ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL AND BIO ENGINEERING

PRODUCING BIO PLASTICS FROM BANANA PEELS

Group members I.D

1. Anane Muluneh ugr/0838/12

2. Biruktawit Shiferaw ugr/2985/12

3. Firealem Ashenafi ugr/0034/12 Submitted to: Mr. Germa M.& Mr.Bisrat

Submission Date: 2/11/2023

 Table of content
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................1
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................2
Chapter One ...........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................3
Chapter Two .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Literature view 5
2.7.1. Bio-based Plastics: .......................................................................................................................9
2.7.2. Biodegradable Plastics: ............................................................................................................. 10
2.7.3Compostable Plastics: ..................................................................................................................10
Chapter Three ...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1.Chemical Methods: .....................................................................................................................12
3.1.2. Enzymatic Methods: ..................................................................................................................12
3.1.3. Microbial Methods: ................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.4. Pyrolysis method: ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1. Banana Peel Collection : ........................................................................................................... 13
3.2.2. Cleaning and Sorting: ................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.3. Pre treatment: .............................................................................................................................13
3.2.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis: .............................................................................................................. 14
3.2.5. Fermentation: .............................................................................................................................14
3.2.6. Purification: ............................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.7. Polymerization: ..........................................................................................................................15
3.2.8.Bio plastic Formation: ................................................................................................................ 15
The 3D process flow diagram ..............................................................................................................17
Chapter Four ........................................................................................................................................18
Chapter five ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Balance on enzymatic hydrolysis .................................................................................................... 23
Fermentation (Bio polymer Production): ........................................................................................ 23
Balance on Polymerization process .................................................................................................24
Chapter six ...........................................................................................................................................28
Impeller design .................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter seven ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter Eight .......................................................................................................................................40
Conclusion and recommendation ........................................................................................................ 40
8.1. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................40
8.2. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 40
Reference …………………………………………………………………………………………43

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Acknowledgement

We express our profound gratitude to God, the source of all wisdom and guidance, for His
blessings throughout the journey of researching and developing of our production. We extend
heartfelt thanks to Mr. Germa M.& Mr.Bisrat for their unwavering support, mentorship, and
expertise, which have been crucial to the successful completion of this project. We are grateful for
the support and resources provided by Addis Ababa Institute of Technology. Our sincere thanks also
go to the people who generously contributed the materials for this study. The encouragement and
understanding of our family and friends have been a constant source of motivation. Lastly,we
acknowledge the entire scientific community and attribute the success of this research to the broader
knowledge and advancements in the field

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 Abstract
This research project explores the sustainable production of bioplastics from banana peels, an
abundant agricultural waste. The primary objective is to investigate efficient extraction methods for
obtaining biopolymers, such as starch and cellulose, from banana peels. Utilizing enzymatic
hydrolysis, the study aims to optimize the extraction process, considering factors like yield, energy
efficiency, and environmental impact. The extracted biopolymers are then used to formulate
bioplastics, with a focus on incorporating eco-friendly additives. The project addresses scalability
challenges and evaluates the economic feasibility of large-scale production. Results indicate
promising advancements in the development of bioplastics, contributing to the shift toward
sustainable and renewable materials. The findings have implications for the circular economy and
offer potential solutions to the environmental challenges posed by conventional plastics.

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 Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background

The term "plastic" has its origins in the Greek word "plastikos," signifying the ability to mold.
Discovered in 1846 by German chemist Christian Schonbein, plastic is now defined as a carbon-
based material containing an essential organic component of significant molecular weight. Widely
employed in industries such as packaging, construction, textiles, and electronics, plastics, despite
their versatility, pose notable environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradable nature and
the emission of harmful byproducts during decomposition. The extensive use of approximately
400,000 barrels of oil daily for plastic packaging exacerbates disposal issues and environmental
harm.

Recognizing the environmental drawbacks of petroleum-based plastics, there has been a movement
towards developing eco-friendly alternatives like bio-plastics. Derived from renewable biomass
sources such as vegetable fats, oils, corn starch, and agricultural by-products—with starch being a
prevalent choice—bio-plastics offer a more sustainable option. The interest in renewable plastic
production can be traced back to Henry Ford in 1910, who explored the use of agricultural waste for
plastic. Despite producing a plastic car from soybean wastes in 1941, synthetic plastics gained
dominance post-World War II due to their availability and cost-effectiveness.

The emergence of the concept of biodegradable polymers in the 1960s, driven by heightened
concerns about environmental impacts and plastic production, spurred increased research. Starch-
based bioplastics, valued for their abundance, affordability, and renewability, gained prominence.
However, the inherent limitations of starch, which cannot be molded into plastic shapes on its own,
necessitate processing steps involving heat, mechanical treatment, and a plasticizer to create
thermoplastic starch (TPS). Furthermore, the incorporation of other materials, often a filler, becomes

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essential to modify properties, enhancing mechanical strength and reducing water absorption. This
ongoing pursuit aligns with the overarching goal of developing sustainable and environmentally
friendly alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics.[1]

1.2 Statement of the problem

Plastics derived from petroleum-based sources pose several challenges, including high energy
consumption during production, elevated carbon emissions, prolonged degradation periods, and
potential harm to human health due to toxic compounds like benzene, PEG, and BPA. To address
these issues, a shift toward sustainable alternatives, such as the development of biodegradable
products like bio plastics, is imperative. Over the years, bio plastics have gained popularity for their
reduced environmental impact compared to their petroleum-based counterparts. Utilizing renewable
natural polymer resources, such as starches, has been a particularly attractive avenue for bio plastic
production due to the abundance and effectiveness of these materials. Banana peels, considered
agricultural waste, represent a promising raw material that can be repurposed into valuable products
like bio plastics. [2]

1.3 The objective of the study

The main objective is to produce bio-plastics from banana peels, with specific objectives
emphasizing efficient resource utilization and waste reduction. This involves re-purposing banana
peels as a renewable resource for sustainable bio-plastic production. Objectives extend to
environmental impact and sustainability, prioritizing the creation of biodegradable bio-plastics from
natural sources and renewable biomass. Additional efforts target cost-effective and scalable
production methods, including the development of economically viable processes and scalable
production designs.
1.4 Scope of the project

The aim of this Synthesis and Experimental study is to produce bio plastic from starch extracted
from banana peels. The study will investigate the factors that affect the optimal production of bio
plastic. The steps involved in the study are: collecting banana peels, extracting starch, making bio
plastic, testing its properties, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions.

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 Chapter Two
Literature view

2.1. Background of Plastics

Originally denoting easily shaped materials, the term "plastic" now encompasses a category of
substances known as polymers—lengthy molecular chains occurring naturally or synthesized from
petroleum carbon atoms. These synthetic polymers possess repeating units, imparting strength,
lightness, and flexibility, thus earning the designation "plastic." Over the past 50 years, plastics have
become indispensable due to their diverse forms, cost-effectiveness, and high strength-to-weight
ratio. As a specific polymer type, plastics are moldable organic compounds, primarily derived from
petroleum, and can be transformed into various products such as fibers and foams. Classification of
plastics depends on properties, such as thermoplastics or thermoset plastics, and their categorization
as commodity, engineering, or specialty plastics. In their unprocessed state, plastics are referred to as
resins. Essentially, plastics constitute a subset of polymers, characterized by organic, moldable
attributes, and play a pivotal role in diverse applications.

2.2. Background of Bio plastics

The interest in biodegradable plastics surged during the 1970s oil crisis, leading to increased
research and development of these materials due to rising oil prices. In the 1980s, biodegradable
films, sheets, and moldable materials began to emerge, with a focus on green or plant-based
resources for sustainability. Ongoing research strives to balance various factors in creating suitable
biodegradable materials. Starch-based plastics, primarily derived from sources like wheat, potatoes,
rice, and corn (with corn being the most commonly used and cost-effective), have gained popularity.
Starch, a versatile product, has diverse applications beyond food items, including paper production,
cardboard, textile sizing, and adhesives. Starch-based plastics have been utilized in manufacturing
eating utensils, plates, cups, and more. The environmental advantages of biodegradable plastics,
particularly starch-based ones, include faster degradation (10 to 20 times compared to traditional

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plastics) and minimal release of harmful toxins during incineration. Moreover, these plastics
contribute to soil enrichment as soil microorganisms decompose the material, enhancing fertility.[3]

2.3. Market Assessment of Bio plastics globally

The bio-plastics market is poised for substantial growth in the coming decade, fueled by the rising
demand for sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. Bio-plastics, derived from renewable
sources like corn, sugarcane, and vegetable oils, are versatile and find applications in packaging,
agriculture, automotive, electronics, and textiles. According to a report by Grand View Research, the
global bio-plastics market was valued at USD 11.61 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow at a
CAGR of 18.8% from 2023 to 2030. The market is segmented by product type and application, with
biodegradable plastics holding over 52% market share in 2022 and expected to maintain robust
growth. Concurrently, the Global Bioplastics Market is expected to expand from 1.78 million tons in
2023 to 3.95 million tons by 2028, with a CAGR of 17.25%. Despite challenges faced in 2020 due to
the COVID-19 pandemic, recovery began in 2021, driven by environmental concerns favoring a shift
towards bioplastics. The market's growth is underpinned by the increasing demand for packaging,
and opportunities emerge in the electronics industry. Europe leads in market share, set to maintain
dominance, while flexible packaging, particularly in regions like the United States, Central and East
Asia, and Europe, plays a significant role in driving growth. The Asia-Pacific region, contributing
45% to bioplastics manufacturing capacity, is a key player, supported by growing consumer
awareness and stringent government regulations in countries like China, India, and Japan. This
positive trajectory positions the bioplastics market for considerable expansion in the forecast
period.[3]

2.4. Potential and market assessment of Bio plastic in Ethiopia

Bio-plastics can play a crucial role in reducing the environmental impact of plastic production
globally. However, in Ethiopia, there has been limited legislative attention to this aspect, despite the
country's potential to produce bio-plastics using agro- industrial waste and other byproducts. These
resources have the potential to produce and market environmentally friendly bio-plastics, which
could help address environmental issues while also creating job opportunities, from raw material
collection to product manufacturing. [4]

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 2.5. Sources of bio-plastics

Cellulose

Cellulose, a polysaccharide constituting plant cell walls, serves as a primary organic polymer
globally abundant. Through chemical modifications, cellulose acetate (CA) is derived, offering a
biodegradable material applicable in films, fibers, and cigarette filters. Moreover, cellulose can be
blended with other polymers to create cellulose-based bio-plastics.

Protein

A bio-molecule found in various sources such as soybeans, wheat gluten, casein, collagen, and
gelatin, proteins can be processed into bio-plastics through denaturation, cross-linking, and
plasticization. These bio-plastics exhibit favorable mechanical properties and bio-compatibility,
making them suitable for medical applications, edible films, and coatings.

Organic Acids

Derived from sugars or lipids, organic acids, such as lactic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, and
sebacic acid, can be polymerized to form biodegradable polyesters like polylactic acid (PLA),
polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT), and polyamide 10-10
(PA 10-10). These polyesters showcase good mechanical and thermal properties.

Microorganisms

Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria, can synthesize or accumulate
polymers, yielding bioplastics like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), bacterial cellulose (BC), algal
bioplastics (ABPs), and cyanobacterial bioplastics (CBPs). These bioplastics, produced by
microorganisms, exhibit diverse properties and applications, with the advantage of biodegradability.

Starch

Starch, derived from plants and crops, serves as a renewable and biodegradable resource in
bioplastic production. Starch-based bioplastics fall under the broader category of biodegradable

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plastics, forming branched polymers like amylopectin and amylose. Banana peels, considered
agricultural waste, contain a significant quantity of starch, making them a valuable resource for
bioplastic manufacturing. The starch in banana peels presents an opportunity to repurpose this waste
into valuable material.[5]

2.5. Banana peels as raw material and its occurrence

Globally banana is a major food that is grown and consumed in more than 100 countries of tropics
and subtropics and which is fourth important food crop next to rice, wheat and maize (INIBAP,
2000). Banana is the second major fruit that produced after citrus in Ethiopia which produced
throughout the country if there is enough rainfall or irrigation, but at present south and southwestern
Ethiopia are the major suppliers of banana to major cities like Addis Ababa from ArbaMinch,
MizanTeferi, and Tepi (Gebre-Mariam, 1999). So the banana will be bought from retailers and the
peels will be used for the project. The moisture content of banana peel is 85% and its specific heat is
3.35kJ/kg oC.

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 Composition of banana peels

Component Composition Content percentage

Starch Significant, especially in green/unripe 15-25%

bananas

Cellulose Found in cell walls, provides structural 12-15%

support

Hemicellulose Another component of cell walls 10-12%

Pectin Provides a gel-like consistency 1-2%

Proteins Present, but in smaller amounts 1-2%

compared to pulp

Lignin Provides rigidity and resistance to 0.5-1%

decomposition

Tannins Some banana peels may contain variable

astringent compounds

Fiber Good source of dietary fiber variable

Phenolic Antioxidant compounds with potential variable

Compound health benefits

2.7. Classification of Bio plastics

The main classification of bio plastics can be categorized based on their origin, biodegradability, and
specific properties. Here are the primary classifications:
2.7.1. Bio-based Plastics:
Derived from renewable biomass sources like plants, algae, or microorganisms.They are made from
organic materials, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics derived from fossil

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fuels. They contribute to reducing the carbon footprint and dependency on non-renewable
resources.Examples: PLA (polylactic acid), PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates), bio-based polyethylene
2.7.2. Biodegradable Plastics:
Capable of breaking down naturally through the action of microorganisms into harmless
substances.They are designed to undergo decomposition over time, reducing the persistence of
plastic waste in the environment. They can break down into natural elements, contributing to a
decrease in environmental impact.Examples: PLA, PHA, certain starch-based plastics
2.7.3Compostable Plastics:
A subset of biodegradable plastics that break down into environmentally benign components within
specific composting conditions.They go beyond simple biodegradability; they break down into
compost, providing a valuable resource for enriching soil. They are designed to break down
efficiently in composting facilities, contributing to circular and sustainable waste management
systems.[6]
2.8. Process Technologies in the production of bio plastics from Banana Peels

The production of bio plastics from banana peels involves a systematic process to transform
agricultural waste into a sustainable alternative. Initially, banana peels are collected and
meticulously cleaned to eliminate impurities, preparing them for subsequent processing. Following
this, the peels undergo depolymerization, where they are chopped or ground into small pieces or pulp.
The starch extraction phase involves creating a slurry by adding water to the chopped peels and
extracting starch using enzymatic hydrolysis methods, contributing to the environmentally friendly
nature of the process.

The extracted starch then undergoes purification through washing and drying to remove impurities
and reduce moisture content. The addition of plasticizers comes next, enhancing the flexibility and
processability of the purified banana peel starch. The biopolymer formation stage involves mixing
starch and plasticizers, applying heat and pressure to create a gelatinized starch material. Shaping the
bioplastic is achieved through plastic processing techniques such as extrusion or molding, followed
by cooling and solidification to maintain the newly formed structure.

Quality control measures are crucial, involving testing mechanical and thermal properties to ensure
the bioplastic meets required standards. Optionally, biodegradability can be enhanced by

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incorporating additives or enzymes to facilitate decomposition in natural environments. The final
steps include packaging the bioplastic products for distribution, utilizing them in various
applications, and promoting biodegradation by disposing of them in suitable environments, such as
composting facilities. This comprehensive process exemplifies the sustainable journey from banana
peels to bioplastic products, contributing to a more eco-friendly approach to materials and waste
management.

2.9. Utility requirements

Producing bio plastics from banana peels requires essential utilities and equipment. Adequate water
supply, energy sources, and specialized processing equipment, such as grinders, centrifuges, and
molding machines, are crucial for different stages of the process. Drying and cooling systems,
environmental controls, and quality control equipment ensure the quality of the bioplastic material.
Safety measures, waste management systems, and quality assurance facilities contribute to a secure
and efficient production environment. Monitoring systems optimize resource use, while storage
facilities and composting or disposal facilities complete the infrastructure for sustainable bio plastic
production. This comprehensive approach transforms banana peels into eco-friendly products,
emphasizing resource efficiency and waste management.

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 Chapter Three
The processes, their description and comparison in the production of bio plastics
from banana peels

3.1. Types of production methods

Before diving into the details about the process, let's explore the different production method we can

turn banana peels into bio-plastics. The methods we choose depend on what we want our bio-plastic

to be like and what resources we have at our disposal. Here are some straightforward methods

commonly used to make bio-plastics from banana peels:

3.1.1.Chemical Methods:

The production of bioplastics from banana peels involves chemical reactions breaking down
carbohydrates into bio-based polymers. Catalysts convert cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars,
initiating polymerization. Despite its efficacy, concerns arise due to the potential environmental
impact and sustainability issues linked to the use of solvents, acids, and other chemicals in the
synthesis process.

3.1.2. Enzymatic Methods:

Environmentally friendly bioplastic production from banana peels involves enzymatic processes.
Enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates into fermentable sugars, serving as
precursors for bio-based monomers. This method, valued for its mild conditions and reduced
environmental impact, aligns with sustainable practices by harnessing biological catalysts,
transforming banana peels into eco-friendly bioplastics.

3.1.3. Microbial Methods:

Eco-friendly bioplastic production from banana peels utilizes microorganisms in a fermentation

process. Bacteria or yeast convert banana peel sugars into bio-based monomers, further polymerized

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to create environmentally friendly bioplastics. Celebrated for its green credentials, drawbacks
include extended production times, potential contamination, and challenges in achieving large-scale
efficiency.

3.1.4. Pyrolysis method:

Pyrolysis transforms banana peels into bioplastics by subjecting them to high temperatures,
generating bio-oil for production. Challenges include the need for precise temperature control and
refinement due to potential complex mixtures.[6]

After comparing different methods, we chose the enzymatic approach for its alignment with
environmental sustainability, precision, and specificity in synthesis. This eco-friendly method
harnesses the power of biological catalysts, promising more efficient and environmentally conscious
bioplastic production from banana peels.

3.2.The processes technologies with their description in the production of bio plastics from
banana peels

3.2.1. Banana Peel Collection :

Collecting banana peels for bioplastic production involves systematic approaches, such as household
waste segregation, agricultural byproduct collection, and initiatives by food service establishments.
Basic tools like bins, compostable bags, gloves, and shovels are used in the process. Regardless of
the source, maintaining cleanliness and separating contaminants is crucial for ensuring the quality of
banana peels for subsequent bioplastic production steps.

3.2.2. Cleaning and Sorting:

The preprocessing stage in banana peel collection is critical for ensuring cleanliness and suitability.
Manual inspection and separation, facilitated by tools like gloves and bins, eliminate impurities.
Compostable bags aid in efficient transportation, preserving peel integrity. Meticulous cleaning is
emphasized to meet quality standards for subsequent enzymatic treatment in bioplastic production.

3.2.3. Pre treatment:

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In the pre-treatment for banana peel bioplastic production, the initial phase involves cutting or
shredding the peels to increase surface area using knives or shredders. This strategic step breaks
down peel structure, facilitating the next processes and optimizing raw material accessibility for
subsequent chemical reactions. Meticulous pre-treatment plays a vital role in ensuring overall
bioplastic production efficiency.

Grinding and extraction of cellulose and starch

To extract starch from banana peels, the inner portion is separated from the outer layer, then
shredded to increase surface area. The grinded material is mixed with water in an extractor, forming
a slurry, which is allowed to stand for starch release. Filtration and subsequent settling or
centrifugation separate starch from solid residues. The starch and cellulose is washed for impurity
removal, and optional purification steps may be employed. Then the extracted starch and cellulose
will be sent to the hydrolysis tank for further process.

3.2.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis:

Enzymatic hydrolysis in banana peel bioplastic production involves using enzymes, primarily
cellulase, to break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars, like glucose and maltose. This
crucial step, following cleaning and potential pretreatment, prepares the raw material for subsequent
fermentation. Cellulase targets glycosidic bonds in cellulose, yielding glucose, while amylases can
break down starch into glucose and maltose. The resulting simpler sugars become the feedstock for
the subsequent fermentation process, where microorganisms transform them into bio-based polymers.
Overall, enzymatic hydrolysis efficiently converts banana peel carbohydrates into sugars for
sustainable bioplastic production.

3.2.5. Fermentation:

In bioplastic production from banana peels, fermentation is a vital process where microorganisms
metabolize enzymatically hydrolyzed sugars, primarily glucose and maltose, into bio-based
polymers. Common microbes include Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Cupriavidus

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necator, each contributing to specific bio-based polymers. Carefully controlled conditions, including
temperature, pH, and nutrient supply, optimize microbial growth and polymer production, resulting
in environmentally friendly bioplastics.

3.2.6. Purification:

After microbial fermentation, refining bio-based polymers is crucial for high-quality bioplastics.
Harvested microbial biomass is separated from the fermentation broth through centrifugation and
filtration. Solvent extraction selectively dissolves and extracts the polymers, which are then
solidified through precipitation methods. Drying removes residual solvent, and chromatography may
be employed for further purification. The process ensures the removal of common impurities for a
refined end product.

3.2.7. Polymerization:

In the polymerization phase of bioplastic production, purified bio-based monomers undergo

transformation into long-chain polymers. Various methods, including polycondensation, microbial
fermentation, enzymatic polymerization, and chemical polymerization, cater to specific needs.
Selection depends on the desired bio-based polymers and bioplastic properties. Following
polymerization, additional processing steps, such as extrusion or molding, are applied to achieve the
final bioplastic product.

3.2.8.Bio plastic Formation:

In the pivotal bio plastic formation phase of production, refined bio-based polymers sourced from
banana peels are shaped into the final product. Techniques encompass extrusion for films and sheets,
injection molding for versatile applications, compression molding for larger items, film blowing for
plastic bags, and 3D printing for intricate designs. Coating and lamination are employed to enhance
properties in various packaging applications. These methods cater to a diverse range of end-product
characteristics and applications.

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The block flow diagram for the production of bio plastics from banana peels

Banana peel production

Bananaslmc Bioplastic products

Cleaning and Sorting

Washing Processing and moding
sorting

Pretreatment
Choping/Grinding Bioplastic formation
And separation

Enzymatic hydrolysis
Enzyme treatment Polymerization
Hydrolysis reaction Polymer formation

Fermentation
Microbial fermentation

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The 3D process flow diagram

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 Chapter Four
Site selection , plant layout and environmental analysis
4.1.Site selection

Selecting an optimal site for a manufacturing plant involves strategic considerations

focused on minimizing transportation costs, ensuring logistical efficiency, and
maintaining smooth operations. Critical factors include proximity to raw materials,
access to transportation infrastructure, utilities, and a skilled workforce. Compliance
with regulatory standards, community relations, and risk assessment are essential.
Zoning regulations, land use policies, future expansion potential, economic incentives,
and regional economic stability contribute to informed decision-making. This
comprehensive approach aligns with operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and
sustainable growth.

4.1.1. Site selection analysis for the production of bio plastics from banana peels

Our meticulous site selection process for the bioplastics production plant emphasizes
factors crucial for long-term success, including abundant banana production, efficient
transportation infrastructure, regulatory adherence, and sustainability. Hawassa,
Ethiopia, is the chosen location, aligning with global sustainability goals due to its
agricultural richness and emerging industrial hubs in the Southern Nations,
Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR).

The Sidama Zone, where Hawassa is situated, boasts a conducive climate for banana
cultivation, ensuring a reliable and local supply of banana peels. The region's well-
developed transportation links, including major roads and proximity to the Hawassa
Industrial Park, facilitate the transportation of raw materials and distribution of
finished bioplastic products. The Hawassa Industrial Park provides existing
infrastructure, utilities, and a supportive ecosystem, potentially reducing initial setup
costs.

Lake Hawassa, located nearby, offers a sustainable water source crucial for the
production process, allowing for proper wastewater management aligned with

18
environmentally responsible practices. Hawassa University, a major educational
institution in the region, serves as a valuable resource for skilled labor, research
collaborations, and partnerships in developing innovative bioplastics technologies.

Collaboration with regional and local authorities ensures compliance with regulations,
while market access is enhanced by Hawassa's growing urban population and strategic
location in the Southern Region. Proximity to Addis Ababa, the capital, further
expands market reach. Engaging with local communities through outreach programs
fosters positive relations and community involvement in sustainable practices.[7]

Considering the region's climate and ecosystem, the production plant can incorporate
sustainable practices, such as using renewable energy sources and eco-friendly
production processes, to minimize environmental impact. The overall economic
stability and growth of Ethiopia contribute to the conducive business environment in
Hawassa, with government support for industrial development and sustainability
initiatives enhancing the long-term viability of the project.

4.2. Bio plastic Production Plant Layout

A plant layout refers to the strategic arrangement of physical elements, including

machinery, workstations, and storage areas, within an industrial facility to optimize
production efficiency. The goal is to minimize material handling, reduce costs,
enhance safety, and create a logical workflow. Tailored layouts are designed based on
the specific needs of different industries, considering factors such as material flow,
space utilization, and overall production processes.

Our layout initiates with a comprehensive Raw Material Receiving and Sorting Area,
ensuring the quality of banana peels. The subsequent Pre-treatment and Enzymatic
Processing Section prepares the peels for further stages. The Biopolymer Extraction
and Processing Zone prioritizes efficient extraction. In the Biopolymer Synthesis and
Polymerization Area, emphasis is placed on precise control over the synthesis process.
The Formulation and Blend Mixing Section concentrates on meticulous blending for
optimal product characteristics. The Additive Integration and Enhancement Zone
enhances bioplastics properties, while Extrusion or Molding Stations streamline
shaping, leading to the Curing and Setting Space for proper curing. Quality Control

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Labs maintain international standards, and Waste Management minimizes
environmental impact. Organized Raw Material and Finished Product Storage, along
with the centralized Utilities and Services Hub, contribute to seamless operations.
Administrative Offices and Employee Facilities support effective communication.
The Community Engagement and Education Corner highlights a dedication to
sustainability. The layout's flexibility allows for future expansion, ensuring growth
while upholding a sustainable approach.

The plant layout for our plant

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4.3. Environmental analysis

The environmental sustainability plan involves evaluating banana cultivation's impact,

promoting sustainable agricultural practices, providing educational resources, and
supporting eco-friendly methods. It includes assessing energy sources, transitioning to
renewables, implementing energy-efficient technologies, and conducting regular
energy audits. Water usage is evaluated, with a focus on efficient irrigation, water
recycling, and rainwater harvesting. Waste management includes quantifying waste,
prioritizing the hierarchy of reduce, reuse, and recycle, and exploring waste-to-energy
initiatives. Biodegradability is considered, with an emphasis on designing bio-plastics
for enhanced environmental impact and promoting awareness. Biodiversity impact is
assessed, promoting agroecological practices and collaborating with environmental
organizations. The plan evaluates community impact, engages in dialogues with
stakeholders, establishes fair labor practices, and contributes to local development.
Life cycle assessment identifies hotspots, with regular updates reflecting
technological changes. Regulatory compliance is ensured, involving a dedicated
compliance team and engagement with industry associations. Continuous
improvement and innovation are promoted through resource allocation and
collaboration with research institutions.

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 Chapter five
Material and energy balance for the production of bioplastic from
banana peels
5.1. Material balance

Material balance is a principle based on the conservation of mass, involving the

systematic tracking of mass entering, leaving, and accumulating within a system. It is
widely used in various fields, especially in engineering and industrial processes, to
analyze and optimize material flows for efficiency and environmental considerations.

 Balance on cleaning Process:

Inputs: Raw Material (Banana Peels): 1,000 kg/hr
Cleaning Efficiency: Assume a cleaning efficiency of 90%
Calculations: Quantity Cleaned (Z): 0.9×1,000 = 900 kg/hr
Contaminants Removed: 1,000−900 = 100 kg/hr
Outputs: Cleaned Banana Peels: 900 kg/hr
Contaminant Waste: 100 kg/hr Mimp=100kg/hr

MT =1000kg/hr Mpb=900kg/hr

Water(500kg/hr)

Water
500kg/hr

 Balance on grinder and starch and cellulose extractor(centrifugal filter)

Inputs: Raw Material (Banana Peels): 900 kg/hr(cleaned)
Composition: Assumed 35% starch and cellulose
Calculations:
Quantity Extracted (Y): 35% of 900 kg = 315 kg/hr

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Residual Material: 65% of 900 kg/hr =585 kg/hr

Cleaned banana peels 315 kg/hr

from the cleaner complex
carbohydrate
water

585 kg/hr

Residual material(the peels fiber) and water

 Balance on enzymatic hydrolysis

Inputs: Quantity Extracted (Y): 315 kg/hr
Calculations: Conversion Efficiency: Assume 80%
Quantity Converted (A): 0.8×315 = 252kg/hr
Residual Material: =315−252=63kg/hr

Cellulase and
Amylase glucose and

maltose
Cellulose 252kg/hr
Complex
carbohydrate

Residual materials 63kg/hr

 Fermentation (Bio polymer Production):

Inputs: Quantity Converted (A):252kg/hr
Calculations: Conversion Efficiency: Assume 90%
23
Quantity of Biopolymer Produced (C): 0.9×252= 227kg/hr
Unused Substrates: =252-227=25kg/hr

Glucose and maltose

From the enzymatic Bio based
Hydrolysis polymers

Microbes for 227kg/hr

fermentation
25kg/hr
Unused substrates

 Balance on Polymerization process

Assume an efficiency of 90 %
0.9*227=204.3kg/hr
Since the polymerization reaction is a condensation reaction it releases small
molecules of water

Bio polymer from

Fermentation process
Long chain
biopolymer

204.3kg/hr

22.7kg/hr
water

24
 Compounding Additives(bio-plastic formation on the mixer)
Inputs:
Quantity of Bio polymer Produced :204.3kg/hr
Calculations: Additive Ratio: Assume 20% of bio-polymer quantity
Quantity Added (E): 0.2×204.3kg/hr = 40.86kg/hr
Bio-plastic Mixture: =40.86+204.3=245.86kg/hr
(additives include plasticizes,colorants,fillers, antioxidant and processing aids)

 Bio-plastic Output:

Outputs:
Bio-plastic Mixture: 245.86kg/hr
 Waste Outputs:
Outputs:
Residual Biomass: residual materials from extraction, hydrolysis, and fermentation
steps.
 Waste from Cleaning: Varies based on process efficiency.
 Waste from Compounding: Varies based on process efficiency.

1. Assumption: Starch or Cellulose Composition (35%):

Reason: The assumed composition represents an average estimate of the starch or
cellulose content in banana peels.
2. Assumption: Enzymatic Hydrolysis Efficiency (80%):
Reason: Enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency is assumed to be 80%, reflecting the
conversion of starch or cellulose to fermentable sugars. It depends on the
effectiveness of the enzymes used and reaction conditions. Experimentation and
optimization are necessary to determine the optimal efficiency for a given set of
enzymes and process parameters.
3. Assumption: Fermentation Efficiency (90%):
Reason: The assumed fermentation efficiency represents the conversion of
fermentable sugars to biopolymer. It depends on factors like the microbial strain used,
fermentation conditions, and the presence of inhibitors. Optimization and
experimentation are essential to determine the most suitable conditions for achieving
higher conversion rates.
4. Assumption: Cleaning Efficiency (90%):

25
Reason: The cleaning process assumes a 90% efficiency in removing contaminants. It
depends on the cleaning methods employed and the nature of impurities in the banana
peels. High-efficiency cleaning methods, such as washing or separation, can help
achieve this level of cleanliness.
5. Assumption: Additive Ratio (20% of Biopolymer):
Reason: The assumption that additives constitute 20% of the biopolymer output is a
general estimate. It will depend on the specific additives chosen and the desired
properties of the bioplastic. Formulation studies and compatibility testing with the
biopolymer are crucial for determining the optimal additive ratio.

5.2. Energy balance fro the production of bio-plastic from banana

peels
A general equation can be written for the conservation of energy.
Energy out = Energy in + generation - consumption – accumulation
This is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics.
An energy balance can be written for any process step.
Chemical reaction will evolve energy (exothermic) or consume energy (endothermic).
For steady-state processes the accumulation of both mass and energy will be zero.

Air(co2)

Glucose and
maltose
biopolymer

T inlet =26oc Tout=35oc

Energy balance on the fermentation step

Fermentation Process Energy Balance:

mass entering fermentation =160kg/hr

Cp (specific heat of the glucose) = 3.5 kJ/(kg°C)

26
ΔT (temperature change during fermentation) = inlet temp.-out let temp.=35oc-
26oc=9oc

Calculation:Energy Input=160 kg/hr×3.5 kJ/(kg°C)×9 °C=5040kJ/hr

27
 Chapter six

Equipment sizing and design

6.1. Equipment sizing

Safety factor:A safety factor, also known as a factor of safety (FoS), is a numerical
multiplier applied to the calculated load-bearing capacity or strength of a structure,
component, or system. It represents the margin of safety by which the actual strength
exceeds the expected or calculated load. The safety factor accounts for uncertainties,
variations in material properties, and unforeseen conditions, providing a buffer to
prevent failure or catastrophic events. It is taken between 10-25%

 Size of the pre cleaner

volume on the precleaner = volume of the banana peels +volume of water
Physical properties: The density of a banana peel can vary depending on factors such
as the ripeness of the banana, the type of banana, and the specific conditions in which
it is grown.
It is common for fruit peels to have densities ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³). So we take average 0.6g/cm3 or 600kg/m3. approximately
Mass input of banana peel is 1000Kg/hr.
Density=mass/Volume
Volume=mass/density
Q=1000kg/hr/600kg/m3
Q=1.66m3/hr
Volume of water =(500kg/hr)/(1000kg/m3) =0.5kg/hr
Total volume = 0.5 kg/hr + 1.66 kg/hr =2.16m3/hr
Considering safety factor of 20%
Q=0.2x2.16m3/hr=0.44m3/hr
Q=2.16 m3/hr+0.44m3/hr = 2.6m3/hr
 Size of extractor(we use centrifugal filter in order to extract the material
after grinding process):
Mass on the extractor =mass of the cleaned banana peels +mass of water
(we use about 250kg/hr water to facilitate the extraction process)
28
Cellulose and starch extracting unit operation size is calculated as follow ;
Mass impute 900kg/hr
Density=600kg/m3
V=Mass/density
Q=900kg/hr/600kg/m3
Q=1.5m3/hr
Mass of the water = (250kg/hr)/(1000kg/m3)=0.25m3/hr
Total mass = 0.25 + 1.51.75m3/hr
Considering 20% safety factor
0.2x1.75m3=0.35m3/hr
Vs=0.35m3+1.75m3 = 2.1m3/hr
V=2.1m3/hr

 Enzymatic Hydrolysis tank: In this unit operation, the complex carbohydrates

are subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis.

Mass input of starch and cellulose =315kg/hr

Density =600kg/m3

V=315kg/hr/600kg/m3

=0.525m3/hr

Considering safety factor 20%

Vs=0.525m3/hr x0.2= 0.105m3/hr

V=0.105m3/hr + 0.525m3/hr =0.63m3/hr

 Fermenter tank: After enzymatic hydrolysis, the resulting sugar solution

(hydrolysate) is subjected to fermentation. This unit operation requires suitable
fermentation conditions, including temperature, pH, and oxygen supply.
Mass input =252kg/hr
Density=600kg/m3
V=252kg/hr/600kg.m3

29
=0.42m3/hr
Considering 20%safety factor
Vs=0.2x0.42m3+0.42
When residence time is one hour V;
V=0.51m3/hr

 Polymerization reactor: The purified sugar monomers are subjected to

polymerization to produce the bioplastic.

- Equipment: Polymerization reactor.

Mass input=227kg/hr
Density=600kg/m3
Flow rate =227kg/hr/600kg/m3=0.38m3/hr
With safety factor of 20%=0.2*0.38 =0.38=0.46m3/hr
 Design calculations for the mixer in the production process
The substance to be mixed is the polymerized substance which are extracted from
the banana peels and passed certain unit operations.
Density =600kg/m3
The targeted volume to be mixed =204.3m3/hr extracted material and its 20% by
weight additives with a rotational seed of 150revolution per minutes,
Bio-plastic Mixture: =40.86+204.3=245.86kg/hr
245.86kg/hr/600kg/m3=0.42m3/hr

With 20% safety factor= 0.2*0.42m3/hr +0.42 =0.51m3/hr

150/60=2.5rev/sec (converted to SI unit)

The power requirement for the mixer can be estimated using the power number (Np)
concept:
The power number (Np) is given by the equation:
N_p = P / ρ N^3 D^5
where:
P = Power (W)
ρ = Density of the liquid (kg/m³)
N = Rotational speed of impeller (Rev/s)
D = Impeller diameter (m)=0.35m

30
Np=0.4(we take our power number 0.4 because we assume that our impeller is ribbon
impeller and for this kind the typical power number is between 0.3 and 0.5
P = N_p ×ρ N^3 D^5= 0.4*(2.5 rev/sec)3*600kg/m3*(0.35)5=
Impeller design

Blade Type: Helical Ribbon Blades

Blade Dimensions: 300 mm length, 50 mm width

Spacing: 50 mm between blades

Material of Construction: Stainless Steel

Clearance: 20 mm from vessel walls

Impeller Speed: 150 rpm

A=π(D/2)2

where:

A is the area swept by the impeller.

π is a constant approximately equal to 3.14159.

D is the impeller diameter.

Using the assumed impeller diameter of 0.35 m:

A=3.14*(0.35/2)2 =0.096m2

31
 Chapter seven
Economic analysis for the production of bio plastic from
banana peels
7.1 plant capacity
Considering both the market findings and financial constraints, the proposed plant
capacity is set at 5400 tons per year(from the material balance we have 18ton per day
or 1000kg/hr and for the 300 days it will be 5400 ton/year). This production capacity
will be achieved through a single shift of 8 hours per day, operating for 300 working
days annually.
7.2. Production program
To enhance the proficiency of operators in both production and quality control, it is
crucial to implement a phased capacity buildup. Additionally, considering the need
for market penetration, it is anticipated that the plant will achieve full operational
capacity within a four-year time frame. The gradual progression is envisaged to start
at 40% capacity in the first year, followed by incremental increases to 65%, 80%, and
ultimately reaching 100% in the second, third, and fourth years, respectively.

7.3.Raw materials
The principal raw material needed for the production are banana peels.Additionally
we use water and some additives.All raw materials can be obtained locally. The total
annual cost for the banana peels at full capacity operation is estimated at 27,000,000
birr.(assuming one kilo gram banana peels by 5 birr).

7.4 purchased equipment costs

The total equipment costs are mentioned in the following table.

32
Eq. Eq. Capacit Quantity Unit
No. Name yinkg/hr Material Cost in $

Raw material 1 Carbon steel 14500

1 storage tank

Cleaner and 1500kg/hr 1 Carbon steel 65000

2 shredder (including
water)
3 1 Stainless 38000
Grinder 900kg/hr steel
1 Stainless 45000
4 Centrifugal filter 900kg/hr+2 steel
50kg/hr
water
Enzymatic 315kg/hr 1 Stainless 30000
5 hydrolysis tank steel

Agitated 1 Stainless 35000

6 Fermentation 252kg/hr steel
vessel
Polymerization 227kg/hr 1 Stainless 20000
7 tank steel
245.86kg/hr 1 Stainless 38000
8 mixer steel

Extruder 245.85kg/hr 1 Stainless

9 steel 85000

10 Product storage 1 Carbon steel 20000

tank

33
purchased equipment cost= 414,611$

7.5. Cost Estimation

Direct Cost (DC) = material and labor involved in actual installation of complete
facility
It involves [10] Equipment, installation, piping, electrical, insulation and painting
A. Installation including insulation and painting (25-55%) of purchased equipment
cost
IPC=40% (PEC)
IC = 0.4 x $414611 = $165844.4
Instrumentation and controls installed (6-30%) purchased equipment cost
ICIC=18% (PEC)
ICIC = 0.18 x $414611 = $74,629.98
3. Piping installed (10-80%) of purchased equipment cost
PC = 20% (PEC)
PC = 0.2 x $414,611 = $82,922.2
4. Electrical installed (10-40%) of purchased equipment cost
EC=25% (PEC)
EC = 0.25 x $414,611 = $103,652.75
B. Buildings, process and auxiliary (10-70%) of purchased equipment cost
BPAC=40% (PEC)
BPAC = 0.4 x $414611 = $165844.4
C. Service facilities and yard improvements (40-100%) of purchased equipment cost
SFC=70% (PEC)
SFC = 0.7 x $414611 = $290,227.7
D. Land (4-8%) purchased equipment cost
LC=6% (PEC)
LC = 0.06 x $414,611 = $24,876.66
DC = PEC + IPC + PC + ICC + EC + BPC + SFC + LC =$1,322,609.1
Indirect Cost (IC) expenses which are not directly involved with material and labor of
actual installation of complete facility
A. Engineering and supervision (5-30%) of purchased equipment cost
ESC =17.5% (DC)

34
ESC = 0.175 x $1,322,609.1= $231456.6
B. Construction expense and contractors fee (6-30%) of purchased equipment cost
CECC =24 %( DC)
CECC = 0.24 x $1,322,609.1 = $317,426.18
C. contingency (5-15%) 0f Purchased equipment cost
CC = 10 %( DC)
CC = 0.1 x $1,322,609.1= $132260.9
IC= ESC + CECC + CC = $681,143.68
FCI= DC+IC = $2,003,752.78
Working Capital (WC)
The Working Capital (WC) = (10 – 20) % *TC ………………………. (1)
TCI = FCI + W ………………………………………………………... (2)
TCI = FCI + 15%TCI, taking average of 15%
TCI – 0.15TCI = FCI
TCI= FCI /0.85
TCI = $2,003,752.78/ 0.85
TCI = $2,357,356.2
From this calculation working capital (WC),
WC= 15% * TCI = 0.15 * $2,357,356.2
WC = $353,603.43

FIXED CAPITAL INVESTEMENT

Items Cost $
Purchased equipment 414611

Purchased equipment installation 165844.4

Instrumentation and controls 74,629.98

Piping 82,922.2

Electrical 103,652.75

Building 165844.4

Service facilities and yard 290,227.7

35
improvement
Land 24,876.66

Engineering and supervision 231456.6

Construction expenses and 317,426.18

contractor
Contingency 132260.9

Fixed capital investment 2,003,752.78

working capital investment 353,603.43

Total capital investment 2,357,356.2

Estimation of Total Production Cost (TPC)

Total Production Cost = Manufacturing Cost (MC) + General expense (GE)
Manufacturing Cost (MC) = Direct Production cost + Fixed Charges + Plant
Overhead Cost
A) Direct production cost (DPC)
1. Raw material cost
In the industry, one of the major costs in a production operation is for the raw
materials involved in the process. The amount of raw materials which must be
supplied per unit of time or per unit of product can be determined from process
material balances. Therefore, the cost should be based on the amount of raw material
actually consumed as determined from the overall material balances.
1. Raw material cost=0.2*TPC
2. Operating labor cost (10-20% of total production cost).
Take 16% of TPC
= 0.15*TPC = 0.15TPC
3. Direct supervisory and clerical labor (10-25% of operating labor)
Take 18% of operating labor cost
= 0.18*0.15TPC = 0.0255TPC
4. Utilities cost (10-20% of total product cost)
Take 17% = 0.17*TPC
5. Maintenance and repairs (2-10% of Fixed Capital investment, FCI)
36
Take 8% of FCI = 0.08*2,003,752.78 = $160,300
6. Operating supplies cost (10-20% of cost for maintenance and repairs)
Take 15% = 0.15* 160,300= $24,045
7. Laboratory charges (19-20% of operating labor)
Take 15% = 0.15*0.15TPC = $0.0225TPC
8. Patent and loyalty cost (0-6% of total product cost)
Take 3%TPC = 0.03*TPC = 0.03TPC
DPC = 0.2TPC+0.15TPC+0.0255TPC+0.17TPC+0.0225TPC+0.03TPC+$184,345
DPC = 0.598TPC+$184345
B) Fixed Charges
1. Depreciation cost (10% of FCI)
= 0.1* 2,003,752.78= $200,375.27
2. Local taxes (1-4% of Fixed Capital Investment)
Take 2% = 0.02*2,003,752.78 = $40,075.1
3. Insurance (0.4-1% of Fixed Capital Investment)
Take 0.6% = 0.006*2,003,752.78 = $ 12022.5
FC = $252472.87
C) Plant Overhead Cost (POC)
Plant overhead cost (5-15% of Total Product Cost)
Take 10%
POC= 0.1*TPC
Manufacturing Cost = POC + FC + DPC
MC = 0.1*TPC + 0.598TPC + $252472.87+ $184345
MC = 0.698TPC + $436,817.87
General Expenses (GE)
General expenses = Administrative cost (AC) + Distribution and selling cost +
research and development cost
1. Administrative cost (2-6% of TPC) = 0.04TPC
2. Distribution and selling cost (2-20% of TPC) = 0.06TPC
3. Research and development cost (5%TPC) = 0.05TPC
4. Financing (interest) (0-10% of TPC) = 0.05TPC
GE = 0.04TPC + 0.06TPC + 0.05TPC + 0.05TPC= 0.2TPC
TPC = MC + GE
=0.698TPC + $436,817.87 + 0.2TPC = 0.898TPC+ $436,817.87
37
(1-0.898)TPC =$436,817.87
0.102TPC = $436,817.87
TPC = $4,282,528.2(annually)
So from the above calculations

 Raw material cost = 0.2 * TPC = 0.2*$4,282,528.2= $856,505.6

 Operating labor cost = 0.15 * TPC = 0.15*$4,282,528.2= $642,379.23
 Direct supervisory and clerical labor = 0.0255 * TPC = 0.0255*$4,282,528.2 =
$109,204.5
 Utilities cost = 0.17 * TPC = 0.17 *$4,282,528.2 = $728,029.79
 Maintenance and repairs = $160,300
 Operating supplies cost = $24,045
 Laboratory charges = 0.0225 * TPC = 0.0225*4,282,528.2= 96,356.9$
 Patent and loyalty cost = 0.03 * TPC =0.03 *4,282,528.2= $128475.8
 POC = 0.1 * TPC
 POC = 0.1 * $4,282,528.2 = $428252.82
 General Expenses (GE):
 Administrative cost = 0.04 * TPC
 Distribution and selling cost = 0.06 * TPC
 Research and development cost = 0.05 * TPC
 Financing (interest) = 0.05 * TPC
 GE = 0.2 * TPC
 Now, let's substitute the values
 DPC = 0.598 * $4,282,528.2 + $44,804.44 = $667,233.92
 FC = $61,362.5
 POC = 0.1 * $1,040,851.96 =$104085.19
 GE = 0.2 * $1,040,851.96 = $208,170.39

In our production we produce 245.86 kg per hour

So we produce 4425.5 kg per day

1,328,400 kg per year

Total product cost /liter of neem pesticide = $4,282,528.2/1328400 =3.3$ per kg

Whole selling price of 1kg of bio-plastic = 6$

38
Total income per year = 6$*1328400 = $7940,400

Gross income = Total income – total production Cost =$7,940,400 -$4,282,528.2=

= $3,356,089.05

Let take the tax rate in Ethiopia 35% of gross income, tax

= 0.35* $3,356,089.05= $1174631.2

Net profit = Gross income – tax=$3,356,089.05 -$1,174,631.2

=$2,181,457.85

Rate of return on investment =Net profit * 100/Total capital investment

Rate of return on investment =$2,181,457.85 *100/2,357,356.2=92%

payback period =FCI/(Net profit +Depreciation)

2,003,752.78/($2,181,457.85+$200,375.27) =1.2yr(one year and two months

Banana peel based bioplastic production is profitable as it is clearly observed from the
above cost estimation. The rate of return on investment 92% implies the plant returns
92% of its total capital investment in one year and two months . The payback period
tells us the plant return its total investment cost in around one year and then it will
become profitable. The income statement and the other indicators of profitability
show that the project is viable. The project can be implemented after detailed
feasibility study has been done.

39
 Chapter Eight
Conclusion and recommendation

8.1. Conclusion
The production of bio-plastics from banana peels presents an innovative and
sustainable solution for addressing environmental concerns associated with traditional
plastics. By repurposing banana peels, an abundant agricultural waste, this process not
only reduces reliance on non-renewable resources but also minimizes waste. The
potential biodegradability of banana peel-based bioplastics further contributes to the
fight against plastic pollution. However, challenges such as scalability and cost-
effectiveness need to be addressed through continuous research. Balancing the
incorporation of additives for desired properties with sustainable practices is crucial,
and a comprehensive life cycle assessment is necessary to evaluate overall
environmental impact.As we see on the economic analysis part our rate on investment
and pay back period show the profitability of the plant. The economic viability and
integration into circular economy models are also essential considerations for the
long-term success of banana peel bioplastics, offering a promising avenue for the
development of environmentally friendly materials.

8.2. Recommendations

To optimize the production of bio-plastics from banana peels, a set of comprehensive

recommendations can be considered

Research and Development (R&D): Prioritize ongoing R&D efforts to improve

extraction methods, enhance efficiency, and maximize the yield of biopolymers from
banana peels. Investing in innovative technologies, such as advanced enzymatic
hydrolysis processes, can contribute to more sustainable and energy-efficient
extraction methods.

40
Collaboration and Partnerships: Facilitate collaboration between academia, industry
stakeholders, and policymakers to create a supportive ecosystem for banana peel
bioplastics. Collaborative efforts can address scalability challenges, share knowledge,
and expedite the development of standardized protocols for bioplastic production.

Scale-up Strategies: Implement strategies for scaling up production processes to meet

commercial demands. This may involve pilot projects, technological advancements,
and investments in production infrastructure to ensure the economic viability of
banana peel bioplastics on a larger scale.

Sustainable Additives: Emphasize the use of environmentally friendly additives in the

formulation of bioplastics. Selecting additives with minimal environmental impact
aligns with the overall goal of sustainability and contributes to the eco-friendly profile
of banana peel bioplastics.

Standards and Certifications: Establish clear industry standards and certifications for
banana peel bioplastics to ensure quality, traceability, and adherence to environmental
standards. This will enhance consumer confidence, promote market acceptance, and
facilitate regulatory compliance.

Education and Awareness: Promote public awareness and education initiatives about
the benefits and applications of banana peel bioplastics. This can generate consumer
demand, drive market growth, and encourage sustainable choices in the plastics
industry.

Circular Economy Integration: Explore and implement circular economy models for
banana peel bioplastics, including effective recycling and waste management
strategies. Developing end-of-life solutions ensures that bioplastics from banana peels
contribute to a circular and sustainable materials ecosystem

Policy Support: Advocate for supportive policies that incentivize the production and
use of banana peel bioplastics. Governments and regulatory bodies can play a crucial
role in encouraging sustainable practices, offering incentives, and fostering a
favorable business environment for bioplastic producers.

41
Life Cycle Assessments: Conduct comprehensive life cycle assessments to evaluate
the overall environmental impact of banana peel bioplastics. This holistic approach
ensures that sustainability considerations extend beyond production, encompassing
the entire life cycle of the bioplastic.

42
References

1. Šprajcar M, Horvat P, Kržan A. Bio polymers and Bio plastics: Plastics Aligned with
Nature: National Institute of Chemistry. 2012

2. Alexander W. Chin. (2010). Polymers for Innovative Food Packaging: Resources,

Conservation and Recycling, Volume 32, Issues 3-4, and Page 275-291.
3. International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends Volume 7, Issue
1, Jan-Feb-2021, ISSN (Online): 2395-566X
4.(Mohammad & Bushra , 2010)
5.Buchholz, O. (2012, August). European bioplastics. Retrieved March 25, 2019, from
European bioplastics
website: https://www.european-bioplastics.org/bioplastics/

6“Biopolymers: Applications and Trends" by Michael Niaounakis:

7Biopolymer Processing Technologies" by Shau-Tarng Lee and Bhesh Bhandari:

8https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Bioplastic-synthesis-process-flow-
diagram_fig1_370490773

9."Site Analysis: A Contextual Approach to Sustainable Land Planning and Site

Design" by James A. LaGro:

43