Lecture 1

INTRODUCTION

INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES

By

Lecturer

Dr.Hyder H. Balla

Automobile Department
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
Al-furat Al-awsat Technical University
Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A combustion engine is a heat engine which generates mechanical power

by combustion of a fuel.

Types of Combustion Engines

1. External Combustion Engines

2. Internal Combustion Engines

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Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

External Combustion Engines (E.C engines)

Is a heat engine where working fluid is heated by combustion in an external
source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger, where the oxidation of
the fuel occurs outside the engine, which provides heat to the motive portion
of the engine.

Examples of external combustion engines:

1) wood-burning or coal burning steam-

powered locomotives

2) Coal and oil-fired boilers on steamships

3) Steam engine
Fig.1: E.C Engine (Steam Engine)

Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)

The internal combustion engine (IC) is a heat engine
that converts chemical energy in a fuel into
mechanical energy, where the combustion of a fuel
occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion
chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid
flow circuit.
Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to
thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation
with air inside the engine. This thermal energy raises
the temperature and pressure of the gases within the
engine and the high-pressure gas then expands against
the mechanical mechanisms of the engine. This
expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of
the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output
of the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to
a transmission and/or power train to transmit the
rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.
Fig.2: IC 4-strock Engine

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Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

Table 1: The Difference between IC Engines & EC Engines

IC Engines EC Engines
Fuel Combustion Takes place inside the Takes place outside the engine
cylinder cylinder.
Temperature & Pressure much higher less
Materials resistance Better resistant to heat and Less resistant to heat and
pressure pressure
Piston Connecting The piston directly There is a stuffing box that
connected to connecting rod prevents the leakage of steam
from the cylinder.
Efficiency Higher Less
The required equipment required only a much Boilers are required to store
smaller tank to store fuel water, which is to be converted
to steam.
Started and Stopped Can be started or stopped Cannot be started or stopped
quickly quickly, because it takes time to
initiate boiling of water and
generate steam.
Weight Lighter Weightier
Cost Cheaper More cost

1.2 Applications of I.C Engine

1. The propulsion of a vehicle (i.e., automobile, truck, locomotive,

marine vessel, or airplane).
2. Stationary engines to drive generators or pumps, and
3. Portable engines for things like chain saws and lawn mowers.

1.3 IC ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS

Internal combustion engines can be classified in a number of different ways:

1. Types of Ignition
(a) Spark Ignition (SI). An SI engine starts the combustion process in each
cycle by use of a spark plug.
(b) Compression Ignition (CI). The combustion process in a CI engine
starts when the air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the
combustion chamber caused by high compression.

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Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

2. Engine Cycle
(a) Four-Stroke Cycle. A four-stroke cycle experiences four piston
movements over two engine revolutions for each cycle.
(b) Two-Stroke Cycle. A two-stroke cycle has two piston movements over
one revolution for each cycle.

3. Valve Location (see Fig. 3)

(a) Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I Head engine.
(b) Valves in block (flat head), also called L Head engine. Some historic
engines with valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the cylinder
and the exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T Head engines.
(c) One valve in head (usually intake) and one in block, also called F Head
engine; this is much less common.

Figure 3 Engine Classification by Valve Location. (a) Valve in block, L head. Older
automobiles and some small engines. (b) Valve in head, I head. Standard on modern
automobiles. (c) One valve in head and one valve in block, F head. Older, less common
automobiles. (d) Valves in block on opposite sides of cylinder, T head. Some historic
automobile engines.

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Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

4. Basic Design
(a) Reciprocating. Engine has one or more cylinders in which pistons
reciprocate back and forth. The combustion chamber is located in the closed
end of each cylinder. Power is delivered to a rotating output crankshaft by
mechanical linkage with the pistons.
(b) Rotary. Engine is made of a block (stator) built around a large non-
concentric rotor and crankshaft. The combustion chambers are built into the
nonrotating block.

5. Position and Number of Cylinders of Reciprocating Engines (Fig. 1-7)

(a) Single Cylinder. Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the
crankshaft.
(b) In-Line. Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other
along the length of the crankshaft. They can consist of 2 to 11 cylinders or
possibly more.

(c) V Engine. Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a
single crankshaft. The angle between the banks of cylinders can be
anywhere from 15° to 120°, with 60°-90° being common. V engines have
even numbers of cylinders from 2 to 20 or more. V6s and V8s are common
automobile engines, with V12s and V16s (historic) found in some luxury
and high-performance vehicles.

(d) Opposed Cylinder Engine. Two banks of cylinders opposite each other
on a single crankshaft (a V engine with a 180° V). These are common on
small aircraft and some automobiles with an even number of cylinders from
two to eight or more. These engines are often called flat engines (e.g., flat
four).
(e) W Engine. Same as a V engine except with three banks of cylinders on
the same crankshaft. Not common, but some have been developed for racing
automobiles, both modern and historic. Usually 12 cylinders with about a
60° angle between each bank.

(f) Opposed Piston Engine. Two pistons in each cylinder with the
combustion chamber in the center between the pistons. A single-combustion
process causes two power strokes at the same time, with each piston being
pushed away from the center and delivering power to a separate crankshaft
at each end of the cylinder.

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Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

(g) Radial Engine. Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane

around the central crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are
connected to a master rod which, in turn, is connected to the crankshaft.

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Internal Combustion Engines L (1) A.Lecturer: Dr.Hyder H. Balla

6. Air Intake Process

(a) Naturally Aspirated. No intake air pressure boost system.
(b) Supercharged. Intake air pressure increased with the compressor driven
off of the engine crankshaft .
(c) Turbocharged. Intake air pressure increased with the turbine-
compressor driven by the engine exhaust gases.
(d) Crankcase Compressed. Two-stroke cycle engine which uses the
crankcase as the intake air compressor. Limited development work has also
been done on design and construction of four-stroke cycle engines with
crankcase compression.
7. Method of Fuel Input for SI Engines
(a) Carbureted.
(b) Multipoint Port Fuel Injection. One or more injectors at each cylinder
intake.
(c) Throttle Body Fuel Injection. Injectors upstream in intake manifold.
8. Fuel Used
(a) Gasoline.
(b) Diesel Oil or Fuel Oil.
(c) Gas, Natural Gas, Methane.
(d) LPG.
(e) Alcohol-Ethyl, Methyl.
(f) Dual Fuel. There are a number of engines that use a combination of two
or more fuels. Some, usually large, CI engines use a combination of methane
and diesel fuel. These are attractive in developing third-world countries
because of the high cost of diesel fuel.
(g) Gasohol. Common fuel consisting of 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol.
9. Application
(a) Automobile, Truck, Bus. (b) Locomotive. (c) Stationary. (d) Marine.
(e) Aircraft. (f) Small Portable, Chain Saw, Model Airplane.

10. Type of Cooling

(a) Air Cooled. (b) Liquid Cooled, Water Cooled.

Several or all of these classifications can be used at the same time to identify
a given engine. Thus, a modern engine might be called a turbocharged,
reciprocating, spark ignition, four-stroke cycle, overhead valve, water-
cooled, gasoline, multipoint fuel-injected, V8 automobile engine.