CHAPTER 2 Read
CHAPTER 2 Read
CHAPTER 2 Read
SOURCES
OVERVIEW
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LESSON 1
WHOEVER has the willpower to undertake a journey across oceans begets the one
and technological advancement, European attraction to Asia's wealth and spices, incited
Spain to expend for an expedition. Subsequently, Spain along with other European
nations engaged in discovering and taking possessions of lands beyond the continent.
The period of discovery and expansionism began in the 15th century, henceforth
from Europe came to the East huge vessels loaded with merchandize and men under a
command to discover and covet lands in the east. This was an eventuality which adjoined
people and nations and such encounter had far-reaching consequences until 19th century.
The Philippine island in 1521 has been "rediscovered by the Spanish commissioned
authority, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who gained confidence and
support from the monarchy of Spain. This information on rediscovery which the world
the world's first circumnavigation were accurately recorded in his journal. This chronicle
serves as the lens through which the voyage and circumnavigation of the world can be
of the islands and people inhabiting the place, these people were to be the Filipinos'
great ancestors who lived peacefully and with abundance in the area. The comprehension
of the cultural life of these people was made possible through the chronicle of Pigafetta.
Rhodes, to the very illustrious and very excellent LORD PHILIP time when oceans were crossed like the
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appertaining to the description of the different places he had seen, the people he met
and their distinct and interesting culture. The historic voyage began in 1519 and was
Since there are several curious persons (very illustrious and very reverend lord) who not
only are pleased to listen to and learn the great and wonderful things which God has permitted
me to see and suffer in the long and perilous navigation, which I have performed (and which
is written hereafter), but also they desire to learn the methods and fashions of the road which
I have taken in order to go thither, (and who do} not grant firm belief to the end unless they
are first well advised and assured of the commencement. Therefore, my lord, it will please you
to hear that finding myself in Spain in the year of the Nativity of our Lord, one thousand five
hundred and nineteen, at the court of the most serene king of the Romans, with the reverend
lord, Mons. Francis Cheregato, then apostolic proto-notary, and ambassador of the Pope Leon
the Tenth, who, through his virtue, afterwards arrived at the bishoprick of Aprutino and the
principality of Theramo, and knowing both by the reading of many books and by the report of
many lettered and well-informed persons who conversed with the said proto-notary, the very
great and awful things of the ocean, I deliberated, with the favour of the Emperor and the
above-named lord, to experiment and go and see with my eyes a part of those things. By which
means I could satisfy the desire of the said lords, and mine own also. So that it might be said
that I had performed the said voyage, and seen well with my eyes the things hereafter written...
Finally (very illustrious lord), after all provisions had been made, and the vessels were
in order, the captain-general, a discreet and virtuous man, careful of his honour, would not
commence his voyage without first making some good and wholesome ordinances, such as it
is the good custom to make for those who go to sea. Nevertheless he did not entirely declare
the voyage which he was going to make, so that his men should not from amazement and fear
Considering the great and impetuous storms which are on the ocean sea, where I wished to go;
and for another reason also, that is to say that the masters and captains of the other ships of his
company did not love him: of this I do not know the reason, except by cause of his, the captain-
general, being Portuguese, and they were Spaniards or Castilians, who for a long time have been
in rivalry and ill will with one another. Notwithstanding this all were obedient to him. He made
his ordinances such as those which follow, so that during the storms at sea, which often come on
by night and day, his ships should not go away and separate from one another. These ordinances
he published and made over in writing to each master of the ships, and commanded them to be
observed and inviolably kept, unless there were great and legitimate excuses, and appearance
Tuesday, the 20th September of the said year, we set sail from St. Lucar, making the course
of the south-west otherwise named Labeiche; and on the twenty-sixth of the said month we
latitude; there we remained three days and a half to take in provisions and other things which
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were wanted. After that we set sail thence and came to a port named Monterose, where we
sojourned two days to supply ourselves with pitch, which is a thing necessary for ships. It is to
be known that among the other isles which are at the said great Canaria, there is one, where
not a drop of water is to be found proceeding from a fountain or a river, only once a day at the
hour of midday, there descends a cloud from the sky which envelops a large tree which is in this
island, and it falls upon the leaves of the tree, and a great abundance of water distils from these
leaves, so that at the foot of the tree there is so large a quantity of water that it seems as if there
was an ever-running fountain. The men who inhabit this place are satisfied with this water;
Saturday, the 16th of March, 1521, we arrived at daybreak in sight of a high island, three
hundred leagues distant from the before mentioned Thieves' island. This isle is named
Zamal. The next day the captain-general wished to land at another uninhabited island near the
first, to be in greater security and to take water, also to repose there a few days. He set up there
two tents on shore for the sick, and had a sow killed for them.
and they made signs to us with their hands that in four days they would bring us Umai, which
To explain the kind of fruits above-named it must be known that the one which they call
cochi, is the fruit which the palm trees bear. And as we have bread, wine, oil, and vinegar,
proceeding from different kinds, so these people have those things proceeding from these palm
trees only. It must be said that wine proceeds from the said palm trees in the following manner.
They make a hole at the summit of the tree as far as its heart, which is named palmito, from
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Porno
Neon peu
Juhan
which a liquor comes out in drops down the tree, like white must, which is sweet, but with
somewhat of bitter. They have canes as thick as the leg, in which they draw off this liquor, and
they fasten them to the tree from the evening till next morning, and from the morning to the
These people became very familiar and friendly with us, and explained many things to us
in their language, and told us the names of some islands which we saw with our eyes before us.
*The island where they dwelt is called Zuluam, and it is not large." As they were sufficiently
agreeable and conversible we had great pleasure with them. The captain seeing that they were
of this good condition, to do them greater honour conducted them to the ship, and showed them
all his goods, that is to say, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold and all that
was in the ship. He also had some shots fired with his artillery, at which they were so much
afraid that they wished to jump from the ship into the sea. They made signs that the things
which the captain had shown them grew there where we were going. When they wished to leave
us they took leave of the captain and of us with very good manners and gracefulness, promising
us to come back to see us. The island we were at was named Humunu; nevertheless because we
found there two springs of very fresh water we named it the Watering Place of good signs, and
because we found here the first signs of gold. There is much white coral to be found here, and
large trees which bear fruit smaller than an almond, and which are like pines. There were also
many palm trees both good and bad. In this place there were many circumjacent islands, on
which account we named them the archipelago of St. Lazarus, because we stayed there on the
day and feast of St. Lazarus. This region and archipelago is in ten degrees north latitude, and a
Friday, the 22nd of March, the above-mentioned people, who had promised us to return,
came about midday, with two boats laden with the said fruit cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel of
palm wine, and a cock, to give us to understand that they had poultry in their country, so that
we bought all that they brought. The lord of these people was old, and had his face painted,
and had gold rings suspended to his ears, which they name Schione, and the others had many
bracelets and rings of gold on their arms, with a wrapper of linen round their head. We remained
at this place eight days: the captain went there every day to see his sick men, whom he had
placed on this island to refresh them: and he gave them himself every day the water of this said
fruit the cocho, which comforted them much. Near this isle is another where there are a kind of
people who wear holes in their ears so large that they can pass their arms through them; these
people are Caphre, that is to say, Gentiles, and they go naked, except that round their middles
they wear cloth made of the bark of trees. But there are some of the more remarkable of them
who wear cotton stuff, and at the end of it there is some work of silk done with a needle. These
people are tawny, fat, and painted, and they anoint themselves with the oil of coco nuts and
sesame, to preserve them from the sun and the wind. Their hair is very black and long, reaching
to the waist, and they carry small daggers and knives, ornamented with gold, and many other
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The Monday of Passion week, the 25th of March, and feast of our Lady, in the afternoon,
and being ready to depart from this place, I went to the side of our ship to fish, and putting
my feet on a spar to go down to the store room, my feet slipped, because it had rained, and I
fell into the sea without any one seeing me, and being near drowning by luck I found at my left
hand the sheet of the large sail which was in the sea, I caught hold of it and began to cry out
till they came to help and pick me up with the boat. I was assisted not by my merits, but by the
mercy and grace of the fountain of pity. That same day we took the course between west and
southwest, and passed amidst four small islands, that is to say, Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson,
and Abarien.
Thursday, the 28th of March, having seen the night before fire upon an island, at the morning
we came to anchor at this island; where we saw a small boat which they call Boloto, with eight
men inside, which approached the ship of the captain-general. Then a slave of the captain's,
who was from Sumatra, otherwise named Traprobana, spoke from afar to these people, who
understood his talk, and came near to the side of the ship, but they withdrew immediately, and
would not enter the ship from fear of us. So the captain seeing that they would not trust to us
showed them a red cap, and other things, which he had tied and placed on a little plank, and the
people in the boat took them immediately and joyously, and then returned to advise their king.
Two hours afterwards, or thereabouts, we saw come two long boats, which they call Ballanghai,
full of men. In the largest of them was their king sitting under an awning of mats; when they
were near the ship of the captain-general, the said slave spoke to the king, who understood him
well, because in these countries the kings know more languages than the common people. Then
the king ordered some of his people to go to the captain's ship, whilst he would not move from
his boat, which was near enough to us. This was done, and when his people returned to the boat,
he went away at once. The captain gave good entertainment to the men who came to his ship,
and gave them all sorts of things, on which account the king wished to give the captain a rather
large bar of solid gold, and a chest full of ginger. However, the captain thanked him very
much
but would not accept the present. After that, when it was late, we went with the ships near to
The next day which was Good Friday, the captain sent on shore the before mentioned slave,
who was our interpreter, to the king to beg him to give him for money some provisions for his
ships, sending him word that he had not come to his country as an enemy, but as a friend. The
king on hearing this came with seven or eight men in a boat, and entered the ship, and embraced
the captain, and gave him three china dishes covered with leaves full of rice, and two dorades,
which are rather large fish, and of the sort above-mentioned, and he gave him several other
things. The captain gave this king a robe of red and yellow cloth, made in the Turkish fashion,
and a very fine red cap, and to his people he gave to some of them knives, and to others mirrors.
After that refreshments were served up to them. The captain told the king, through the said
interpreter, that he wished to be with him, cassi cassi, that is to say, brothers. To which the king
answered that he desired to be the same towards him. After that the captain showed him cloths
of different colours, linen, coral, and much other merchandise, and all the artillery, of which he
had some pieces fired before him, at which the king was much astonished; after that the captain
had one of his soldiers armed with white armour, and placed him in the midst of three comrades,
who struck him with swords and daggers. The king thought this very strange, and the captain
told him, through the interpreter, that a man thus in white armour was worth a hundred of his
men; he answered that it was true; he was further informed that there were in each ship two
hundred like that man. After that the captain showed him a great number of swords, cuirasses,
and helmets, and made two of the men play with their swords before the king; he then showed
him the sea chart and the ship compass, and informed him how he had found the strait to come
there, and of the time which he had spent in coming; also of the time he had been without seeing
any land, at which the king was astonished. At the end the captain asked if he would be pleased
that two of his people should go with him to the places where they lived, to see some of the
things of his country. This the king granted, and I went with another...
This kind of people are gentle, and go naked, and are painted. They wear a piece of cloth
made from a tree, like a linen cloth, round their body to cover their natural parts: they are
great drinkers. The women are dressed in tree cloth from their waists downwards; their hair is
black, and reaches down to the ground; they wear certain gold rings in their ears. These people
chew most of their time a fruit which they call areca, which is something of the shape of a pear;
they cut it in four quarters, and after they have chewed it for a long time they spit it out, from
which afterwards they have their mouths very red. They find themselves the better from the
use of this fruit because it refreshes them much, for this country is very hot, so that they could
not live without it. In this island there is a great quantity of dogs, cats, pigs, fowls, and goats,
rice, ginger, cocos, figs, oranges, lemons, millet, wax, and gold mines. This island is in nine
degrees and two-thirds north latitude, and one hundred and sixty-two longitude from the line
of demarcation: it is twenty-five leagues distant from the other island where we found the two
the midst of five isles, that is to say, Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Satighan. In this
island of Satighan is a kind of bird called Barbastigly, which are as large as eagles. Of these
we killed only one, because it was late. We ate it, and it had the taste of a fowl. There are also in
this island doves, tortoises, parrots, and certain black birds as large as a fowl, with a long tail.
They lay eggs as large as those of a goose. These they put a good arm's length under the sand in
the sun, where they are hatched by the great heat which the heated sand gives out; and when
these birds are hatched they push up the sand and come out. These eggs are good to eat. From
this island of Mazzabua to that of Satighan there are twenty leagues, and on leaving Satighan
we went by the west, but the King of Mazzabua could not follow us; therefore we waited for
him near three islands, that is to say. Polo, Ticobon, and Pozzon. When the king arrived he was
much astonished at our navigation, the captain-general bade him come on board his ship with
some of his principal people, at which they were much pleased. Thus we went to Zzubu, which is
Sunday, the 7th of April, about midday, we entered the port of Zzubu, having passed by
many villages. There we saw many houses which were built on trees. On approaching the
principal town the captain-general commanded all his ships to hang out their flags. Then we
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lowered the sails in the fashion in which they are struck when going to fight, and he had all the
artillery fired, at which the people of this place were greatly frightened. The captain sent a
young man whom he had brought up, (272) with the interpreter to the king of this island Zzubi
These having come to the town, found a great number of people and their king with them,
all alarmed by the artillery which had been fired. But the interpreter reassured them, saying
that it was the fashion and custom to fire artillery when they arrived at ports, to show signs
of peace and friendship; and also, to do more honour to the king of the country, they had fired
all the artillery. The king and all his people were reassured. He then bade one of his principal
men ask what we were seeking. The interpreter answered him that his master was captain of
the greatest king in the world, and that he was going by the command of the said sovereign to
discover the Molucca islands. However, on account of what he had heard where he had passed,
and especially from the King of Mazzava, of his courtesy and good fame, he had wished to pass
by his country to visit him, and also to obtain some refreshment of victuals for his merchandise.
Tuesday morning following the King of Mazzava, with the Moor, came to the ship, and
saluted the captain on behalf of the King of Zzubu, and said that the king was preparing a
quantity of provisions, as much as he could, to make a present of to him, and that after dinner
he would send two of his nephews, with others of his principal people, to make peace with him.
Then the captain had one of his men armed with his own armour, and told him that all of us
would fight armed in that manner, at which the Moorish merchant was rather astonished; but
the captain told him not to be afraid, and that our arms were soft to our friends and rough to
our enemies; and that as a cloth wipes away the sweat from a man, so our arms destroy the
enemies of our faith. The captain said this to the Moor, because he was more intelligent than the
We turned backwards, passing between the island of Cagayan and the port of Cipit, taking
a course east and a quarter south-east, to seek the islands of Maluco. We passed between certain
little mountains, around which we found many weeds, although there was there a great depth.
Having left Cipit to the east, we saw to the west two islands called Zolo and Taghima, near
which islands pearls are found. The two pearls of the King of Burné, of which I have spoken,
were found there, and this is the manner in which he obtained them, according to the account
which was given me of it. The King of Burné married a daughter of the King of Zolo, who told
him that her father had these two big pearls. He desired to have them, and decided on getting
them by any means, and one night he set out with five hundred prahus full of armed men, and
went to Zolo, and took the king with his two sons, and brought them to Burné, and did not
restore them to liberty until they gave him the two pearls.
Continuing our course east and a quarter north-east we passed near two inhabited places called
Cavit and Subanin, and passed near an island called Monoripa, ten leagues distant from the before-
mentioned islets. The inhabitants of this island always live in their vessels, and have no houses on
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shore. In these two districts of Cavit and Subanin, which are situated in the same island as that in
which are Butuan and Calagan, the best cinnamon of any grows. If we could have remained here only
two days, we could have laden the ships with it, but we did not wish to lose time, but to profit by
the favourable wind, for we had to double a cape and some islets which were around it. Wherefore,
remaining under sail, we made a little barter, and obtained seventeen pounds of cinnamon for two
Having seen the cinnamon tree, I can give some description of it. It is a small tree, not more
than three or four cubits high, and of the thickness of a man's finger, and it has not got more
than three or four little branches. Its leaf is like that of the laurel. The cinnamon for use which
comes to us, is its bark, which is gathered twice in the year. Its wood and leaves when they are
green have the taste and force of the bark itself. Here it is called Cainmana, since cain means
Having set the head of the ship to north-east, we made for a large city called Maingdanao,
situated in the same island in which are Butuan and Calagan, in order to get precise information
of the position of Maluco. Following this course we took possession of a bignaday, a vessel
similar to a prahu, and being obliged to have recourse to force and violence, we killed seven out
of eighteen men who formed the crew. These men were better made and more robust than all
those we had seen hitherto, and they were all chief men of Mindanao. There was among them
a brother of the king who said that he well knew where Maluco was. Afterwards, following his
indications, we left the north-east course which we held, and took a south-east course. We were
Making for the south-east we found four islands, named Ciboco, Birabam Batolac,
Sarangani, and Candigar. Saturday, the 26th of October, about nightfall, whilst coasting the
island of Birabam Batolac, we met with a very great storm, before which we lowered all our sails,
and betook ourselves to prayer. Then our three saints appeared upon the masts and dispersed
the darkness. St. Elmo stood for more than two hours at the mainmast head like a flame. St.
Nicholas at the head of the foremast, and St. Clara on the mizenmast. In gratitude for their
assistance we promised a share to each of the saints, and we gave to each an offering...
At last, when it pleased Heaven, on Saturday the 6th of September of the year 1522, we
entered the bay of San Lucar; and of sixty men who composed our crew when we left Maluco,
we were reduced to only eighteen, and these for the most part sick. Of the others, some died of
hunger, some had run away at the island of Timor, and some had been condemned to death for
their crimes.
From the day when we left this bay of San Lucar until our return thither, we reckoned that
we had run more than fourteen thousand four hundred and sixty leagues, and we had completed
Monday the 8th of September, we cast anchor near the mole of Seville, and discharged all
the artillery. Tuesday, we all went in shirts and barefoot, with a taper in our hands to visit the
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Then, leaving Seville, I went to Valladolid, where I presented to his Sacred Majesty Don
Carlos, neither gold nor silver, but things much more precious in the eyes of so great a Sovereign.
I presented to him among other things, a book written by my hand of all the things that had
occurred day by day in our voyage. I departed thence as I was best able, and went to Portugal,
and related to King John the things which I had seen. Returning through Spain, I came to France,
where I presented a few things from the other hemisphere to Madam the Regent, mother of the
most Christian King Don Francis. Afterwards, I turned towards Italy, where I established for
ever my abode, and devoted my leisure and vigils to the very illustrious and noble lord, Philip de
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EXERCISE 2.1
Name:
Date:
Score:
4. It is the vast water body that can be found east of the Philippine
islands.
queen.
Pigafetta.
Lucar, Spain
EXERCISE 2.2
Date:
Name:
Score:
1. What is the primary reason of the author in writing the document? How was it
produced?
3. What specific information of importance is provided in the text? Explain its importance
4. What light does it shed on people, their politics and economy, religious and cultural
5. What is your personal evaluation on the impact of the document in the understanding
of the 16th century people and their culture in the islands?
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SUGGESTED ACTIVITY
presented in the document. After doing so, they are going to make an outline out from
these pieces of information. They are expected to make logical judgment and conclusion
1. Write an outline of the interesting points in the document. Avoid the use of
me, my).
2. When specific information is raised, and inferences are made on one or more
3. The analysis must be typed, space 1.5, Times New Roman, font 12. Margins
4. The cover page includes: name, date submitted, title (Document Analysis: First
5. The source or web site consulted shall be put on a separate bibliographical page.
LESSON 2
This document was written as an answer to the request of the monarchy in Spain
which was to provide pieces of information about the government, administration of
justice, inheritances, slaves, dowries, worship, burials, and superstition of the “Indians"
in the colony. In addition, the document is to rectify previous reports about the people's
Plasencia wrote:
“This people always had chiefs, called by them datos, who governed them and
were captains in their wars, and whom they obeyed and reverenced. The subject
who committed any offense against them, or spoke but a word to their wives and
These chiefs ruled over but few people; sometimes as many as a hundred houses,
sometimes even less than thirty. This tribal gathering is called in Tagalog a barangay. It
was inferred that the reason for giving themselves this name arose from the fact as they
are classed, by their language, among the Malay nations) that when they came to this
land, the head of the barangay, which is a boat, thus called as is discussed at length in
the first chapter of the first ten chapters-became a dato. And so, even at the present
day, it is ascertained that this barangay in its origin was a family of parents and children,
relations and slaves. There were many of these barangays in each town, or, at least, on
account of wars, they did not settle far from one another. They were not, however, subject
to one another, except in friendship and relationship. The chiefs, in their various wars,
In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both the fathers and mothers side
continue to be so forever; and if it happens that they should become slaves, it is through marriage,
as I shall soon explain. If these maharlicas had children among their slaves, the children and
their mothers became free; if one of them had children by the slave-woman of another, she was
compelled, when pregnant, to give her master half of a gold tael, because of her risk of death,
and for her inability to labor during the pregnancy. In such a case half of the child was free-
namely, the half belonging to the father, who supplied the child with food. If he did not do this,
he showed that he did not recognize him as his child, in which case the latter was wholly a slave.
If a free woman had children by a slave, they were all free, provided he were not her husband.
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If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave,
whether namamahay or sa guiguilir, the children were divided: the first, whether male or
female, belonged to the father, as did the third and fifth; the second, the fourth, and the sixth
fell to the mother, and so on. In this manner, if the father were free, all those who belonged
to him were free; if he were a slave, all those who belonged to him were slaves; and the same
applied to the mother. If there should not be more than one child he was half free and half
slave. The only question here concerned the division, whether the child were male or female.
Those who became slaves fell under the category of servitude which was their parent's, either
namamahay or sa guiguilir. If there were an odd number of children, the odd one was half free
and half slave. I have not been able to ascertain with any certainty when or at what age the
division of children was made, for each one suited himself in this respect. Of these two kinds of
slaves the sa guiguilir could be sold, but not the namamahay and their children, nor could they
be transferred. However, they could be transferred from the barangay by inheritance, provided
the witches, they killed them, and their children and accomplices became slaves of the
chief, after he had made some recompense to the injured person. All other offenses were
punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with promptness, exposed the culprit to
serve, until the payment should be made, the person aggrieved, to whom the money was
to be paid. This was done in the following way: Half the cultivated lands and all their
produce belonged to the master. The master provided the culprit with food and clothing,
thus enslaving the culprit and his children until such time as he might amass enough
money to pay the fine. If the father should by chance pay his debt, the master then
claimed that he had fed and clothed his children, and should be paid therefor...
In what concerns loans, there was formerly, and is today, an excess of usury, which
is a great hindrance to baptism as well as to confession; for it turns out in the same way
as I have showed in the case of the one under judgment, who gives half of his cultivated
lands and profits until he pays the debt. The debtor is condemned to a life of toil; and
thus borrowers become slaves, and after the death of the father the children pay the
debt. Not doing so, double the amount must be paid. This system should and can be
reformed.
In the case of a child by a free married woman, born while she was married, if the
husband punished the adulterer this was considered a dowry; and the child entered with
the others into partition in the inheritance. His share equaled the part left by the father,
nothing more. If there were no other sons than he, the children and the nearest relatives
inherited equally with him. But if the adulterer were not punished by the husband of the
woman who had the child, the latter was not considered as his child, nor did he inherit
anything. It should be noticed that the offender was not considered dishonored by the
punishment inflicted, nor did the husband leave the woman. By the punishment of the
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Dowries are given by the men to the women's parents. If the latter are living, they
enjoy the use of it. At their death, provided the dowry has not been consumed, it is
divided like the rest of the estate, equally among the children, except in case the father
should care to bestow something additional upon the daughter. If the wife, at the time
of her marriage, has neither father, mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry-
which, in such a case, belongs to no other relative or child. It should be noticed that
unmarried women can own no property, in land or dowry, for the result of all their
The above is what I have been able to ascertain clearly concerning customs observed
among these natives in all this Laguna and the tingues, and among the entire Tagalog
race. The old men say that a dato who did anything contrary to this would not be
esteemed; and, in relating tyrannies which they had committed, some condemned them
In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands, there are no temples
consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general
practice of idolatry. It is true that they have the name simbahan, which means a temple
or place of adoration, but this is because, formerly, when they wished to celebrate a
festival, which they called pandot, or "worship," they celebrated it in the large house of
a chief. There they constructed, for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people, a
temporary shed on each side of the house, with a roof, called sibi, to protect the people
from the wet when it rained. They so constructed the house that it might contain many
people--dividing it, after the fashion of ships, into three compartments. On the posts
of the house they set small lamps, called sorihile; in the center of the house they placed
one large lamp, adorned with leaves of the white palm, wrought into many designs. They
also brought together many drums, large and small, which they beat successively while
the feast lasted, which was usually four days. During this time the whole barangay, or
family, united and joined in the worship which they call nagaanitos. The house, for the
above-mentioned period of time, was called a temple.
Among their many idols there was one called. Badhala, whom they especially
worshiped. The title seems to signify “all powerful,” or “maker of all things." They also
worshiped the sun, which, on account of its beauty, is almost universally respected and
These natives had no established division of years, months, and days; these are determined
by the cultivation of the soil, counted by moons, and the different effect produced upon the
trees when yielding flowers, fruits, and leaves: all this helps them in making up the year.
The winter and summer are distinguished as sun-time and water-time--the latter term
32
RSAD
Their manner of offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast, and offer to the devil
what they had to eat. This was done in front of the idol, which they anoint with fragrant
perfumes, such as musk and civet, or gum of the storax-tree and other odoriferous
woods, and praise it in poetic songs sung by the officiating priest, male or female, who
is called catolonan. The participants made responses to the song, beseeching the idol
to favor them with those things of which they were in need, and generally, by offering
repeated healths, they all became intoxicated. In some of their idolatries they were
accustomed to place a good piece of cloth, doubled, over the idol, and over the cloth a
chain or large, gold ring, thus worshiping the devil without having sight of him. The
devil was sometimes liable to enter into the body of the catolonan, and, assuming her
shape and appearance, filled her with so great arrogance--he being the cause of it-
that she seemed to shoot flames from her eyes; her hair stood on end, a fearful sight to
those beholding, and she uttered words of arrogance and superiority. In some districts,
especially in the mountains, when in those idolatries the devil incarnated himself and
took on the form of his minister, the latter had to be tied to a tree by his companions,
to prevent the devil in his infernal fury from destroying him. This, however, happened
but rarely. The objects of sacrifice were goats, fowls, and swine, which were flayed,
In the case of young girls who first had their monthly courses, their eyes were
blindfolded four days and four nights; and, in the meantime, the friends and relatives
were all invited to partake of food and drink. At the end of this period, the catolonan
took the young girl to the water, bathed her and washed her head, and removed the
bandage from her eyes. The old men said that they did this in order that the girls might
bear children, and have fortune in finding husbands to their taste, who would not leave
Their manner of burying the dead was as follows: The deceased was buried beside his
house; and, if he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they
constructed for this purpose. Before interring him, they mourned him for four days; and
afterward laid him on a boat which served as a coffin or bier, placing him beneath the
These infidels said that they knew that there was another life of rest which they
called maca, just as if we should say “paradise," or, in other words, "village of rest."
They say that those who go to this place are the just, and the valiant, and those who
lived without doing harm, or who possessed other moral virtues. They said also that
in the other life and mortality, there was a place of punishment, grief, and affliction,
called casanaan, which was a place of anguish;" they also maintained that no one would
go to heaven, where there dwelt only Bathala, “the maker of all things," who governed
from above. There were also other pagans who confessed more clearly to a hell, which
they called, as I have said, casanaan; they said that all the wicked went to that place, and
33
num NF HISTORY
There were alsoghosts, which theycalledvibit; and phantoms, which they called Tigbalaang
They had another deception--namely, that if any woman died in childbirth, she and the
child suffered punishment; and that, at night, she could be heard lamenting. This was
called patianac. May the honor and glory be God our Lord's, that among all the Tagalos not a
trace of this is left; and that those who are now marrying do not even know what it is, thanks
Source: Plasencia, Juan de "Customs of the Tagalogs" in Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander
Robertson. The Philippine
EXERCISE 2.3
Name:
Date:
Score:
1. The Tagalogs believe in the other life, mortality, and the place of
2. The belief behind the practice of blindfolding among girls who had
their first monthly courses was for them to be able to bear children
3. The Tagalog alipin was categorized into aliping saguiguilir who claims
5. Other than the sun and the moon, the Tagalogshadone idol worshipped
the Tagalogs".
by the Tagalogs.
1. What is the physical nature of the document (letter, report, etc.)? What are the major
Date:
EXERCISE 2.4
Name:
Score:
2. What was the author's main argument? What was he trying to say about the customs
of the Tagalog?
3. What do you know about the author like his nationality, occupation, and/or position?
Does any of these, matter? Why?
5. What is the important connection of the document to your recognition and appreciation
36
ACTIVITY
1. Mind mapping. Create a mind map of the important concepts on the following:
a. Political Organization
b. Economic Organization
LESSON 3
the life of people in a specific period. The idea about certain events and people is
communicated or expressed aesthetically through art with form, technique, and style,
Essentially, these paintings are instrumental to the visualization of the reality which
This is the most valuable oil-on-canvass painting with a Juan Luna (1857-1899) is best known
Artes in Madrid
the students.
spoliarium/
(Inside a Cafe)
--Juan Luna
Retrieved from
http://www.mariaronabeltran.com/2011/08/juan-luna-
and-his-parisian-life.html
for analysis.
38
--Fernando Amorsolo
This oil painting on canvas depicts a rural scene where a group of people
http://www.fernandocamorsolo.com/mfca_erratum/index.html
(Dalagang Bukid)
--Fernando Amorsolo
during a rice harvest and dressed in and enveloped by the colors of the
Philippine flag
http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/masterpiece/detail.
nhn?objectid-10429
EXERCISE 2.5
Name:
Date:
Score:
1. What do you know about the period of the painting? Include in the discussion
following: biographical data of the artist, information about how the painting
was received in its time, and important social, political and economic constructs
of the time
2. What are the qualities profound in the painting that shows the skill of the artist
in replicating reality?
3. What evidences can you provide to support your main claim on the important
ACTIVITY
Name:
Date:
Score:
The students will search online for two paintings, one from Luna and the other one
from Amorsolo. They will discuss the ideas portrayed in the paintings.
Juan Luna
Meaning/Message
1.
2.
Fernando Amorsolo
Elements/Principles
Meaning/Message
1.
2.
41
LESSON 4
can be known and understood not only through texts but also through cartoons or
In this part of the chapter are five (5) political cartoons to be analyzed. These are
derived from the book entitled Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American
Era, 1900-1941,
right 1985).
Caricature 1 -
YO ME HAGO PROPIETARIO Y
HOMESTEADERS
Caricature 2 -
42
THE CARTOONS
COSAS DE LA VIDA
LARAWAN NG BUHAY
- wat deelne
ca pe
--
AWASAP ter na
ya Viyanande timbang
Phan
angre bara
Caricature 3-
EMS WINAN
CIEGOS DE CONVENIENCIA
E gros Oy
Godis
cabado
la girls
Mark Lane
trong bagus
Layou
yang BULAN
Fan de
Jody War
Ka, ale
I DEB by
wych. NAKAPAGAGALAW.
2 Kelab 6.30
Caricature 4-
Convenient Blindness
EXERCISE 2.6
Name:
Date:
E)
Score:
Caricature
Meaning of each
Objects/People
symbol (objects/
Title
people)
#1
Political or social
issue presented
Important clues
#2
#3
#4
#5
44
EXERCISE 2.7
Name:
Date:
Score:
45
ACTIVITY
Name:
Date:
Score:
2. Quality Education
5. What is the irony in the caricature? What idea does it intend to emphasize?
LESSONS
THE SPEECH presented in this lesson was obtained from an official gazette which
is an official journal of the Republic of the Philippines. This speech was delivered by the
late Corazon C. Aquino in the US Congress, Washington DC, on September 18, 1986 six (6)
months after her assumption into office as president of the Republic of the Philippines.
Included here is a portion of President Corazon Aquino's transcript of her speech and
"Three years ago, I left America in grief to bury my husband, Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had
left it also to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today, I have returned as the
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless act of
giving honor, a nation in shame reco ered its own. A country that had lost faith in its
future found it in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So in giving, we receive, in losing
For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for
freedom. For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband and father. His loss,
three times in our lives, was always a deep and painful one.
Fourteen years ago this month was the first time we lost him. A president-turned-
dictator, and traitor to his oath, suspended the Constitution and shut down the Congress
that was much like this one before which I am honored to speak. He detained my husband
along with thousands of others - senators, publishers and anyone who had spoken up for
the democracy as its end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved.
The dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a body merely to be imprisoned but a spirit
he must break. For even as the dictatorship demolished one by one the institutions of
democracy - the press, the Congress, the independence of the judiciary, the protection
At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate peace with the
dictatorship, as so many of his countrymen had done. But the spirit of democracy that
inheres in our race and animates this chamber could not be allowed to die. He held out,
in the loneliness of his cell and the frustration of exile, the democratic alternative to the
insatiable greed and mindless cruelty of the right and the purging holocaust of the left.
And then, we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news
came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together.
But his death was my country's resurrection in the courage and faith by which alone
they could be free again. The dictator had called him a nobody. Two million people threw
47
aside their passivity and escorted him to his grave. And so began the revolution that has
brought me to democracy's most famous home, the Congress of the United States.
The task had fallen on my shoulders to continue offering the democratic alternative
to our people.
You saw a nation, armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against
threats and corruption. You saw women poll watchers break out in tears as armed goons
crashed the polling places to steal the ballots but, just the same, they tied themselves to
the ballot boxes. You saw a people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were
prepared to give their lives for its pale imitation. At the end of the day, before another
wave of fraud could distort the results, I announced the people's victory.
The distinguished co-chairman of the United States observer team in his report to your
on the part of the Filipino people. The ultimate result was the election of Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino
and my commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn with the lash shall not,
in my country, be paid by blood drawn by the sword but by the tearfuljoy of reconciliation.
numbered less than 500. Unhampered by respect for human rights, he went at it hammer
and tongs. By the time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than 16,000. I think
there is a lesson here to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with the means by which
it grows.
I don't think anybody, in or outside our country, concerned for a democratic and
open Philippines, doubts what must be done. Through political initiatives and local
reintegration programs, we must seek to bring the insurgents down from the hills and,
by economic progress and justice, show them that for which the best intentioned among
them fight.
As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to power. Yet
equally, and again no friend of Filipino democracy will challenge this, I will not stand by
and allow an insurgent leadership to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers,
mercy.
Lincoln, I don't relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend the integrity and
freedom of my country.
Like
Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have said that
we shall honor it. Yet must the means by which we shall be able to do so be kept from us?
Many conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt continue to be
imposed on us who never benefited from it. And no assistance or liberality commensurate
with the calamity that was visited on us has been extended. Yet ours must have been the
cheapest revolution ever. With little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first
and most difficult conditions of the debt negotiation the full restoration of democracy
and responsible government. Elsewhere, and in other times of more stringent world
economic conditions, Marshall plans and their like were felt to be necessary companions
of returning democracy.
When I met with President Reagan yesterday, we began an important dialogue about
cooperation and the strengthening of the friendship between our two countries. That
meeting was both a confirmation and a new beginning and should lead to positive results
carry a great share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These are only two of the
many burdens my people carry even as they try to build a worthy and enduring house
for their new democracy, that may serve as well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no
sooner is one stone laid than two are taken away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion out
of $4 billion, which was all we could earn in the restrictive markets of the world, went to
pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people never received.
Still, we fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should we
have to wring the payments from the sweat of our men's faces and sink all the wealth
Yet to all Americans, as the leader of a proud and free people, I address this question:
has there been a greater test of national commitment to the ideals you hold dear than
that my people have gone through? You have spent many lives and much treasure to
bring freedom to many lands that were reluctant to receive it. And here you have a people
who won it by themselves and need only the help to preserve it.
Three years ago, I said thank you, America, for the haven from oppression, and the
home you gave Ninoy, myself and our children, and for the three happiest years of our
lives together. Today, I say, join us, America, as we build a new home for democracy,
another haven for the oppressed, so it may stand as a shining testament of our two
VIDEO: [youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZnnvbKYNCOI/youtube]
during-the-joint-session-of-the-u-s-congress-septemb
EXERCISE 2.8
Date:
Name:
Score:
the press.
Aquino's speech.
economic deterioration.
10. It refers to the figure on the export earnings of the country which
EXERCISE 2.9
Name:
Date:
Score:
1. What can you say about this line in the speech of Corazon Aquino: "... and so began
the revolution that has brought me to democracy's most famous home, the Congress
of the United States"? Which concept in this line is important to you? Why?
2. What did Corazon Aquino mention in her speech pertaining to the aspiration of
the Filipino people? What are the specific lines for this? What do you feel about
these lines?
3. In the video, how many times the former President Corazon Aquino have been
applauded by the members of the US Congress? Mention the lines she said for which
ACTIVITY
Name:
Date:
Score:
Rhetorical Analysis
Format: 4-5 paragraphs with 5-7 sentences each, typewritten, 1.5 spacing, and Times
New Roman size 12. Paper heading should include the student's name, course and year,
Grading rubric
First Paragraph: Begin with an introductory line to gain the reader's attention
thesis statement introducing the primary purpose of your paper, significance of the
speech or personal interest you had in the speaker or subject matter. Concisely preview
Second Paragraph: Discuss the CONTENT of the speech. What was it all about? Also
include the CONTEXT element of the speech like time frame, audience, purpose, subject
matter, etc.
Third Paragraph: Discuss the VERBAL DELIVERY. Was the speech informative? Was
Summary", "Finally", “In Review", "In Conclusion", etc. Review your main points and end
CHAPTER
Name:
Date:
Score:
Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What was the important instruction to Ferdinand Magellan who led an expedition to
the East?
2. What is the name of the island in sight as Magellan arrived on March 16, 1521?
a.
c.
a.
Feji (Fiji)
C. Zamal (Samar)
b. Mapuan (Mapua)
d. Zubbu (Cebu)
3. What was the Tagalog's customary practice which was to establish friendship and
brotherhood?
a. Alyansa (Alliance)
Dori (Dowry)
b. Cassi-cassi (Kasi-kasi)
d. Pandot
anito
C. pagaanitos
b. nagaanitos
d. pagdiwata
b. The deceased was placed beneath a little house constructed for the purpose.
7. What is the largest and most valuable oil-on-canvass painting of Juan Luna?
a. “Cleopatra"
C. "Spoliarium"
b. “Palay Maiden"
c.
53
10. What is untrue in the speech of Corazon C. Aquino delivered in the US Congress on
c.
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