Unit 2 Teaching English Mid Term

Unit 02: Four Skills
of Language
Learning
BY Dr. Shah Jehan

LISTENING SKILLS
2.1. Listening Comprehension Skills
Definition of Listening Comprehension:
 Listening is the ability to receive, understand,

interpret, and respond to verbal and non-
verbal messages from the speaker.
 Listening Comprehension involves the

processes of understanding, interpreting, and
speaking in language.
Importance of Recognizing Context:
 Listening involves interpreting

spoken language, recognizing
discourses of sounds, understanding
individual words, and grasping
sentence syntax.
 Recognizing context is essential to

relate what is heard to the real world
and give it meaningful meaning.
Differences between Listening and Hearing:
 Hearing is a physiological
process, perceiving sounds
passively.
 Listening is an interpretative,
active process that involves
interpreting both sound and
verbal/non-verbal actions.
Types of Listening
1.Attentive Listening
 Concentrated listening with note-taking for
further learning.
 Mind and notebook coordination.
 No distractions or biases towards the speaker.
 Maximized retention, enabling discussions and

knowledge sharing.
Reflective Listening
 Listening that prompts reflections and

deeper thinking.
 Requires full attention and can evoke

associated feelings and thoughts.
 Encourages introspection but may divert

from attentive listening.
 Not typically required in academic and

business settings.
Selective Listening
 Occurs when the listener focuses only on

specific segments of the speech.
 Common in situations where the listener

deems the entire content as less valuable.
 All words are heard, but thoughtful

attention is given only to selected words.
Pretended Listening
 Giving the appearance of attentive

listening while not fully engaging.
 Often involves nodding, taking fake

notes, and maintaining a façade of
attentiveness.
 Not recommended in formal settings;

genuine listening is encouraged.
Elements of Listening and Understanding:
 Listening involves the listener, the

message, and the context.
 Stages include before listening,

during listening, and after listening.
Listening Comprehension Skills:
 Skills include recognition, selection,

interpretation, anticipation, inference,
and retention.
 Recognition involves identifying
message components.
 Selection means picking out important
words and details.
 Interpretation is understanding the
message's intention and main ideas.
Listening Comprehension Skills:
 Anticipation involves using prior

information to enhance understanding.
 Inference allows extracting information
from non-verbal cues.
 Retention is remembering key words
and ideas for long-term understanding.
Listening Comprehension with Socio-Cultural
Interaction:
 Listening development enhances language

skills, learning, and social interactions.
 Listening helps interpret the speaker, their

message, and their intentions.
 Listening fosters social skills and empathy,

benefiting relationships and collaborations.
Listening and Language Learning:
 Learning a new language

enhances cognitive skills and
communication abilities.
 Listening comprehension is vital

for understanding and imitating
sounds in language learning.
Characteristics of
Listening Comprehension:
 Clear understanding requires

knowledge of the linguistic code.
 Auditory skills are essential for storing

information and giving feedback.
 Sound elements, such as intonation,

rhythm, and volume, play a significant
role.
Barriers to Listening
Comprehension
1. Lack of Concentration
 Inability to focus on the speaker due to internal or external distractions.
 Requires an environment supportive of attentive listening.
2. Hearing Faster than Speaking
 Occurs when the listener processes information faster than it is spoken.
 Can lead to impatience and misunderstanding.
3. Paying Attention to the Speaker, not the Speech
 Focusing on the speaker's attributes or manner rather than the content.
 May lead to missing the message's meaning.
4. Listening too Closely
 Overanalyzing or scrutinizing every word,
leading to reduced comprehension.
5. Mental
Locks/Preoccupations/Psychological
Fixations
 Personal concerns or preoccupations that
interfere with listening.
6. Psychological Complexes in the Mind of
Listeners or Speaker
 Emotional or psychological issues that hinder
effective communication.
7. Poor Retention
 Difficulty in remembering what was heard, leading to
incomplete understanding.
8. Premature Evaluation and Hasty Conclusions
Forming judgments and conclusions before fully

comprehending the message. 9. Focusing on Selected
Segments, not the Whole Speech
 Fixating on isolated parts of the message rather than
the entire context.
10. Biased Presentation by a Speaker

 Speaker's bias or partiality that distorts the message.
11. Cultural and Language Barriers
 Differences in culture or language that
impede understanding.
12. Resistance to Change Point of View (By

the Listener)
 Unwillingness to consider alternative
perspectives, hindering open-mindedness.
13. Organizational Facilities in Listening

Activity
 Infrastructure and technical support that
affect the quality of listening experiences.
Summary of Listening Comprehension:
 Listening comprehension develops
skills for retention, relationship
building, and message understanding.
 Listening attentively improves social
skills, personal and professional
relationships, and teamwork.
 It helps in reducing
misunderstandings and arguments.
 Listening leads to better decision-
making and clearer reflections in
daily life.
SPEAKING SKILLS
SPEAKING
Speaking refers to the act
of producing and conveying
verbal communication using
a language.
It involves the articulation
of sounds, words, and
sentences to express
thoughts, ideas, emotions,
and information to others.
SPEAKING SKILL
• Speaking skills are the skills that

give us the ability to communicate
effectively.
• These skills allow the speaker, to
convey his message in a passionate,
thoughtful, and convincing manner.
• Speaking skills also help to assure
that one won't be misunderstood by
those who are listening.
Non-verbal
Pronunciation Presentation Skills
Communication
Listening and Debate and

Intonation
Responding Discussion Skills
Clarity and
Fluency
Coherence
Vocabulary and Grammar and

Word Choice Syntax
Favorable Classroom Environment for Speaking
Conducive environment
Polite teacher
Teacher encouragement
Favorable Classroom Environment for Speaking
Friendly atmosphere
Avoid strict treatment
Provide necessary speaking facilities

Importance of Dialogue and Vocabulary
Building
Dialogue for understanding different

perspectives.
Dialogue improves pronunciation,

intonation, and vocabulary.
Engages children in dialogues,

enhancing spoken language skills.
Effective ways to teach vocabulary.
Clues within words Matching exercises
Analyzing root words Crossword puzzles
References like
Using context clues
dictionaries
Language Games for Oral Expression
• Story retelling
• Object description
• Family member descriptions
• Precise language use
• Opposite words
• Speaking in complete sentences
Accuracy and Fluency in Speaking
• Accuracy: Correct grammar and vocabulary.

• Fluency: Speaking smoothly and easily.
Both develop with practice.
Activities to Promote Speaking
• Discussion: Purposeful group discussions.

• Role Play: Pretend social contexts and roles.
• Storytelling: Summarizing or creating stories.
Activities to Promote Speaking
• Interviews: Conducting interviews on selected topics.

• Story Completion: Collaborative storytelling.
• Picture Describing: Describing images for creativity and
imagination.
READING
SKILLS
Reading:
Definition: Reading is the act

of processing and
understanding written text.
Example: Reading a novel, a
news article, or a textbook
chapter.
Top-Down Approach
Definition: The top-down approach
to reading is a reading strategy that
emphasizes using prior knowledge
and context to understand written
text.
Process:
Readers begin with their existing
knowledge and expectations.
They use this knowledge to make
predictions about the text's content.
Readers then scan the text to
confirm or adjust their predictions.
This approach is reader-driven,
focusing on comprehension through
context and background knowledge.
Top-Down Approach
Advantages:
Encourages active engagement with the text.
Effective in comprehending unfamiliar words
through context.
Supports rapid reading and understanding.
Examples:
Predicting the content of a news article
based on the headline.
Using background knowledge to understand a
complex scientific paper.
Bottom-Up Approach
Definition: The bottom-up approach to reading

is a reading strategy that prioritizes decoding
and understanding individual words and
phrases as the foundation for comprehension.
Process:
Readers start with individual letters and words.
They decode the text through letter-sound
relationships.
Readers gradually build up to understand
sentences and the overall text.
This approach is text-driven, focusing on
understanding through word-level analysis.
Bottom-Up Approach
Advantages:
Effective for decoding and understanding
unfamiliar or complex vocabulary.
Ensures accuracy in word recognition.
Suitable for beginning readers and language
learners.
Examples:
Sounding out words phonetically while reading a
children's book.
Analyzing the meaning of an unfamiliar technical
term by breaking it down into its components.
READING SKILLS:
Definition: Reading
skills are the
abilities and
strategies
individuals use to
understand and
interpret written
text.
Types of Reading Skills:
Skimming
Scanning
Intensive reading
Extensive Reading
Types of Reading Skills:
Skimming - Quickly scanning a

text to get a general idea.
Definition: Skimming is reading
rapidly to get the main points
and overall idea of the text.
Example: Skim a news article's
headlines and first sentences to
understand the key points
without reading every detail.
Types of Reading
Skills:
Scanning:
Definition: Scanning is
searching for particular
information or keywords
within a text.
Example: Scan a restaurant
menu to find your favorite
dish quickly.
Intensive Reading:
Definition: Intensive reading involves

reading in detail, focusing on understanding
every word, phrase, and sentence.
Example: Studying a complex academic
article or a challenging literary work
closely.
Purpose of Intensive Reading:
To ensure a deep understanding of a
specific text.
Example: Analyzing a legal document to
grasp its legal implications.
Extensive Reading:
Definition: Extensive reading involves

reading for enjoyment and general
understanding, without focusing on every
detail.
Example: Reading a novel, magazine, or
online article for pleasure and broad
comprehension
Purpose of Extensive Reading:
To develop fluency, expand vocabulary,
and enjoy reading.
Example: Reading multiple short stories to
improve language skills and engage with
various writing styles.
Reading Strategies:
Definition: Reading
strategies are
techniques like
annotating, summarizing,
and making connections
to improve
comprehension.
Example: Underline key
points in a textbook
while reading, and then
summarize them in your
own words.
Reading Strategies:
Strategy 1: Previewing
Definition: Skim the text to get an overview
before reading.
Example: Scanning the headings,
subheadings, and the first and last
paragraphs.
Strategy 2: Activating Prior Knowledge

Definition: Relate what you're about to read
to what you already know.
Example: Thinking about how a new article
relates to your personal experiences.
Reading Strategies:
Strategy 3: Note-Taking
Definition: Mark and jot down important
points while reading.
Example: Underlining key sentences and
writing margin notes in a textbook.
Strategy 4: Visualizing
Definition: Create mental images to help
understand the text.
Example: Imagining the characters and
scenes described in a novel.
Reading Strategies:
Strategy 5: Discussing with Others

Definition: Engage in discussions
about the reading material.
Example: Joining a book club to
discuss a novel's themes and
characters.
Strategy 6: Reflecting After Reading

Definition: Take time to reflect on
what you've learned.
Example: Journaling about your
insights after finishing a thought-
provoking article.

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Unit 02: Four Skills

BY Dr. Shah Jehan

 Listening is the ability to receive, understand,

 Listening Comprehension involves the

 Listening involves interpreting

 Recognizing context is essential to

 Mind and notebook coordination.

 No distractions or biases towards the speaker.

 Maximized retention, enabling discussions and

 Listening that prompts reflections and

 Requires full attention and can evoke

 Encourages introspection but may divert

 Not typically required in academic and

 Occurs when the listener focuses only on

 Common in situations where the listener

 All words are heard, but thoughtful

 Giving the appearance of attentive

 Often involves nodding, taking fake

 Not recommended in formal settings;

 Listening involves the listener, the

 Stages include before listening,

 Skills include recognition, selection,

 Anticipation involves using prior

 Listening development enhances language

 Listening helps interpret the speaker, their

 Listening fosters social skills and empathy,

 Learning a new language

 Listening comprehension is vital

 Clear understanding requires

 Auditory skills are essential for storing

 Sound elements, such as intonation,

8. Premature Evaluation and Hasty Conclusions

Forming judgments and conclusions before fully

10. Biased Presentation by a Speaker

12. Resistance to Change Point of View (By

13. Organizational Facilities in Listening

• Speaking skills are the skills that

Listening and Debate and

Vocabulary and Grammar and

Avoid strict treatment

Provide necessary speaking facilities

Dialogue for understanding different

Dialogue improves pronunciation,

Engages children in dialogues,

Clues within words Matching exercises

Analyzing root words Crossword puzzles

• Accuracy: Correct grammar and vocabulary.

• Discussion: Purposeful group discussions.

• Interviews: Conducting interviews on selected topics.

Definition: Reading is the act

Definition: The bottom-up approach to reading

Skimming - Quickly scanning a

Definition: Intensive reading involves

Definition: Extensive reading involves

Strategy 2: Activating Prior Knowledge

Strategy 5: Discussing with Others

Strategy 6: Reflecting After Reading

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