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HART

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Mammar Soulimane
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36 views

HART

Uploaded by

Mammar Soulimane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HART overview

Soulimane Mammar
Industrial Data Networks Course
ENPO-MA

1 Introduction to HART and smart instrumentation


Smart (or intelligent) instrumentation protocols are designed for applications where ac-
tual data is collected from instruments, sensors, and actuators by digital communica-
tion techniques. These components are linked directly to programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) and computers.
The HART (highway addressable remote transducer) protocol is a typical smart in-
strumentation fieldbus that can operate in a hybrid 4–20 mA digital fashion.
HART is, by no means, the only protocol in this sphere. There are hundreds of smart
implementations produced by various manufacturers – for example, Honeywell – that
compete with HART.
This course deals specifically with HART. At a basic level, most smart instruments
provide core functions such as:

• Control of range/zero/span adjustments

• Diagnostics to verify functionality

• Memory to store configuration and status information (such as tag numbers, etc.).

Accessing these functions allows major gains in the speed and efficiency of the installation
and maintenance process.

2 HART protocol
This protocol was originally developed by Rosemount and is regarded as an open stan-
dard, available to all manufacturers. Its main advantage is that it enables an instru-
mentation engineer to keep the existing 4–20 mA instrumentation cabling and to use,
simultaneously,the same wires to carry digital information superimposed on the analog
signal. This enables most companies to capitalize on their existing investment in 4–20 mA
instrumentation cabling and associated systems and to add further capability of HART
without incurring major costs.
HART is a hybrid analog and digital protocol, as opposed to most fieldbus systems,
which are purely digital.

1
The HART protocol uses the frequency shift keying (FSK) technique based on the
Bell 202 communications standard. Two individual frequencies of 1200 and 2200 Hz,
representing digits 1 and 0 respectively, are used (Figure 1). The average value of the
sine wave (at the 1200 and 2200 Hz frequencies), which is superimposed on the 4–20 mA
signal, is zero. Hence, the 4–20 mA analog information is not affected.

Figure 1: Frequency allocation of HART protocol

The HART protocol can be used in three ways:

1. In conjunction with the 4–20 mA current signal in point-to-point mode

2. In conjunction with other field devices in multi-drop mode

3. In point-to-point mode with only one field device broadcasting in burst mode.

Traditional point-to-point loops use zero for the smart device polling address. Setting
the smart device polling address to a number greater than zero creates a multi-drop loop.
The smart device then sets its analog output to a constant 4 mA and communicates only
digitally.
The HART protocol has two formats for digital transmission of data:

• Poll/response mode

• Burst (or broadcast) mode.

In the poll/response mode the master polls each of the smart devices on the highway and
requests the relevant information. In burst mode the field device continuously transmits
process data without the need for the host to send request messages. Although this mode
is fairly fast (up to 3.7 times/s), it cannot be used in multi-drop networks.
The protocol is implemented with the OSI model using layers 1, 2, and 7.

3 Physical layer
The physical layer of the HART protocol is based on two methods of communication.

• Analog 4–20 mA

2
• Digital frequency shift keying (FSK).

The basic communication of the HART protocol is the 4–20 mA current system. This
analog system is used by the sensor to transmit an analog value to the HART PLC or
HART card in a PC (Figure 2). In a 4–20 mA system, the sensor outputs a current
value somewhere between 4 and 20 mA that represents the analog value of the sensor.
For example, a water tank that is half full would put out 12 mA. This communication is
always point-to-point, i.e. from one device to another. It is not possible to do multi-drop
communication using this method alone. If two or more devices put some current on the
line at the same time, the resulting current value would not be valid for either device.

Figure 2: HART point-to-point communications

4 Digital multi-drop communications


For multi-drop communications, the HART protocol uses a digital/analog modulation
technique known as frequency shift keying (FSK). This technique is based on the Bell
202 communication standard (Figure 3). Data transfer rate is 1200 baud with a digital ‘0’
frequency (2200 Hz) and a digital ‘1’ frequency (1200 Hz). Category 5 shielded, twisted-
pair wire is recommended by most manufacturers. Devices can be powered by the bus
or individually. If the bus powers the devices, only 15 devices can be connected. As the
average DC current of an ac frequency is zero, it is possible to place a 1200 or 2200 Hz
tone on top of a 4–20 mA signal. The HART protocol does this to allow simultaneous
communications on a multi-drop system.

3
Figure 3: HART multi-point communications

5 The HART handheld communicator


The HART system includes a handheld control device (Figure 4). This device can be a
second master on the system. It is used to read, write, range, and calibrate devices on
the bus. It can be taken into the field and used for temporary communications. The
battery-operated handheld has a display and key input for specific commands.

Figure 4: HART handheld controller

The HART field controller in Figure 5 is wired in series with the field device (valve
positioner or other actuator). In some cases, a bypass capacitor may be required across
the terminals of the valve positioner to keep the positioner’s series impedance below the
100Ω level required by HART specifications. Communications with the field controller
requires the communicating device (handheld terminal or PC) to be connected across a
loop impedance of at least 230Ω. Communications is not possible across the terminals

4
of the valve positioner because of its low impedance (100 ). Instead, the communicating
device must be connected across the transmitter or the current sense resistor.

Figure 5: HART handheld connection method

Figure 6: HART protocol implementation of OSI layer model

6 Data-link layer
The data-link frame format is shown in Figure 7. Two-dimensional error checking, includ-
ing vertical and longitudinal parity checks, is implemented in each frame. Each character
or frame of information has the following parameters:
• 1 start bit
• 8 data bits
• 1 odd parity
• bit 1 stop bit.

5
Figure 7: HART data-link frame format

7 Application layer
The application layer allows the host device to obtain and interpret field device data
(Figure 8). There are three classes of commands:

1. Universal commands

2. Common practice commands

3. Device-specific commands.

Figure 8: HART application layer implementation

7.1 Common practice commands

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