long time they spit it out, from

which afterwards they have their mouths very red. They find themselves the better from the

use of this fruit because it refreshes them much, for this country is very hot, so that they could

not live without it. In this island there is a great quantity of dogs, cats, pigs, fowls, and goats,

rice, ginger, cocos, figs, oranges, lemons, millet, wax, and gold mines. This island is in nine

degrees and two-thirds north latitude, and one hundred and sixty-two longitude from the line

of demarcation: it is twenty-five leagues distant from the other island where we found the two

fountains of fresh water. This island is named Mazzava.

We remained seven days in this place; then we took the tack of Maestral, passing through

the midst of five isles, that is to say, Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Satighan. In this

island of Satighan is a kind of bird called Barbastigly, which are as large as eagles. Of these

we killed only one, because it was late. We ate it, and it had the taste of a fowl. There are also in

this island doves, tortoises, parrots, and certain black birds as large as a fowl, with a long tail.

They lay eggs as large as those of a goose. These they put a good arm's length under the sand in

the sun, where they are hatched by the great heat which the heated sand gives out; and when

these birds are hatched they push up the sand and come out. These eggs are good to eat. From

this island of Mazzabua to that of Satighan there are twenty leagues, and on leaving Satighan

we went by the west, but the King of Mazzabua could not follow us; therefore we waited for

him near three islands, that is to say. Polo, Ticobon, and Pozzon. When the king arrived he was

much astonished at our navigation, the captain-general bade him come on board his ship with

some of his principal people, at which they were much pleased. Thus we went to Zzubu, which is

fifteen leagues off from Satighan.

Sunday, the 7th of April, about midday, we entered the port of Zzubu, having passed by

many villages. There we saw many houses which were built on trees. On approaching the

principal town the captain-general commanded all his ships to hang out their flags. Then we

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lowered the sails in the fashion in which they are struck when going to fight, and he had all the

artillery fired, at which the people of this place were greatly frightened. The captain sent a

young man whom he had brought up, (272) with the interpreter to the king of this island Zzubi

These having come to the town, found a great number of people and their king with them,

all alarmed by the artillery which had been fired. But the interpreter reassured them, saying

that it was the fashion and custom to fire artillery when they arrived at ports, to show signs
of peace and friendship; and also, to do more honour to the king of the country, they had fired

all the artillery. The king and all his people were reassured. He then bade one of his principal

men ask what we were seeking. The interpreter answered him that his master was captain of

the greatest king in the world, and that he was going by the command of the said sovereign to

discover the Molucca islands. However, on account of what he had heard where he had passed,

and especially from the King of Mazzava, of his courtesy and good fame, he had wished to pass

by his country to visit him, and also to obtain some refreshment of victuals for his merchandise.

Tuesday morning following the King of Mazzava, with the Moor, came to the ship, and

saluted the captain on behalf of the King of Zzubu, and said that the king was preparing a

quantity of provisions, as much as he could, to make a present of to him, and that after dinner

he would send two of his nephews, with others of his principal people, to make peace with him.

Then the captain had one of his men armed with his own armour, and told him that all of us

would fight armed in that manner, at which the Moorish merchant was rather astonished; but

the captain told him not to be afraid, and that our arms were soft to our friends and rough to

our enemies; and that as a cloth wipes away the sweat from a man, so our arms destroy the

enemies of our faith. The captain said this to the Moor, because he was more intelligent than the

others, and for him to relate it all to the King of Zzubu.

We turned backwards, passing between the island of Cagayan and the port of Cipit, taking

a course east and a quarter south-east, to seek the islands of Maluco. We passed between certain

little mountains, around which we found many weeds, although there was there a great depth.

Passing between these islets it seemed that we were in another sea.

Having left Cipit to the east, we saw to the west two islands called Zolo and Taghima, near

which islands pearls are found. The two pearls of the King of Burné, of which I have spoken,

were found there, and this is the manner in which he obtained them, according to the account

which was given me of it. The King of Burné married a daughter of the King of Zolo, who told
him that her father had these two big pearls. He desired to have them, and decided on getting

them by any means, and one night he set out with five hundred prahus full of armed men, and

went to Zolo, and took the king with his two sons, and brought them to Burné, and did not

restore them to liberty until they gave him the two pearls.

Continuing our course east and a quarter north-east we passed near two inhabited places called

Cavit and Subanin, and passed near an island called Monoripa, ten leagues distant from the before-

mentioned islets. The inhabitants of this island always live in their vessels, and have no houses on

24

shore. In these two districts of Cavit and Subanin, which are situated in the same island as that in

which are Butuan and Calagan, the best cinnamon of any grows. If we could have remained here only

two days, we could have laden the ships with it, but we did not wish to lose time, but to profit by

the favourable wind, for we had to double a cape and some islets which were around it. Wherefore,

remaining under sail, we made a little barter, and obtained seventeen pounds of cinnamon for two

big knives, which we had taken from the Governor of Pulaoan.

Having seen the cinnamon tree, I can give some description of it. It is a small tree, not more

than three or four cubits high, and of the thickness of a man's finger, and it has not got more

than three or four little branches. Its leaf is like that of the laurel. The cinnamon for use which

comes to us, is its bark, which is gathered twice in the year. Its wood and leaves when they are

green have the taste and force of the bark itself. Here it is called Cainmana, since cain means

wood and mana sweet.

Having set the head of the ship to north-east, we made for a large city called Maingdanao,

situated in the same island in which are Butuan and Calagan, in order to get precise information

of the position of Maluco. Following this course we took possession of a bignaday, a vessel

similar to a prahu, and being obliged to have recourse to force and violence, we killed seven out

of eighteen men who formed the crew. These men were better made and more robust than all
those we had seen hitherto, and they were all chief men of Mindanao. There was among them

a brother of the king who said that he well knew where Maluco was. Afterwards, following his

indications, we left the north-east course which we held, and took a south-east course. We were

then in 6° 7'N. latitude and thirty leagues distant from Cavit.

Making for the south-east we found four islands, named Ciboco, Birabam Batolac,

Sarangani, and Candigar. Saturday, the 26th of October, about nightfall, whilst coasting the

island of Birabam Batolac, we met with a very great storm, before which we lowered all our sails,

and betook ourselves to prayer. Then our three saints appeared upon the masts and dispersed

the darkness. St. Elmo stood for more than two hours at the mainmast head like a flame. St.

Nicholas at the head of the foremast, and St. Clara on the mizenmast. In gratitude for their

assistance we promised a share to each of the saints, and we gave to each an offering...

At last, when it pleased Heaven, on Saturday the 6th of September of the year 1522, we

entered the bay of San Lucar; and of sixty men who composed our crew when we left Maluco,

we were reduced to only eighteen, and these for the most part sick. Of the others, some died of

hunger, some had run away at the island of Timor, and some had been condemned to death for

their crimes.

From the day when we left this bay of San Lucar until our return thither, we reckoned that

we had run more than fourteen thousand four hundred and sixty leagues, and we had completed

going round the earth from East to West.

Monday the 8th of September, we cast anchor near the mole of Seville, and discharged all

the artillery. Tuesday, we all went in shirts and barefoot, with a taper in our hands to visit the

shrine of St. Maria of Victory, and of St. Maria de Antigua.

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Then, leaving Seville, I went to Valladolid, where I presented to his Sacred Majesty Don
Carlos, neither gold nor silver, but things much more precious in the eyes of so great a Sovereign.

I presented to him among other things, a book written by my hand of all the things that had

occurred day by day in our voyage. I departed thence as I was best able, and went to Portugal,

and related to King John the things which I had seen. Returning through Spain, I came to France,

where I presented a few things from the other hemisphere to Madam the Regent, mother of the

most Christian King Don Francis. Afterwards, I turned towards Italy, where I established for

ever my abode, and devoted my leisure and vigils to the very illustrious and noble lord, Philip de

Villiers Lisleadam, the very worthy grand master of Rhodes.

The Chevalier, ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

26

EXERCISE 2.1

Name:

Date:

Course & Year:

Score:

Identify what is being described in the following items.

1. It refers to the complete name of the chronicler of the

document entitled, “The Voyage around the World".

2. It is the first ocean where the sailing ships headed by Ferdinand

Magellan crossed after leaving Spain in 1519.

3. It is the small passage or isthmus traversed by Magellan's fleet

somewhere at the tip of the South American continent.

4. It is the vast water body that can be found east of the Philippine

islands.

5. It is the term used by Pigafetta which refers to the island

where the historic mass was celebrated.

6. It refers to the gift which was given by Magellan to the native

queen.

7. It refers to the name of the chief of Matan who had defended

his people, territory, and defeated Magellan in the battle.

8. It is the complete date of the historic battle of Matan (Mactan).

9. It refers to the Christian name given to the first baptized

queen who had the great desire for conversion according to

Pigafetta.

10. It is the exact date of arrival of the remaining fleet in San

Lucar, Spain

EXERCISE 2.2

Date:

Name:

Score:

Course & Year:

Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items.

1. What is the primary reason of the author in writing the document? How was it

produced?

2. What is the main theme in the document? Explain briefly.

3. What specific information of importance is provided in the text? Explain its importance

to the understanding of Philippine history.

4. What light does it shed on people, their politics and economy, religious and cultural

practices? Analyze the text.

5. What is your personal evaluation on the impact of the document in the understanding
of the 16th century people and their culture in the islands?

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SUGGESTED ACTIVITY

The students will make a document analysis by identifying remarkable facts

presented in the document. After doing so, they are going to make an outline out from

these pieces of information. They are expected to make logical judgment and conclusion

from the text.

1. Write an outline of the interesting points in the document. Avoid the use of

meaningless comments (this is an "interesting document") and personal form (I,

me, my).

2. When specific information is raised, and inferences are made on one or more

paragraphs, cite it specifically in a parenthesis (...) or have them quoted and

provide the number (#) of the paragraph.

3. The analysis must be typed, space 1.5, Times New Roman, font 12. Margins

must be the default margins of the Microsoft Word program.

4. The cover page includes: name, date submitted, title (Document Analysis: First

Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta), and course title.

5. The source or web site consulted shall be put on a separate bibliographical page.

LESSON 2

CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

THE CUSTOMS of the Tagalogs is a narrative on the established culture of the

Tagalogs in Luzon written by Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary in the Tagalog

region since 1578 until 1590.

This document was written as an answer to the request of the monarchy in Spain
which was to provide pieces of information about the government, administration of

justice, inheritances, slaves, dowries, worship, burials, and superstition of the “Indians"

in the colony. In addition, the document is to rectify previous reports about the people's

way of life in the region.

Plasencia wrote:

“This people always had chiefs, called by them datos, who governed them and

were captains in their wars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced. The subject

who committed any offense against them, or spoke but a word to their wives and

children, was severely punished."

These chiefs ruled over but few people; sometimes as many as a hundred houses,

sometimes even less than thirty. This tribal gathering is called in Tagalog a barangay. It

was inferred that the reason for giving themselves this name arose from the fact as they

are classed, by their language, among the Malay nations) that when they came to this

land, the head of the barangay, which is a boat, thus called as is discussed at length in

the first chapter of the first ten chapters-became a dato. And so, even at the present

day, it is ascertained that this barangay in its origin was a family of parents and children,

relations and slaves. There were many of these barangays in each town, or, at least, on

account of wars, they did not settle far from one another. They were not, however, subject

to one another, except in friendship and relationship. The chiefs, in their various wars,

helped one another with their respective barangays.

In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both the fathers and mothers side

continue to be so forever; and if it happens that they should become slaves, it is through marriage,

as I shall soon explain. If these maharlicas had children among their slaves, the children and

their mothers became free; if one of them had children by the slave-woman of another, she was

compelled, when pregnant, to give her master half of a gold tael, because of her risk of death,
and for her inability to labor during the pregnancy. In such a case half of the child was free-

namely, the half belonging to the father, who supplied the child with food. If he did not do this,

he showed that he did not recognize him as his child, in which case the latter was wholly a slave.

If a free woman had children by a slave, they were all free, provided he were not her husband.

30

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave,

whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, the children were divided: the first, whether male or

female, belonged to the father, as did the third and fifth; the second, the fourth, and the sixth

fell to the mother, and so on. In this manner, if the father were free, all those who belonged

to him were free; if he were a slave, all those who belonged to him were slaves; and the same

applied to the mother. If there should not be more than one child he was half free and half

slave. The only question here concerned the division, whether the child were male or female.

Those who became slaves fell under the category of servitude which was their parent's, either

namamahay or sa guiguilir. If there were an odd number of children, the odd one was half free

and half slave. I have not been able to ascertain with any certainty when or at what age the

division of children was made, for each one suited himself in this respect. Of these two kinds of

slaves the sa guiguilir could be sold, but not the namamahay and their children, nor could they

be transferred. However, they could be transferred from the barangay by inheritance, provided

they remained in the same village.

They condemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the death-penalty. As for

the witches, they killed them, and their children and accomplices became slaves of the

chief, after he had made some recompense to the injured person. All other offenses were

punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with promptness, exposed the culprit to

serve, until the payment should be made, the person aggrieved, to whom the money was
to be paid. This was done in the following way: Half the cultivated lands and all their

produce belonged to the master. The master provided the culprit with food and clothing,

thus enslaving the culprit and his children until such time as he might amass enough

money to pay the fine. If the father should by chance pay his debt, the master then

claimed that he had fed and clothed his children, and should be paid therefor...

In what concerns loans, there was formerly, and is today, an excess of usury, which

is a great hindrance to baptism as well as to confession; for it turns out in the same way

as I have showed in the case of the one under judgment, who gives half of his cultivated

lands and profits until he pays the debt. The debtor is condemned to a life of toil; and

thus borrowers become slaves, and after the death of the father the children pay the

debt. Not doing so, double the amount must be paid. This system should and can be

reformed.

In the case of a child by a free married woman, born while she was married, if the

husband punished the adulterer this was considered a dowry; and the child entered with

the others into partition in the inheritance. His share equaled the part left by the father,

nothing more. If there were no other sons than he, the children and the nearest relatives

inherited equally with him. But if the adulterer were not punished by the husband of the

woman who had the child, the latter was not considered as his child, nor did he inherit

anything. It should be noticed that the offender was not considered dishonored by the

punishment inflicted, nor did the husband leave the woman. By the punishment of the

father the child was fittingly made legitimate.

31

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Dowries are given by the men to the women's parents. If the latter are living, they

enjoy the use of it. At their death, provided the dowry has not been consumed, it is
divided like the rest of the estate, equally among the children, except in case the father

should care to bestow something additional upon the daughter. If the wife, at the time

of her marriage, has neither father, mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry-

which, in such a case, belongs to no other relative or child. It should be noticed that

unmarried women can own no property, in land or dowry, for the result of all their

labors accrues to their parents,

The above is what I have been able to ascertain clearly concerning customs observed

among these natives in all this Laguna and the tingues, and among the entire Tagalog

race. The old men say that a dato who did anything contrary to this would not be

esteemed; and, in relating tyrannies which they had committed, some condemned them

and adjudged them wicked...

In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands, there are no temples

consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general

practice of idolatry. It is true that they have the name simbahan, which means a temple

or place of adoration, but this is because, formerly, when they wished to celebrate a

festival, which they called pandot, or "worship," they celebrated it in the large house of

a chief. There they constructed, for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people, a

temporary shed on each side of the house, with a roof, called sibi, to protect the people

from the wet when it rained. They so constructed the house that it might contain many

people--dividing it, after the fashion of ships, into three compartments. On the posts

of the house they set small lamps, called sorihile; in the center of the house they placed

one large lamp, adorned with leaves of the white palm, wrought into many designs. They

also brought together many drums, large and small, which they beat successively while

the feast lasted, which was usually four days. During this time the whole barangay, or

family, united and joined in the worship which they call nagaanitos. The house, for the
above-mentioned period of time, was called a temple.

Among their many idols there was one called. Badhala, whom they especially

worshiped. The title seems to signify “all powerful,” or “maker of all things." They also

worshiped the sun, which, on account of its beauty, is almost universally respected and

honored by heathens. They worshiped, too, the moon, especially when...

These natives had no established division of years, months, and days; these are determined

by the cultivation of the soil, counted by moons, and the different effect produced upon the

trees when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this helps them in making up the year.

The winter and summer are distinguished as sun-time and water-time--the latter term

designating winter in those regions, where there is no cold, snow, or ice...

32

RSAD

Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast, and offer to the devil

what they had to eat. This was done in front of the idol, which they anoint with fragrant

perfumes, such as musk and civet, or gum of the storax-tree and other odoriferous

woods, and praise it in poetic songs sung by the officiating priest, male or female, who

is called catolonan. The participants made responses to the song, beseeching the idol

to favor them with those things of which they were in need, and generally, by offering

repeated healths, they all became intoxicated. In some of their idolatries they were

accustomed to place a good piece of cloth, doubled, over the idol, and over the cloth a

chain or large, gold ring, thus worshiping the devil without having sight of him. The

devil was sometimes liable to enter into the body of the catolonan, and, assuming her

shape and appearance, filled her with so great arrogance--he being the cause of it-

that she seemed to shoot flames from her eyes; her hair stood on end, a fearful sight to

those beholding, and she uttered words of arrogance and superiority. In some districts,
especially in the mountains, when in those idolatries the devil incarnated himself and

took on the form of his minister, the latter had to be tied to a tree by his companions,

to prevent the devil in his infernal fury from destroying him. This, however, happened

but rarely. The objects of sacrifice were goats, fowls, and swine, which were flayed,

decapitated, and laid before the idol...

In the case of young girls who first had their monthly courses, their eyes were

blindfolded four days and four nights; and, in the meantime, the friends and relatives

were all invited to partake of food and drink. At the end of this period, the catolonan

took the young girl to the water, bathed her and washed her head, and removed the

bandage from her eyes. The old men said that they did this in order that the girls might

bear children, and have fortune in finding husbands to their taste, who would not leave

them widows in their youth.

Their manner of burying the dead was as follows: The deceased was buried beside his

house; and, if he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they

constructed for this purpose. Before interring him, they mourned him for four days; and

afterward laid him on a boat which served as a coffin or bier, placing him beneath the

porch, where guard was kept over him by a slave...

These infidels said that they knew that there was another life of rest which they

called maca, just as if we should say “paradise," or, in other words, "village of rest."

They say that those who go to this place are the just, and the valiant, and those who

lived without doing harm, or who possessed other moral virtues. They said also that

in the other life and mortality, there was a place of punishment, grief, and affliction,

called casanaan, which was a place of anguish;" they also maintained that no one would

go to heaven, where there dwelt only Bathala, “the maker of all things," who governed

from above. There were also other pagans who confessed more clearly to a hell, which
they called, as I have said, casanaan; they said that all the wicked went to that place, and

there dwelt the demons, whom they called sitan...

33

num NF HISTORY

There were alsoghosts, which theycalledvibit; and phantoms, which they called Tigbalaang

They had another deception--namely, that if any woman died in childbirth, she and the

child suffered punishment; and that, at night, she could be heard lamenting. This was

called patianac. May the honor and glory be God our Lord's, that among all the Tagalos not a

trace of this is left; and that those who are now marrying do not even know what it is, thanks

to the preaching of the holy gospel, which has banished it”.

Source: Plasencia, Juan de "Customs of the Tagalogs" in Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander
Robertson. The Philippine

Islands: 1493-1898. Cleveland, OH. The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1906.

EXERCISE 2.3

Name:

Date:

Course & Year:

Score:

A. Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.

1. The Tagalogs believe in the other life, mortality, and the place of

anguish called Casanaan.

2. The belief behind the practice of blindfolding among girls who had

their first monthly courses was for them to be able to bear children

and keep a lifetime marriage.

3. The Tagalog alipin was categorized into aliping saguiguilir who claims

privileges and the aliping namamahay who can be sold.

4. The lands on the tingues were divided among the barangay people.

5. Other than the sun and the moon, the Tagalogshadone idol worshipped

which they called Badhala, a title that signify “benevolence".

B. Identify what is being described in the following items.

1. He is the author of the document entitled "Customs of

the Tagalogs".

2. It is the term used to refer to the political unit established

by the Tagalogs.

3. It is the term used to refer the person who has the

authority to establish control over his people.

4. It is the punishment imposed on insult of the dato's

daughter and witchcraft.

5. It is the term used to refer to the priest, either man or

woman who held honorable office.

1. What is the physical nature of the document (letter, report, etc.)? What are the major

Date:

EXERCISE 2.4

Name:

Course & Year:

Score:

Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items.

premises presented about the Tagalog in Luzon?

2. What was the author's main argument? What was he trying to say about the customs

of the Tagalog?

3. What do you know about the author like his nationality, occupation, and/or position?
Does any of these, matter? Why?

4. What was the author's purpose of writing the document?

5. What is the important connection of the document to your recognition and appreciation

of the Tagalog customs?

36

ACTIVITY

1. Mind mapping. Create a mind map of the important concepts on the following:

a. Political Organization

b. Economic Organization

C. Cultural Practices and Traditions

LESSON 3

WORKS OF JUAN LUNA AND FERNANDO AMORSOLO

HISTORICAL PAINTINGS are visual representations of concrete happenings on

the life of people in a specific period. The idea about certain events and people is

communicated or expressed aesthetically through art with form, technique, and style,

Essentially, these paintings are instrumental to the visualization of the reality which

stands equally with texts, photos, caricatures, and films.

The students will be exposed to

determining and seeing the balance betweenn

history and imagination. The artwork itself

will be scrutinized and examined as to how it

shows the reality contextually,

Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo's

paintings are presented in this lesson as

SPOLIARIUM 19TH Century --Juan Luna

subject for analysis and discussion.

This is the most valuable oil-on-canvass painting with a Juan Luna (1857-1899) is best known

size of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, making it the largest

painting in the Philippines. It won First Gold Medal in

for impressive rendition of classical subjects

1884 as an entry to the prestigious Exposicion de Bellas

in his academic works. These works include

Artes in Madrid

Source: Retrieved from http://driftwoodjourneys.com/

historical scenes and portraiture, however

the-historical-triumph-and-social-relevance-juan-lunas subsequently he turned to realism depicting

social inequalities. In this lesson, the

"Spoliarium" and "The Parisian Life" are

Luna's paintings presented for the analysis of

the students.

spoliarium/

The Parisian Life, 1892

French: Interior d'un Cats

(Inside a Cafe)

--Juan Luna

Retrieved from

http://www.mariaronabeltran.com/2011/08/juan-luna-

and-his-parisian-life.html

Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) delights

people of his impressionistic technique

depicting idyllic country scenes, beautiful

maidens, and colorfully dressed peasants

planting or harvesting rice. The paintings

are significant in the development of the

formation of Filipino notions of self and

identity. In this lesson, the "Antipolo Fiesta"

and “Palay Maiden” paintings are presented

for analysis.

38

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Antipolo Fiesta, 1947

--Fernando Amorsolo

This oil painting on canvas depicts a rural scene where a group of people

are shown celebrating a fiesta in Antipolo.

Source: Retrieved from

http://www.fernandocamorsolo.com/mfca_erratum/index.html

Palay Maiden, 1920

(Dalagang Bukid)

--Fernando Amorsolo

This painting portrays a provincial Filipina beauty or dalagang bukid

during a rice harvest and dressed in and enveloped by the colors of the

Philippine flag

Source: Retrieved from

http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/masterpiece/detail.

nhn?objectid-10429
EXERCISE 2.5

Name:

Date:

Course & Year:

Score:

Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items.

A. Situate art object in historical context.

1. What do you know about the period of the painting? Include in the discussion

following: biographical data of the artist, information about how the painting

was received in its time, and important social, political and economic constructs

of the time

2. What are the qualities profound in the painting that shows the skill of the artist

in replicating reality?

3. What evidences can you provide to support your main claim on the important

depiction of the painting?

ACTIVITY

Name:

Course & Year:

Date:

Score:

Explore: Compare Famous Paintings of Luna And Amorsolo

The students will search online for two paintings, one from Luna and the other one

from Amorsolo. They will discuss the ideas portrayed in the paintings.

Juan Luna

Title of the Painting

Elements/Principles

Meaning/Message

1.

2.

Fernando Amorsolo

Elements/Principles

Meaning/Message

Title of the Painting

1.

2.

41

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 4

THE POLITICAL CARICATURES

THE UNDERSTANDING OF POLITICS and society in a certain period of time

can be known and understood not only through texts but also through cartoons or

caricatures. A Political caricature is a type of drawing that is used to present a comment,

opinion, or criticism on a particular event, person, and situation. It is also known as

editorial cartoon found in a newspaper.

In this part of the chapter are five (5) political cartoons to be analyzed. These are

derived from the book entitled Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American

Era, 1900-1941,

right 1985).

Caricature 1 -

A New Wrinkle in the Art of Thieving

THEY CLEAN, CULTIVATE, AND

IMPROVE THE LAND. WHILE

I AM THE OWNER WITH

THE TORRENS TITLE.

ELLOS LIMPIAN, CULTIVANY

MEJORAN EL TERRENO MIENTRAS

YO ME HAGO PROPIETARIO Y

OBTENGO TITULO TORRENS.

HOMESTEADERS

A New Wrinkle in the Art of Thieving

Caricature 2 -

Memories of the Visit

42

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

THE CARTOONS

COSAS DE LA VIDA

LARAWAN NG BUHAY

- wat deelne

verdad que acredaar

ca pe

Ale de los rerut

--

AWASAP ter na

ya Viyanande timbang

Phan
angre bara

Caricature 3-

Manila: The Corruption of a City

EMS WINAN

CIEGOS DE CONVENIENCIA

E gros Oy

Godis

luego e gras forent.

cabado

la girls

Mark Lane

trong bagus

Layou

yang BULAN

Fan de

Jody War

Ka, ale

I DEB by

wych. NAKAPAGAGALAW.

2 Kelab 6.30

Caricature 4-

Convenient Blindness

EXERCISE 2.6

Name:

Date:
E)

Course & Year:

Score:

Interpretation of the Caricature. Fill-out correctly the table as asked.

Caricature

Meaning of each

Objects/People

symbol (objects/

Title

that you see

people)

#1

Political or social

issue presented

Important clues

#2

#3

#4

#5

44

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

EXERCISE 2.7
Name:

Course & Year:

Date:

Score:

Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items.

1. What is the cartoonist's viewpoint on caricature 2? Explain?

2. Do you agree or disagree with the cartoon? Why?

3. How were you able to interpret this cartoon?

45

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

ACTIVITY

Name:

Date:

Course & Year:

Score:

The students will develop publicity campaign that is designed to influence

government policies on:

1. Land for the landless

2. Quality Education

3. Give a consice explanation/discussion on the following questions.

4. What is the cartoonist trying to point through exaggeration?

5. What is the irony in the caricature? What idea does it intend to emphasize?

LESSONS

THE SPEECH OF CORAZON C. AQUINO

THE SPEECH presented in this lesson was obtained from an official gazette which
is an official journal of the Republic of the Philippines. This speech was delivered by the

late Corazon C. Aquino in the US Congress, Washington DC, on September 18, 1986 six (6)

months after her assumption into office as president of the Republic of the Philippines.

Included here is a portion of President Corazon Aquino's transcript of her speech and

the link where the video can be found.

"Three years ago, I left America in grief to bury my husband, Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had

left it also to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today, I have returned as the

president of a free people."

In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless act of

giving honor, a nation in shame reco ered its own. A country that had lost faith in its

future found it in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So in giving, we receive, in losing

we find, and out of defeat, we snatched our victory.

For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for

freedom. For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband and father. His loss,

three times in our lives, was always a deep and painful one.

Fourteen years ago this month was the first time we lost him. A president-turned-

dictator, and traitor to his oath, suspended the Constitution and shut down the Congress

that was much like this one before which I am honored to speak. He detained my husband

along with thousands of others - senators, publishers and anyone who had spoken up for

the democracy as its end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved.

The dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit

he must break. For even as the dictatorship demolished one by one the institutions of

democracy - the press, the Congress, the independence of the judiciary, the protection

of the Bill of Rights - Ninoy kept their spirit alive in himself.

At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate peace with the
dictatorship, as so many of his countrymen had done. But the spirit of democracy that

inheres in our race and animates this chamber could not be allowed to die. He held out,

in the loneliness of his cell and the frustration of exile, the democratic alternative to the

insatiable greed and mindless cruelty of the right and the purging holocaust of the left.

And then, we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news

came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together.

But his death was my country's resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone

they could be free again. The dictator had called him a nobody. Two million people threw

47

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

aside their passivity and escorted him to his grave. And so began the revolution that has

brought me to democracy's most famous home, the Congress of the United States.

The task had fallen on my shoulders to continue offering the democratic alternative

to our people.

You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against

threats and corruption. You saw women poll watchers break out in tears as armed goons

crashed the polling places to steal the ballots but, just the same, they tied themselves to

the ballot boxes. You saw a people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were

prepared to give their lives for its pale imitation. At the end of the day, before another

wave of fraud could distort the results, I announced the people's victory.

The distinguished co-chairman of the United States observer team in his report to your

President described that victory: “I was witness to an extraordinary manifestation of democracy

on the part of the Filipino people. The ultimate result was the election of Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino

as President and Mr. Salvador Laurel as Vice-President of the Philippines.

As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with my people

and my commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn with the lash shall not,

in my country, be paid by blood drawn by the sword but by the tearfuljoy of reconciliation.

My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a communist insurgency that

numbered less than 500. Unhampered by respect for human rights, he went at it hammer

and tongs. By the time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than 16,000. I think

there is a lesson here to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with the means by which

it grows.

I don't think anybody, in or outside our country, concerned for a democratic and

open Philippines, doubts what must be done. Through political initiatives and local

reintegration programs, we must seek to bring the insurgents down from the hills and,

by economic progress and justice, show them that for which the best intentioned among

them fight.

As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to power. Yet

equally, and again no friend of Filipino democracy will challenge this, I will not stand by

and allow an insurgent leadership to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers,

and threaten our new freedom.

Like Lincoln, I understand that force may be necessary before

mercy.

Lincoln, I don't relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend the integrity and

freedom of my country.

Like

Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have said that

we shall honor it. Yet must the means by which we shall be able to do so be kept from us?

Many conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt continue to be
imposed on us who never benefited from it. And no assistance or liberality commensurate

with the calamity that was visited on us has been extended. Yet ours must have been the

cheapest revolution ever. With little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first

and most difficult conditions of the debt negotiation the full restoration of democracy

and responsible government. Elsewhere, and in other times of more stringent world

economic conditions, Marshall plans and their like were felt to be necessary companions

of returning democracy.

When I met with President Reagan yesterday, we began an important dialogue about

cooperation and the strengthening of the friendship between our two countries. That

meeting was both a confirmation and a new beginning and should lead to positive results

in all areas of common concern.

We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration, even as we

carry a great share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These are only two of the

many burdens my people carry even as they try to build a worthy and enduring house

for their new democracy, that may serve as well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no

sooner is one stone laid than two are taken away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion out

of $4 billion, which was all we could earn in the restrictive markets of the world, went to

pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received.

Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should we

have to wring the payments from the sweat of our men's faces and sink all the wealth

piled up by the bondsman's two hundred fifty years of unrequited toil?

Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address this question:

has there been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than

that my people have gone through? You have spent many lives and much treasure to

bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to receive it. And here you have a people
who won it by themselves and need only the help to preserve it.

Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for the haven from oppression, and the

home you gave Ninoy, myself and our children, and for the three happiest years of our

lives together. Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new home for democracy,

another haven for the oppressed, so it may stand as a shining testament of our two

nation's commitment to freedom."

VIDEO: [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKYNCOI/youtube]

Transcript of the Speech; Retrieved from http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1986/09/18/speech-of-

president-corazon-aquino -

during-the-joint-session-of-the-u-s-congress-septemb

EXERCISE 2.8

Date:

Name:

Score:

Course & Year:

Give what is being asked in the following items.

1. It refers to the person who is quoted as the president

turned-dictator, traitor to his oath, and the one who shut

down the Congress.

2. It refers to the institution where there is protection of the

Bill of Rights, independence of the judiciary, Congress, and

the press.

3. It refers to the home of democracy mentioned in Cory

Aquino's speech.

4. It refers to the American poet mentioned in the speech who

described that democracy must be defended from arms and

attacks by lies.

5. It refers to the date mentioned in the speech when an election

was called for by the country's head of State and government.

6. It refers to the complete name of the elected vice President of

the Philippines during Corazon Aquino's administration.

7. It refers to how absolute power was swept away and democracy

rebuilt by full constitutional restoration.

8. It refers to the specific and important idea that according to

Corazon Aquino the Filipino people must be free from.

9. It refers to the challenge faced by the Filipino people which

according to Corazon Aquino it is the factor that feeds on

economic deterioration.

10. It refers to the figure on the export earnings of the country which

according to Corazon Aquino went only to pay the interest on

the debt which the Filipinos never benefitted.

EXERCISE 2.9

Name:

Course & Year:

Date:

Score:

Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items.

1. What can you say about this line in the speech of Corazon Aquino: "... and so began

the revolution that has brought me to democracy's most famous home, the Congress

of the United States"? Which concept in this line is important to you? Why?

2. What did Corazon Aquino mention in her speech pertaining to the aspiration of
the Filipino people? What are the specific lines for this? What do you feel about

these lines?

3. In the video, how many times the former President Corazon Aquino have been

applauded by the members of the US Congress? Mention the lines she said for which

she received an overwhelming applause.

ACTIVITY

Name:

Date:

Score:

Course & Year:

Rhetorical Analysis

Format: 4-5 paragraphs with 5-7 sentences each, typewritten, 1.5 spacing, and Times

New Roman size 12. Paper heading should include the student's name, course and year,

and class time.

Grading rubric

First Paragraph: Begin with an introductory line to gain the reader's attention

(something of interest regarding the speech, context, audience, or theme). Provide a

thesis statement introducing the primary purpose of your paper, significance of the

speech or personal interest you had in the speaker or subject matter. Concisely preview

the points that will be covered in your paper.

Second Paragraph: Discuss the CONTENT of the speech. What was it all about? Also

include the CONTEXT element of the speech like time frame, audience, purpose, subject

matter, etc.

Third Paragraph: Discuss the VERBAL DELIVERY. Was the speech informative? Was

it persuasive and meaningful to the Filipino people?

Fourth Paragraph: CONCLUSION. Signal your closing with signposts such as "In

Summary", "Finally", “In Review", "In Conclusion", etc. Review your main points and end

it with a closing thought. Provide your overall impression of the speech.

CHAPTER

Name:

Course & Year:

Date:

Score:

Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What was the important instruction to Ferdinand Magellan who led an expedition to

the East?

a. Circumnavigate the earth and record it.

b. Find the islands of Maluco from where the spices come.

C. Gather minerals and other resources vital for industrialization

d. Discover more islands for expansion.

2. What is the name of the island in sight as Magellan arrived on March 16, 1521?

a.

c.

a.

Feji (Fiji)

C. Zamal (Samar)

b. Mapuan (Mapua)

d. Zubbu (Cebu)

3. What was the Tagalog's customary practice which was to establish friendship and

brotherhood?
a. Alyansa (Alliance)

Dori (Dowry)

b. Cassi-cassi (Kasi-kasi)

d. Pandot

4. What was the term used to refer to the Tagalog worship?

anito

C. pagaanitos

b. nagaanitos

d. pagdiwata

5. What is excluded from the practice in offering sacrifices to the gods?

a. decapitation of goats, fowls, and swine C. proclamation of feast

d. singing of poetic songs

b. extraction of virgin's heart

6. Which concept is relative to the Tagalog custom on burial?

a. The deceased was thrown wrapped in a mat.

b. The deceased was placed beneath a little house constructed for the purpose.

C. The deceased was placed above the tree in a basket.

d. The deceased was placed in a wooden coffin and burned.

7. What is the largest and most valuable oil-on-canvass painting of Juan Luna?

a. “Cleopatra"

C. "Spoliarium"

d. "The Parisian Life"

b. “Palay Maiden"

8. What is true about Fernando Amorsolo's "Antipolo Fiesta” painting?

celebration and harvest

a celebration and scenery

d. celebration and feast

b. celebration and livelihood

c.

53

9. What idea is connected to political cartoons?

a. expression of feelings and emotions

b. illustration of social challenges

sketch for the delight of viewers

d. used to present criticism on situation

10. What is untrue in the speech of Corazon C. Aquino delivered in the US Congress on

September 18, 1986?

a. The relationship of America and the Philippines

b. The restoration of the government and foreign debt.

The Filipino struggle to achieve democracy and its meaning to them.

d. Development of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform in the Philippines.

c.