Electric Motors-BEE401

RNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, recognized by GOK, Approved by
AICTE

(NAAC ‘A+ Grade’ Accredited, NBA Accredited (UG - CSE, ECE, ISE, EIE and EEE)

Channasandra, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road, Bengaluru - 560 098

Ph: :(080)28611880,28611881 URL: www.rnsit.ac.in

2023 – 24

Bachelor of Engineering
In

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ELECTRIC MOTORS
BEE401

Report
On

Permanent Magnet DC Motor(PMDC)

SUBMITTED BY:
LIKHITHA G BASAVARAJU-1RN22EE024

Department of EEE Page 1

Electric Motors-BEE401

1 INTRODUCTION TO PMDC MOTORS 02

2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 03
3 SPEED CONTROL 04-05
4 WORKING 05-07
5 CONSTRUCTION OF PMDC MOTOR 07-08
6 APPLICATION OF PMDC MOTORS 08-10
7 MAINTAINACE OF PMDC MOTORS 10-14
8 SPEED CONTROL OF PMDC MOTOR 14-18
9 CONCLUSION 19
TABALE OF CONTENTS

Department of EEE Page 2

Electric Motors-BEE401

PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR

A permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor is a type of DC motor whose field poles are made up of
permanent magnets. The cross-sectional view of a 2-pole permanent magnet DC Motor is
shown in Figure-1

A permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor is a type of DC motor whose field poles are made up of
permanent magnets. The cross-sectional view of a 2-pole permanent magnet DC Motor is
shown in Figure-1

 In a PMDC motor, the permanent magnet poles are radially magnetised and mounted
on the inner periphery of the stator of the motor. The stator also serves as a return path
for the magnetic flux. The rotor of the PMDC motor has a conventional DC armature
with commutator and brushes.

 In a permanent magnet DC motor, the torque is produced by the interaction between

axial current carrying rotor conductors and the magnetic flux produced by the
permanent magnetic poles.

Department of EEE Page 3

Electric Motors-BEE401

 The equivalent circuit of a PMDC motor is shown in Figure-2. As the field flux in a
permanent magnet DC motor is produced by permanent magnets, hence, the field
winding is not shown in the equivalent circuit.

In a conventional DC motor, the back EMF generated is given by,

Eb=kφN…(1)𝐸𝑏=𝑘φ𝑁…(1)

And the electromagnetic torque produced is

τe=kφIa…(2)τ𝑒=𝑘φ𝐼𝑎…(2)

In a PMDC motor the flux is constant, thus eqn. (1) and (2) are modified as,

Eb=k1N…(3)𝐸𝑏=𝑘1𝑁…(3)

τe=k1Ia…(4)τ𝑒=𝑘1𝐼𝑎…(4)

Where, 𝑘1 = 𝑘 φ is known as the torque constant of the PMDC motor and its value depends
upon the number of field poles, armature conductors, etc.

In a conventional DC motor, the back EMF generated is given by,

Eb=kφN…(1)

And the electromagnetic torque produced is

τe=kφIa…(2)

In a PMDC motor the flux is constant, thus eqn. (1) and (2) are modified as,

Eb=k1N…(3)

τe=k1Ia…(4)

Department of EEE Page 4

Electric Motors-BEE401

Where, 𝑘1 = 𝑘 φ is known as the torque constant of the PMDC motor and its value depends
upon the number of field poles, armature conductors, etc.

Speed Control of PMDC Motor

Refer the equivalent circuit of the PMDC motor, we get

V=Eb+IaRa=k1N+IaRa

N=V−IaRak1…(5)

From eq. (5), it is clear that the speed and torque of a PMDC motor can be controlled by
armature voltage control method, armature rheostat control method and chopper control
method.

Since the magnetic flux is constant for a PMDC motor, hence, the flux control method cannot
be used for controlling the speed of a PMDC motor. Therefore, the speeds above the base
speed cannot be obtained in the PMDC motors. Thus, these motors find applications where
motor speeds below base speeds are required.

Components of a PMDC motor

A PMDC motor has two major components

Stator
The stator is the outer part of the PMDC motor which makes up its housing. Magnets are
mounted on the inner side of the stator in such a way that the North and South pole of the
magnets alternatively face the armature. Apart from housing the magnets, the stator also
serves as a low reluctance return path for the magnetic flux. In case the magnets somehow lose
their power, an additional field coil is provided to compensate for the same.

Armature
The armature is the moving part of the PMDC motor which consists of winding, core, and
commuter, and connects to the output shaft of the motor. In other motors, the rotor generates
its own magnetic field by using a DC power source or induction. In other cases, it is simply made
up of a ferromagnetic metal. PMDC motors however feature a different mechanism.

The core of the armature consists of laminations of steel sheets that are slotted circular and
varnish insulated. The seel sheets work to reduce eddy current loss in the rotor.

Department of EEE Page 5

Electric Motors-BEE401

The armature comprises slots containing armature winding. The commuter of the armature will
be supplied with current by the brushes. It will then convert electrical power into motion. The
armature is powered by connecting the brushes terminals to the DC supply.

The PMDC motor is considered to be a synchronous motor because the magnets within the
motor are capable of achieving speeds equal to the excitation current.

Magnets used in PMDC motors

Magnets used in PMDC motors come from three types of materials

Alnicos magnets
Alnicos feature a high residual flux density and low coercive magnetizing intensity. Hence, they
are mostly used in applications where a low current is required at high voltage.

Ferrite magnets
Ferrite magnets tend to be lower in costs are are used in PMDC motors for cost-sensitive
applications such as refrigerators, AC units or compressors.

Rear earth magnets

Rear earth magnets are composed of neodymium-iron-boron or of samarium cobalt. They
feature a high coercive magnetizing intensity and high residual flux. These magnets do not
suffer demagnetizing issues due to armature reactions.

Rear earth magnet materials tend to be quite expensive. Within these, Neodymium iron boron
costs lower than samarium cobalt, and can also withstand high temperatures. Rear earth
magnets are used in PMDC motors for size-sensitive applications including automobiles, servo
industrial drives and in large industrial motors.

Working principle of permanent magnet DC motor

There is not much difference between the basic operating principle of the PMDC motor. When
an electrical conductor is introduced within the magnetic field, the conductor experiences a
mechanical force. The direction of this force is governed by Fleming’s left-hand rule.

In the case of the PMDC motor, the armature is placed within the magnetic field created by the
permanent magnets placed inside the stator. The armature will then rotate according to the
force generated. The armature has a number of conductors, each of which experiences the
force which is then converted into torque, leading the armature to rotate.

Department of EEE Page 6

Electric Motors-BEE401

Typically, the PMDC motor operates on 6 V, 12 V or 24 Volts DC power which can be provided
by rectifiers or batteries. The torque is generated by the interaction between the axial current-
carrying rotor conductors and the magnetic flux produced by the permanent magnet.

The position among the stators and the armature can be reduced as the armature rotates due
to the torque created by a magnetic field. Te shift in position can reverse the torque in a 90-
degree rotation. The commutator set to the rotor shaft of the PMDC motor maintains the
torque performing on the rotor.

The current supply towards the stator is activated by the commuter. This helps maintain a
steady 90-degree angle among two fields. As the flow of current is frequently activated among
windings like the rotor twists, then the current within every stator winding is truly exchanging
at a frequency comparative to the no.of motor magnetic poles as well as the speed.

Department of EEE Page 7

Electric Motors-BEE401

CONSTRUCTION OF PMDC MOTORS

CONSTRUCTION OF PMDC MOTORS

PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOS APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIES

Permanent magnet motors have a long list of benefits. They produce a source of consistent,
steady magnetic field requiring no energy input, and display a significant improvement in
torque when compared to standard synchronous motors. They are lightweight and compact,
which means they require less installation space while maintaining high power. PM motors
deliver improved performance compared to other motors, and are able to do this while

Department of EEE Page 8

Electric Motors-BEE401

operating over a wide temperature range. Additionally, permanent magnet motors are an
environmentally friendly option due to their oil-free, emissions free design.

PM motors are desirable as they are significantly more efficient than other motor options, such
as induction motors and motors with field windings, in the case of certain high-efficiency
applications

Bunting Provides Custom Magnets for AC and DC Permanent Magnet Motors

Electric vehicles are not the only application where permanent magnets excel. Permanent
magnet AC motors have a simplified rotor that enables higher efficiency with small torque
loads, and high-speed capabilities. Aside from electric vehicles, AC motors are used in pumps,
fans, blowers, grinders, mixers, and conveyors. Meanwhile, DC motors are also extremely
efficient, and boast a small size that makes them suitable for small applications as well as highly
cost-efficient. Permanent magnet DC motors can be found in applications including, but not
limited to: computer drives, household items such as electric toothbrushes and vacuum
cleaners, operating windshield wipers and heater blowers in automobiles, and electric tools
such as drills and hedge trimmers.

Department of EEE Page 9

Electric Motors-BEE401

INDUSTRY APPLICATION OF PMDC MOTORS IS SHOWN

Department of EEE Page 10

Electric Motors-BEE401

Applications of the Permanent Magnet DC Motor

 The PMDC motors are used in various applications ranging from fractions to several
horsepower. They are developed up to about 200 kW for use in various industries. The
following applications are given below.
 PMDC motors are mainly used in automobiles to operate windshield wipers and
washers, to raise the lower windows, to drive blowers for heaters and air conditioners
etc.
 They are also used in computer drives.
 These types of motors are also used in toy industries.
 PMDC motors are used in electric toothbrushes, portable vacuum cleaners, food mixers.
 Used in a portable electric tool such as drilling machines, hedge trimmers etc.
 Advantages of the Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Following are the advantages of the PMDC Motor.

 They are smaller in size.
 For smaller rating Permanent Magnet reduces the manufacturing cost and thus PMDC
motor are cheaper.
 As these motors do not require field windings, they do not have field circuit copper
losses. This increases their efficiency.

Disadvantages of the Permanent Magnet DC Motor

 The disadvantages of the PMDC motor are given below.
 Permanent magnets cannot produce a high flux density as that as an externally supplied
shunt field does. Therefore, a PMDC motor has a lower induced torque per ampere
turns of armature current then a shunt motor of the same rating.
 There is a risk of demagnetization of the poles which may be caused by large armature
currents. Demagnetization can also occur due to excessive heating and also when the
motor is overloaded for a long period of time.
 The magnetic field of PMDC motor is present at all time, even when the motor is not
being used.
 Extra ampere turns cannot be added to reduce the armature reaction

Department of EEE Page 11

Electric Motors-BEE401

PMDC motor maintenance.

1. Regular Inspection:
Routine inspections are the cornerstone of effective maintenance. Periodically check the overall
condition of your PMDC motor, examining for any signs of wear, loose connections, or unusual
noise during operation. Identifying potential issues early on can prevent more significant
problems down the line.

2. Lubrication:
Proper lubrication is crucial for reducing friction and preventing early wear of moving parts.
Ensure that you use the right amount of lubrication to avoid over-application, which can lead to
other complications.

3. Monitor Temperature:
PMDC motors can generate heat during operation, and excessive heat can be detrimental.
Install temperature sensors to monitor the motor’s temperature and take corrective action if it
exceeds the recommended limits. Overheating is often a sign of an underlying issue that needs
attention.

4. Check for Electrical Issues:

Regularly inspect the electrical components, including brushes and commutators. Replace
brushes that show signs of wear, and clean the commutator to maintain proper electrical
contact. Proper electrical maintenance ensures optimal performance and prevents unexpected
downtime.

5. Balance the Load:

Uneven loads can lead to uneven wear on motor components. Distribute the load evenly across
the motor to ensure all parts are utilized efficiently. This not only maximizes productivity but
also extends the motor’s lifespan.

6. Operating Conditions:
Consider the operating environment of your PMDC motor. Extreme temperatures, humidity, or
corrosive atmospheres can impact performance. Implement measures such as enclosures or
ventilation to protect the motor from adverse conditions.

Department of EEE Page 12

Electric Motors-BEE401

7. Follow a Maintenance Schedule:

Create a maintenance schedule based on the motor’s usage and environmental conditions.
Stick to this schedule diligently to catch potential issues before they escalate. Regular, proactive
maintenance is often more cost-effective than reactive repairs. Following a recommended
preventative maintenance schedule, consisting of the following regimen:

Monthly: Wipe off dust, dirt, oil, etc.

Quarterly: Remove dust and debris from vent screens and fans.

Semi-Annually:
Lubricate bearings, clean interior with vacuum or compressed air, inspect commutator,
brushes, and leads, adjust brush spring tension, test armature windings, inspect electrical
connections, and test field coils.

Maximizing the productivity of your PMDC motors is achievable through consistent and
thoughtful maintenance practices. By incorporating these simple tips into your routine, you not
only enhance the efficiency of your motors but also extend their operational life.

Permanent Magnet DC Motor Characteristics

Introduction
Direct current (DC) motors comprise one of the most common types of actuator designed into
electromechanical systems. They are a very straightforward and inexpensive means of creating
motion or forces.

More often than not, you’ll find yourself using motors to put the “mech-” into “mechatronics.”

Motors are actually complex assemblies that exploit the relationships between current and
magnetic fields, in order to create useful torque and do work. And, like all real-world
components and complex assemblies, motors have several interesting characteristics, trade-
offs, quirks and even pitfalls to avoid. Understanding the issues will enable designers to
successfully select and use DC motors.

Sub-fractional Horsepower Permanent Magnet Brushed DC Motors

The category of DC motor that is the least expensive, easiest to use, and thus the most popular,
is the subfractional horsepower permanent magnet brushed DC motor. “Sub-fractional
horsepower” refers to the limited power output, and distinguishes them from larger varieties of
motors. “Permanent magnet”refers to the means used of establishing one of the magnetic

Department of EEE Page 13

Electric Motors-BEE401

fields. “Brushed” refers to the method of commutation (the way in which coils are activated to
establish useful magnetic fields; which is described in detail later in this section). Finally, “DC”
indicates that these motors operate on direct current, rather than“AC”, or alternating current.

Motors exploit the phenomenon described by Maxwell’s equations: a current flowing within a
wire establishes a magnetic field around that wire. By placing a current-carrying wire and its
magnetic field inside another magnetic field, forces are generated by the interaction of these
two magnetic fields. The permanent magnet DC motor’s design uses these forces to create a
torque on the motor’s rotor, which is constrained by the motor’s bearings so that the only
motion permitted is rotation and Permanent magnet DC motors are constructed out of a
number of components. The exact design and materials vary with each type of motor and depend
on the application and constraints, but several elements motor. The construction generally consists of a
stator.

Figure 19.1 shows a cut-away view of a typical permanent magnet brushed DC

The construction generally consists of a stator, which is made up of powerful permanent

magnets that generate a static magnetic field; a rotor which carries the armature (also known
as the windings or coils) are common to most.

In terms of generating torque, the critical elements of the motor are the stator and the
armature, which are the sources of the two interacting magnetic fields. The stator is commonly
shaped like a thick-walled tube, and the rotor and armature fit in the hollow space in the
middle of the stator. The lines of magnetic flux established by the stator run from one side of
the stator to the other.

Department of EEE Page 14

Electric Motors-BEE401

Figure 19.2 also shows a single winding of the armature.

Department of EEE Page 15

Electric Motors-BEE401

The armature contains a large number of wire loops, or coils, identical to the single one shown,
arranged in a radial pattern around the rotor so that continuous torque is generated as the
rotor rotates. Also, the additional loops contribute additional resulting forces, and hence more
motor torque causing current to flow through the looped wire in the coil causes a magnetic
field to be established. Depending on the orientation of the coil loop in the stator’s magnetic
field, a force is generated due to the interaction between the magnetic field of the stator and
the magnetic field due to the current flow. The armature is rigidly fixed to the rotor, and as a
result it reacts to these forces by rotating. If the entire system consisted of a single coil loop
within the magnetic field of the stator as shown in Figure 19.2, inducing a simple, unchanging
current flow in the coil would cause the rotor to turn until the magnetic fields aligned,
eliminating the forces that generate torque. This will happen when the direction of the force
has no component perpendicular to the rotor’s radius, and the rotor will come to rest at an
equilibrium position. In order to spin continuously, permanent magnet DC motors are designed
to switch the current flowing in the coils continuously, never coming to an equilibrium position.
When the rotor approaches a point near equilibrium, the direction of the current flow in the
coil is first stopped, and then reversed. This has the effect of moving the equilibrium point as
the rotor spins. In much the same way that a carrot is dangled in front of a cart horse to
encourage it to pull, the equilibrium point is always being moved out of reach of the rotor in
order to keep it spinning continuously.

The commutator and brushes together perform the switching of the current in the coils of the
armature required by this approach. The commutator-to-brush contact is the point where
current is introduced into the coils. The commutator is shaped like a smooth annular ring with
strips of conductive material alternating with strips of insulating material. Each of the coils of
the armature is connected across two adjacent conducting segments of the commutator. The
overall arrangement is shown in Figure 19.3.

Connecting the coils in this fashion allows all coils to continuously carry current and contribute
torque (with the exception that periodically one of the coils has both leads connected to the
same brush contact, during which time no current flows in that single coil). If instead the coils
were arranged so that their leads were connected to conducting segments on opposite sides of
the commutator, this would limit the number of coils that were conducting current to one or
two, and thus severely limit the overall torque generated by the motor. When connected as
shown in times. The commutator is part of the rotor/armature assembly, and rotates as the
rotor spins. The stationary brushes make contact with different commutator segments as the
rotor spins, and control the flow of current through the coils of the armature. The brushes are
in constant contact with the commutator and provide the current path between the non-
rotating, stationary housing and the spinning rotor. Brushes are typically made of a low friction
material such as graphite or precious metals, and are in sliding contact with the commutator as

Department of EEE Page 16

Electric Motors-BEE401

it spins. Springs press the brushes firmly against the commutator and ensure that good
electrical contact is maintained.

Figure 19.3: Electrical connections and layout of armature coils, commutator and brushes

Department of EEE Page 17

Electric Motors-BEE401

Although the commutator and brushes are key elements that make a permanent magnet DC
motor work, they are also the weakest link in the system. Brushes are sacrificial components
that wear over time, and are the components of the motor that are most likely to fail. Also,
because they are in sliding contact with the commutator, they cause “brush drag,” or frictional
forces, which are the unavoidable result of dragging one material over another. Overcoming
these drag forces requires torque that is then not available to do work. These forces are
therefore considered losses. In addition, since the brushes are pressed against the commutator
with springs, this creates a dynamic system complete with resonances. As the rotor and
commutator spin faster and faster, the bushes will eventually reach a condition where they are
not able to follow the contours and stay in good electrical contact because of a phenomenon
known as brush bounce.

Ultimately this limits the maximum speed of the motor. Increasing the spring force pressing the
brushes against the commutator is one solution, but this increases frictional losses and
accelerates wear on the brushes. Brushes are most commonly made out of graphite, which is a
material that has relatively high electrical resistance (1-10Ω, typically) and is physically dirty.
Graphite brushes cast off particles and dust as wear occurs. In addition, the brush-commutator
interface is electrically noisy as the connections to the individual coils in the armature are
continuously made and broken. These can be the source of significant electromagnetic
interference (EMI) or noise in a system.

Electrical Model
Electrically, permanent magnet brushed DC motors can be modeled as a series of three basic
electrical components: a resistor, an inductor, and a source of electro-motive force (EMF), or
voltage . This voltage source is commonly called the “back-EMF” or “counter EMF.” The origins
of the resistive and inductive components are easy to see. The resistor in the model is a result
of the finite resistance per unit length of wire used to construct the coils in the armature. The
inductor is a result of coils of wire that make up the armature windings. All coils of wire act as
inductors. The back-EMF, on the other hand, takes a little more discussion to clarify. Back-EMF
and the Generator Effect.

Recall that the torque generated by a permanent magnet DC motor is the result of the current
flowing in the armature coils in the presence of the stator’s magnetic field. This effect is known
as the Lorentz force law and is ultimately described by Maxwell’s equations. Another of
Maxwell’s equations leads to Faraday’s law, which describes the result of moving a coil of wire
through an external magnetic field: a voltage is generated. This is the principle used to generate
electricity in a hydroelectric power generation plant, for example, where the potential and
kinetic energy of the flowing water is used to spin a rotor and armature in the presence of a
magnetic field to generate electricity.

Department of EEE Page 18

Electric Motors-BEE401

Faraday’s law is the effect that requires the inclusion of the back-EMF component in our
electrical model of a permanent magnet brushed DC motor: the armature is spinning inside the
field created by the stator.

This induces a voltage (the back-EMF) across the coil as it spins. This voltage is opposed to the
voltage placed across the coil that made the rotor spin in the first place. In short: the motor is
acting as a generator at the same time that it is acting as a motor. The voltages add by
superposition, though they have different signs. The effect of this voltage is to reduce the
voltage drop and current flow in the motor’s terminals.

When the motor : Characteristic Constants for Permanent Magnet Brushed DC Motors As a
motor turns faster, more back-EMF is generated since the coils in the armature are moving
faster through the stator’s magnetic field. The magnitude of the back-EMF is related to the
rotational speed through a constant Ke, called the speed constant or voltage constant.

Department of EEE Page 19

Electric Motors-BEE401

CONCLUSION ON PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR

Permanent magnet DC motors have a wide range of applications in various fields, some of the
major applications include:

a. Power tools.
b. Due to their high initial starting torque, PMDC motors are widely used in power drills,
power saws, and other power tools.
c. PMDC motors are used in vehicles to power wipers and washers, raise and lower
windows, and drive blowers for heaters and air conditioners. Computer drives use
PMDC motors. PMDC motors are widely utilised in the toy industry. Electric tooth
brushes employ PMDC motors.
d. Permanent magnet DC motor is an advanced type of motor similar to induction motors.
It utilizes the power of electromagnetic principles to generate torque. As the name
indicates, this motor uses a permanent magnet to create the magnetic field for
operating the DC motor.

THANK YOU.

Department of EEE Page 20