Lecture No.

1
FRW- 301 3(2-1)
 COURSE CONTENTS
Contents for Mid Exam Contents for Final Exam
 Basic Concepts, Importance and  Tree Planting in Problem Soils
Potential of Forestry and Agro-  Forest Types of Pakistan
Forestry  Introduction to Range and its
 Functional Tree Morphology Importance, Range Ecosystem
 Plant Growth and Environment  Principles of Range
 Principles of Forestry and Management
Agroforestry  Rangelands of Pakistan
 Land Capability Classification  Introduction to Wildlife and its
 Introduction to Various Importance, Principles of
Agroforestry Systems Wildlife Management
 Distribution of Trees in the  Important Wildlife Species of
Farmlands Pakistan
 Tree Harvesting and Utilization  40 terms of Forestry + 40 terms
 100 terms related to Forestry of Range Management + 20
terms of Wildlife Management
 FOREST
 A stable community of plants and
animals dominated by woody
vegetation. (OR)
 A plant community predominantly of
trees and other woody vegetation
occupying an extensive area of land
usually with closed canopy.
 DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA
IN PAKISTAN
Province/ Territory Total Land Area Forest Area Forest Area
(in million ha) (in million ha) In (%)

KPK 10.17 1.16 11.41

Sindh 14.09 0.65 4.61
Punjab 20.63 0.59 2.86
Balochistan 34.72 0.95 2.74
Northern Areas 7.04 0.95 13.49
Azad Kashmir 1.33 0.42 31.58
Total 87.98 4.72 5.36
 WOOD
 The tissues of the stem and root of a
woody plant lying between the pith and
cambium; serving for water conduction,
mechanical strength and food storage;
characterized by the presence of vessels
and tracheids cells.
TIMBER
 Wood prepared for use in building and carpentry
 TREE
 A perennial woody green plant with a
distinct upright stem of 6 feet or
more height.
 SHRUB
 A perennial woody green plant whose
stem cannot be distinguished from
branches
 FORESTRY
 Application of science and arts to
mange a forest for getting maximum
yields on sustained bases.
 RANGE
 A vast area supporting indigenous
vegetation that is either grazed or has
the potential to be grazed and
managed as a natural ecosystem is
called Range.
 RANGE MANAGEMENT
Science and art of obtaining maximum
production from a rangeland on
sustained basis is called Range
Management.
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN GLOBAL
CONTEXT
 About 30% of the world’s land
surface is forest
 Over 2 billion people rely on forests
for shelter, livelihood, water, food
and fuel
 300 million people live in forests
including 60 million indigenous
people
 More than 13 million people across
the world are employed in the formal
forest sector
 ADVANTGES OF FORESTS
o In terms of 5
Fs:
 Fruit

 Forage

 Fuel

 Fiber

 Fertilizer
BENEFITS OF TREES
ADVANTGES OF FOREST
 ADVANTGES OF FOREST
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORESTS AND
GHE
 Addition of CO2 by artificial way
through burning of fossil fuel:
 Railway, Industries, automobiles and
domestic cooking
 The Excess CO2 has created a GHE
 CO2 allows solar radiation to
penetrate through earth surface but
does not allow earth radiation to
pass through and radiate back to
space
 REMEMBER THAT:
 To grow a pound of wood, a
tree uses 1.47 pounds of
carbon dioxide and gives off
1.07 pounds of oxygen.
Reference: http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Forestry/forestry.html

 A mature leafy tree produces as

much oxygen in a season as 10
people inhale in a year
POTENTIAL OF A TREE TO PRODUCE
PER DAY OXYGEN IN TERMS OF RUPEES
 A human being uses about 550 liters of
pure oxygen per day.
 At present Price of oxygen = Rs 50 per liter
 Cost for 550 liters oxygen=550 x 50=Rs
27500/-
 Total Required Oxygen for the availability
of 550 liters = 2200 liters
 Cost for 2200 liters oxygen =2200 x 50=
Rs 110,000/-
 A mature leafy tree can produces
about 226 litres (323 g) of oxygen per
day amounting to Rs. (226 x 50)=
11300/-
 SOME OTHER ADVANTGES OF
FORESTS
 Medicines
• Smoke of Neem powder is mosquito
repellent
• Eucalyptus and Cassia fistula:
Treatment of influenza
 Raw Material: For sports and
decoration pieces
 Dyes, Gums, Resins and Tannins
 Other Minor Forest Products
 INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST
 Source of income:
• Increase crop production
• Minor forest products
• Honey from forest.
• Silk by raring Silkworm on Morus alba.
• Provision of raw material for Industries
• Poles, plywood, timber, paper board,
gums, oils, sport goods.
 Soil Fertility (N-Fixation):
• Rhizobium (in nodules),Nitrobacteria (in
Soils), Improve soil structure(by adding
organic matter)
 Landscaping
 INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST
 Role for Environmental Stability
• Moderation of climate
• Shelterbelts
• Wind Breaks (decrease wind speed)
• Reduction in Pollution (Air, Water, Soil, Noice)
• Increase atmospheric humidity
• Minimize temperature fluctuation
 Control of Water logging and salinity
 Decrease of soil erosion
 Provision of Habitat/Shelter for
Wildlife
 Watershed protection
 WHAT IS AGRO-FORESTRY/
FARM FORESTRY
 Practice of forestry in farm lands for
obtaining numerous benefits such as
wood, fuel and forage. (OR)
 Growing of trees along with farm crops
is known as Farm Forestry.
SOME FAMOUS EXAMPLES/TYPES
OF AGRO-FORESTRY

1- ALLEY-CROPPING
2-SILVO-PASTURE
3-FOREST FARMING
4-WINDBREAKS AND SHELTERBELTS
5- RIPARIAN BUFFERS
1- ALLEY-CROPPING

 Growing crops between trees planted in

rows.
 This system can produce fruits,
vegetables, grains, flowers and bio-energy
crops.
 2-SILVO-PASTURE
 A deliberate use of land for the
concurrent production of trees and
domestic animals.
 3-FOREST FARMING
 Growing high value crops under the
protection of a managed tree canopy.
 In forest farming natural forested area is
managed for both wood products and an
additional enterprise
4-WINDBREAKS AND SHELTERBELTS
 Growing trees or other plants to
shelter crops, animals, buildings and
soil from the wind and storms
5- RIPARIAN BUFFERS
 Maintaining wild or planted strips of trees,
shrubs, grasses and other plants along the
rivers and streams are called Riparian
Buffers
 IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-FORESTRY
 Total wood production from farmlands 87%
 Wood production from state owned forests
5%
 Contribution of farmlands for our total Fuel
wood production 90%
 Contribution of farmlands for our total
timber production 60%
 Additional income
 Proper utilization of land, water, space and
nutrients
 IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-FORESTRY
Wood Production Potential in Farmlands

% Tree % Timber % Fuel

cover of production wood
farmlands production
Existing 2% 60% 90%
Situation

Potential 10% Saving of Rs 30 billion

to
Increase
 POTENTIAL OF AGRO-FORESTRY

 Farm forests are major source of timber

and fuel wood production for us.
 Besides supporting agricultural crops,
they are best sites for tree production
 Following facts about agroforestry in
Pakistan will make the picture clearer.

1) Growth rate in our farm forests is

11% as compared to state forest,
which is only 1.5%
 POTENTIAL OF AGRO-FORESTRY
2) Cost of production of wood in
farm forest is Rs 47 per cubic
meter where as it is Rs 372 per
cubic meter in the state forest
3) Farm forests give benefits of 200
to 400% where as state forests
under go a loss of 5-50%
4) Tree cover of farm forests can
easily be increased 4 to 5 times
where as tree cover in state
forest can only be doubled
 POTENTIAL OF AGRO-FORESTRY
Parameter Farm Forest State Forest

Growth rate 11% 1.5%

Cost of Rs 47/m3 Rs 372/m3

production
Rs.
Profit/loss (%) 200 to 400% 5 to 50%
profit Loss
Possible 4-5 times Double
increase in
tree cover
 IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-FORESTRY
Suggestions=>
 The above discussion suggests clearly
to have a revolutionary approach:
i.e. Involvement of local people
especially the farmers in making our
country green during our life time.
 The farmer must be aware about
productive as well as protective role
of trees for safeguarding the vital
interest of agricultural land and its
produce.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-FORESTRY
 It is interesting to note that growing of
trees along with farm crops is
especially becoming popular now a
days
 Farmer must realize the protective role
of trees
 Farmer must understand that farming
alone cannot be done successfully
particularly in marginal lands and in
extreme climate
 The only way to success under these
conditions is to grow farm crops and
trees side by side
REASONS FOR NOT INCREASING
FOREST AREA IN PAKISTAN
 Unfavorable Climate (High
Temperature, Low humidity
 Lack of research
 Lack of publicity
 Small land holding
 Delayed income
 Tree-crop competition (for nutrients,
water and light)
 Unawareness of farmers
 Difficulties in farm operations
 MEASURES TO INCREASE THE AREA
OF FOREST AND TREE COVER
 Tree Plantation Campaigns
 Publicity and awareness in Public
 Education of farmers to give knowledge of
modern techniques and benefits of trees
 Financial Assistance
 Provision of suitable planting materials
 Training of Forestry and Agriculture Graduates
 Effective Research, Education and Extension
Activities
 Establishment of Wood Based Industries
 Special focus on Agroforestry
 OBJECTIVES OF AGRO-FORESTRY
(under various climatic, edaphic and socio-
economic conditions)
 Northern Hilly Areas
1 Soil and water conservation
2 Production of timber and fuel wood
 Plain Areas of Punjab and Sindh
1 Control of Water logging and salinity
2 Production of fuel wood
 Desert Areas
1 Sheltering of farm crops and homes
against hot dry winds
2 Production of forage
NATIONAL TREE OF PAKISTAN
Deodar (Cedrus deodara)
TREES AS COMPLIMENT OF HISTORY
Good Luck to everyone!!