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MODULE 5 CE 214 Fundamentals of Surveying

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29 views10 pages

MODULE 5 CE 214 Fundamentals of Surveying

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ianchestercataluna31
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODULE 5

Subject: CE 214 – Fundamentals of Surveying

1. Topic
Measurement of Angles and Directions
2. Introduction
A line can be defined either, simply, by just its length or considering its
direction, i.e., scalar and vector quantities. In surveying, the vector properties of a
line were taken into account since “direction” is a very important matter in surveying.
3. Learning Outcome
1. Students will know how important direction is.
2. Students will be able to analyze a gathered data that deals with
directions.
3. Students will learn how to properly plot the gathered data with respect to
its direction.
4. Students will be able to determine errors and its’ corresponding
adjustment on the data gathered.

4. Learning Content
Measurement of Angles and Directions
Meridians
1. True Meridian- sometimes known as geographic or astronomic meridian. It is generally
adapted reference line of surveying practice.
2. Magnetic Meridian- a fixed line of reference which lies parallel with the magnetic lines of
force to the earth.
3. Assumed Meridian- is an arbitrary chosen fixed line of reference which is taken for
convenience.

Designation of North Points


1. True North is the north point of the true meridian.
2. Magnetic North is the north point of the magnetic meridian.
3. Assumed North is the north point of the assumed meridian.

Expedient Methods of Establishing Meridians


1. Establishing magnetic meridian by compass. The magnetic meridian can be established by
setting up the compass over any convenient point and then sighting a distant object that marks
another point on the meridian.
2. Determining true north by the aid of the sun and a plumb. In a level ground lean a pole
approximately toward the north and rest it in a crotch made by two sticks. Suspend a weight
from the end of the pole so that it nearly touches the ground. About an hour before noon,
attach a string driven directly under the weight and with a sharpened stick attached to the
other end of the string describe an arc with a radius equal to the distance from the peg to the
shadow of the tip of the pole. Drive a peg on the arc where the shadow of the tip of the pole
rest. At about an hour after noon, watch the shadow of the tip as it approaches the eastern side
of the arc and drive another peg where it crosses. By means of a string, find the middle point of
the straight line joining the two pegs. A straight line joining the id pint and the peg under the
weight will, for all practical purposes, be pointing towards the direction of true north.
3. Determining true north by Polaris. The Polaris or the north star, pole star or cynosure lies
almost directly above the earth’s north pole.

Units of Angular Measurements


A. Sexagesimal System - The circumference of circles is divided into 360 parts (degrees); each
degree is further divided into minutes and seconds
The Degree-1/360 of complete revolution
Minutes-1/60 of a degree
Seconds-1/60 of a minute
B. Centesimal System - The circumference of circles is divided into 400 parts called gon
(previously called grads)
The Grad-1/400 of a complete revolution
Centesimal Minutes-1/100 of a grad
Centesimal Seconds-1/100 of a centesimal minute
C. The Mil-1/6400 of a complete revolution
D. The Radian-2π is equivalent to a complete revolution

Direction of Lines
Interior Angles. The angle between adjacent lines inside a close polygon.
Exterior Angles. The angle between adjacent lines outside a close polygon.

Deflection Angle. The angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line.
Angles to the right. Angles that are measured clockwise from the preceding line to the
succeeding line.
Bearing. The acute horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the line. A quadrantal
system is used to specify bearings such that a line may fall under one of the following
quadrants: NE, NW, SE and SW.
Forward and Back Bearing. Using quadrantal system, any line on surface of the earth may be
defined by two directions which differ from each other by exactly 180 degrees. The direction
will depend on which end the line is observed.

Azimuths. The azimuth of a line is its direction as given by an angle between the meridian and
the line measured in a clockwise direction from either north or south branch of the meridian.
Forward and Back Azimuth.
Rule 1. If the forward azimuth of the line is greater than 180 degrees, subtract 180
degrees to obtain the back azimuth.
Rule 2. If the forward azimuth of the line is less than 180 degrees, add 180 degrees to obtain
the back azimuth.

Example 1. Conversion of an angle to decimal degrees.


Angle=238o25’50”
Solution:
238 is the degrees
25 is the minutes
50 is the seconds
Decimal Equivalent = Deg + Min/60 + Sec/3600
Decimal Equivalent = 238o + 25’/60 + 50/3600 = 238.4306o

Example 2. Conversion from Grads to Degrees, Mils and Radians.


Convert 270o to Grads, Mils and Radians.
Solution:
Angle in Grads = 270o(400g/360o) = 300g
Angle in Mils = 270o(6400mils/360o) = 4800 mils
Angle in Radians = 270o(2π /360o) = 4.7124 radians

Example 3. Determining Bearings and Calculating Angles from bearings.


a.) Write the bearing of the lines in the figure below.
b.) What is the smallest angle between OA and OB.
c.) What is the smallest angle between OA and OC.

Solution:
a.) OA, N 30o E OC, S 70o E
OB, N 60o W OC, S 80o W
b.) Angle AOB = 30o + 60o = 90o

c.) Angle AOC = 180o – 30o – 70o = 80o

Example 4. Determining Angles from Azimuth.


AZIMn of Line OP = 65o
AZIMn of Line OQ = 300o
Determine the smallest angle between the lines.
Solution:
Draw the given,

From the figure we can calculate that from north line OQ is 60o,

Angle QOP = 60o + 65o = 135o


The Compass
A compass is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction
relative to the geographic cardinal directions (or points). Usually, a diagram called a compass
rose shows the directions north, south, east, and west on the compass face as abbreviated
initials. When the compass is used, the rose can be aligned with the corresponding geographic
directions; for example, the "N" mark on the rose points northward. Compasses often display
markings for angles in degrees in addition to (or sometimes instead of) the rose. North
corresponds to 0°, and the angles increase clockwise, so east is 90° degrees, south is 180°, and
west is 270°. These numbers allow the compass to show magnetic North azimuths or true North
azimuths or bearings, which are commonly stated in this notation. If magnetic declination
between the magnetic North and true North at latitude angle and longitude angle is known,
then direction of magnetic North also gives direction of true North.
Magnetic Declination
The magnetic needle in a compass is attracted by the magnetism of the Earth, and
therefore always points to the constantly shifting Magnetic North Pole. The Geographic North
Pole is static and is located about 1200 miles north of the Magnetic Pole. Maps and directions
are usually oriented toward the Geographic Pole, also referred to as "True North."
Magnetic declination is the direction and amount of variation between the Magnetic
Pole and True North. The amount and direction of declination depends upon how those two
poles align relative to a given point on Earth. When the two poles align, declination is zero, and
the line of zero declination is termed the agonic line. At points west of the agonic line, a
magnetic needle will point east of true north (positive declination). At points east of the agonic
line, a magnetic needle will point west of true north (negative declination). There is a pattern,
but it does not follow meridians or parallels. Isogonic lines are like magnetic contour lines –
they trace a path of constant magnetic declination.

Example 5. Magnetic Declination.


The magnetic declination in a locality is 2oE. Determine the true bearing and true azimuths
reckoned from north and south of the following lines whose magnetic bearings are given.
a.) OP, N 15o18’ E
b.) OQ, N 69o25’ W
Solution:

Angle TNOP = 2o + 15o18’ = 17o18’


True Bearing: N 17o18’ E
AZIMN = 17o18’
AZIMS = 17o18’ + 180o = 197o18’

Angle TNOQ = 69o25’ – 2o = 67o25’


True Bearing: N 67o25’ W
AZIMN = 360o - 67o25’ = 292o35’
AZIMS = 180o - 67o25’ = 112o35’

5. Teaching and Learning Activities


Activity 11
Discussion of Module Content

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.


Read also La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying (3rd Edition) 2013 Reprint
7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted
Online(asynchronous) through telEducation
Online (synchronous) through Google Meet

8. Assessment Task
Perform Activity 12-Field Work (Laboratory 3). Submission of required
output via E-mail @ jericopacisfiel@gmail.com or on designated drop-off / pick up
points.

9. References
1. La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying (3rd Edition) 2013 Reprint
2. La Putt, J.P., Higher Surveying (2nd Edition) 2013 Reprint
3. Surveying for Civil and Geodetic Licensure Exam by Bessavilla

ISUE__ __ Syl ___


Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020

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