Grammar Extension Reference and Practice

Starter 1 Write the Past Simple form of these verbs.

Unit 1 do did 3 see 5 write 7 chat
2 eat 4 study 6 take 8 feel

Present Simple and Present Continuous 2 Complete the conversation with the Past Simple
form of the verbs in brackets.
Eliot: Where 1 did you go (go) last night? I 2 (…)
Present Simple (call) you, but you 3 (…) (not answer).
I usually relax at the weekend. Diana: We 4 (…) (go) to a football match at the
You don’t get up early on Sundays. stadium.
What does she do in her free time? Eliot: I 5 (…) (not know) you liked football! 6 (…)
Do they work hard? Yes, they do./No, they don’t. your team (…) (win)?
Diana: No, they didn’t. But they 7 (…) (play) very
Present Continuous
well.
I’m relaxing at home today. Eliot: Where 8 (…) you (…) (sit)?
You aren’t studying a lot these days. Diana: We 9 (…) (sit) near the front. We 10 (…)
What is he doing? (have) a great view!
Are they having lunch? Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. Eliot: It sounds amazing!

1 Complete the sentences with the correct Past Simple and Past Continuous
Present Simple or Present Continuous form of
the verbs in brackets.
1 You walk (walk) to school every day.
I was uploading some photos when my computer crashed.
She lost her passport while she was travelling around
2 We (…) (cook) in the kitchen right now.
Europe.
3 She (…) (not hang out) with friends in
When he got home, we were watching a comedy on TV.
the evening. While we were revising for the exam, we took an online test.
4 I (…) (learn) to play tennis at the moment.
5 They often (…) (post) on social media.
1 Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
2 Write questions in the Present Simple or Present 1 I got a hot drink when I burnt my hand.
Continuous. Then answer the questions. I was getting a hot drink when I burnt my hand.
1 you / speak English / at home / ? 2 It started to rain while they walked home.
Do you speak English at home?
3 We were watching the stars while we saw
2 you / chat with friends / right now / ? a comet.
3 what / your teacher / do / at the moment / ? 4 While his best friend called, he was studying.
4 what time / you / get up / on a school day / ? 5 While the police were interviewing witnesses,
5 you / revise / for an exam / these days / ? the robber was robbing two more banks!

Past Simple 2 Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or

Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1 I was chatting (chat) with a friend when my
Regular mum messaged (message) me.
I watched a comedy last Saturday. 2 While we (…) (walk) in the forest, we (…) (see)
You didn’t train yesterday. a bear.
When did she finish the homework? 3 Luke (…) (fall) while he (…) (perform) the
Did they study last night? Yes, they did./No, they didn’t. dance.
4 Our team (…) (lose) when suddenly Oscar (…)
Irregular (score) a goal.
I ate all the sausages. 5 She (…) (get off) the bus when a pickpocket
You didn’t go to school last week. (…) (steal) her phone.
Where did he go on holiday?
Did they take any photos? Yes, they did./No, they didn’t.

128 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 128 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference and Practice
Comparatives and superlatives 2 Complete the conversation with the correct
form of the words in brackets.
Comparatives Jack: 1 Have you decided (decide) what to talk
about in your History presentation?
Your earbuds are newer than mine. Lucy: No, I haven’t. I 2 (…) (not have) time to think
Basketballs are bigger than footballs. about it yet. What about you?
Geography is easier than Music. Jack: I 3 (…) (already/make) lots of notes and I
He’s more confident than his sister. 4 (…) (just/start) preparing some slides on

Superlatives my computer.
Lucy: So, what’s your topic?
Those sunglasses are the coolest.
Jack: The Reformation.
He said the strangest thing to me.
Lucy: I 5 (…) (never/hear) of that!
These chillies are the spiciest.
Physics is the most complicated subject. Jack: Really? I 6 (…) (be) interested in it for a long
time.
Irregular adjectives
good – better than – the best Reported speech
bad – worse than – the worst
Present Simple ➞ Past Simple
1 Choose the correct option. ‘The food is delicious.’ ➞ He said (that) the food was
1 Art is more interesting than / that Maths. delicious.
2 My mum is the most / more hard-working
person I know. Present Continuous ➞ Past Continuous
3 The weather is wet / wetter than yesterday. ‘I’m waiting for my friend.’ ➞ He told me (that) he was
4 Our team always wins: we’re better / the best! waiting for his friend.
5 Which is bad / worse: pickpocketing or
shoplifting?
1 Rewrite the statements in reported speech.
2 Make sentences from the prompts. 1 Ted: ‘I’m taking a break.’
1 Trains / be / fast / coaches / . Ted said he was taking a break.
Trains are faster than coaches. 2 Alice: ‘I’m with my stepbrother.’
2 Your backpack / be / nice / mine / . 3 Joe and Katie: ‘We aren’t training with our
3 I / be / impatient person / in my family / . coach.’
4 Tuna / be / healthy / fried sausages / . 4 Me: ‘I don’t like mushrooms.’
5 Death Valley / be / dry / place on Earth / . 5 Mrs Smith: ‘The speaking exam is on Friday.’

2 Find and correct the mistake in each reported

Present Perfect statement.
1 Sam: ‘The special effects are amazing.’ ➞
I’ve never stayed in a hostel. He’s just got a new job. Sam said the special effects be amazing.
She’s already had lunch. They haven’t finished the test yet. Sam said the special effects were amazing.
We’ve been friends since March./for two years. 2 Clare: ‘I’m looking for my yoga mat.’ ➞ Clare
Have you ever won a medal? Yes, I have./No, I haven’t. told me that she is looking for her yoga mat.
3 Ellis: ‘We want to get a pet.’ ➞ Ellis say that
they wanted to get a pet.
1 Complete the sentences with these words. 4 Receptionist: ‘There aren’t any double
already ever for just yet rooms.’ ➞ The receptionist told us there were
double rooms.
1 They’ve just had a big argument. 5 Nell and Mike: ‘We aren’t going abroad.’ ➞
2 Have you (…) seen a hurricane? Nell and Mike said me that they weren’t
3 I haven’t posted on social media (…) today. going abroad.
4 She’s had that skateboard (…) a year.
5 We’ve (…) watched that action film twice.

Grammar Extension 129

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 129 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference and Practice
Verb patterns 2 Complete the text with the Past Perfect form of
these verbs.
• Verb + -ing
buy do finish not have not leave not see
avoid, can’t stand, enjoy, finish, look forward to,
(not) mind, miss, practise, stop
I can’t stand dealing with big problems. Last weekend, we went to the cinema. Mum
1 had bought the tickets online. We went by car,
• Verb + to-infinitive but there was a big traffic jam. We 2 (…) home
agree, allow, ask, choose, decide, forget, hope, learn, early, so we got to the cinema late. Our film 3 (…)
need, offer, plan, remember, try, want, would like/love. already (…), so we decided to eat something
Don’t forget to take your passport. because we 4 (…) any dinner. In the restaurant,
we met some friends we 5 (…) for ages. We
• Verb + -ing or to-infinitive
talked about everything we 6 (…) in the past year.
like, love, hate, prefer, start So, we had a good evening in the end!
I prefer travelling/to travel by train.

1 Match the sentence halves. Future forms

1 I haven’t started c
2 We’re looking forward will
3 You need to
I think she’ll pass the speaking exam.
4 They decided
They won’t score a goal.
a calm down! I’ll have a coffee, please.
b to make a fire.
c revising for the exam yet. be going to
d to going on a cruise. He’s going to study IT at university.
Look at those clouds – it’s going to rain!
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. Present Continuous
1 My dad agreed to get (get) us a pet dog.
I’m meeting my best friend at 4 p.m.
2 They’ve finished (…) (do) the Music homework.
3 We want (…) (make) a reservation at the hotel. Present Simple
4 I’ve stopped (…) (follow) him on social media.
5 Remember (…) (buy) a return ticket.
The train departs in five minutes.

Past Perfect 1 Complete the sentences with the best future

form of the verbs in brackets.
1 I ’ll send (send) you the link right now.
I had seen the series before.
She hadn’t acted before. 2 Hurry up! The bus (…) (leave) at 9 a.m.
Had they read the review? Yes, they had./No, they hadn’t. 3 It’s very windy. There (…) (be) a storm.
By the time he arrived, the performance had started. 4 I (…) (travel) around Europe next summer.
5 We (…) (have) a family party on Saturday.

1 Choose the correct option. 2 Answer the questions for you. Write complete
sentences or short answers.
1 The vandals had damaged lots of buildings by
the time the police arrived / had arrived. 1 What are you going to do this weekend?
This weekend, I’m going to rest and watch TV.
2 She already won / ’d already won three gold
medals when she broke the world record. 2 What time does school finish today?
3 I got / had got a job here after I’d filled in the 3 Will you answer all these questions correctly?
application form. 4 Are you seeing your friends after school today?
4 By the time I got home, my parents calmed 5 Look out of the window: what’s the weather
down / had calmed down. going to be like in five minutes’ time?

130 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 130 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference and Practice
First, Second and Third Conditionals 1 Choose the correct option.
1 The song lyrics were written / wrote in a day.
First Conditional; unless 2 This series is / are based on a novel.
3 Security cameras are use / used to catch
If we win the match, we’ll be happy. shoplifters.
You won’t remember the lesson unless you take notes. 4 A goal is / was scored in the final minute.
Second Conditional; unless 5 Thousands of suitcases lost / were lost last year.

If I had a stepsister, we’d get along well. 2 Rewrite the active sentences in the Passive.
He wouldn’t move away unless his dad got a new job. 1 They livestreamed the performance.
The performance was livestreamed.
Third Conditional
2 They interviewed the witnesses.
If you had warmed up first, you wouldn’t have hurt 3 They upload millions of photos every day.
your leg. 4 My favourite actor plays the main character.
5 The detective found some clues.

1 Match the sentence halves.

1 I’ll buy some sausages b Defining and non-defining relative clauses
2 If we slept outside,
3 If we had gone abroad on holiday, Defining relative clauses
4 The tournament will take place outdoors My mother is the person who/that I admire the most.
5 Unless she had a lot of money, We stayed in a holiday flat which/that had sea views.
a the weather would have been warmer. The hotel has a pool where guests can relax.
b if I go to the supermarket.
Non-defining relative clauses
c she wouldn’t go on a luxury cruise. Jo, who grew up in France, speaks perfect French.
d unless the weather is bad. My helmet, which is new, is uncomfortable.
e we could see the stars. The basketball club, where I volunteer on Fridays, is
organising a party.
2 Complete the sentences for you.
1 If I found €100 in the street, …
If I found €100 in the street, I would hand it in 1 Complete the sentences with who, which or
at the police station. where.
2 If I have a lot of homework today, … 1 This is the place where I usually sit.
3 If I’d had more time last weekend, … 2 Oymyakon, (…) is in Siberia, is the coldest
4 I would feel unhappy if … town on Earth.
5 … unless I win the lottery. 3 I’ve got a friend (…) has got five skateboards.
4 Our local bank, (…) my dad works, was robbed
Present and Past Simple Passive yesterday.
5 My stepsister, (…) got a job in America, has
travelled around the world.
Present Simple
2 Complete the sentence starters with who/that,
Active ➞ Passive
which/that or where. Then complete the
They catch shoplifters here every day. ➞ Shoplifters
sentences for you.
are caught here every day.
1 Maths is the subject (…) I …
Past Simple Maths is the subject which/that is most
complicated for me.
Active ➞ Passive
2 My bedroom is the place (…) I …
The police arrested the criminal. ➞ The criminal
3 My best friend is the person (…) …
was arrested (by the police).
4 Teamwork is something (…) …
5 This is the classroom (…) we …

Grammar Extension 131

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 131 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference
Past Simple, Past Continuous and Present Perfect
Unit
1
Past Simple

Present tenses She became a good climber.

They always trained in the countryside.

Present Simple Past Continuous

I always listen to music in the morning. At nine o’clock, she was studying for her exam.
She lives in Paris. It was raining.

Present Continuous Present Perfect

I’m looking for the bus stop. She has gone home.
She’s living in Manchester for a year. I have never been to Rome.
Your English is improving all the time.
Use
State verbs • We use the Past Simple to talk about:
We prefer to get up late. – completed actions.
She arrived yesterday.
State and dynamic verbs
– repeated actions in the past.
He has a bike. They studied every day.
He’s having lunch. • We use the Past Continuous to talk about:
– actions that were in progress at a time in the past.
Use At six o’clock, she was talking to her friend.
• We use the Present Simple to talk about: – things that were happening in the background in
– routines and habits. the past.
She often takes the bus to school. It was snowing.
– permanent situations. • We use the Present Perfect to talk about:
He lives in Madrid. – past actions with a result in the present.
• We use the Present Continuous to talk about: I’ve had lunch. I’m not hungry.
– actions that are happening at or around the moment – experiences up until the present.
of speaking. They’ve never been to China.
He’s talking to his friends now. • We often use the Past Simple with the Past Continuous
They’re learning lots of new things. to describe an action that happened while a second
– temporary situations. longer action was in progress.
She’s from Brazil, but she’s studying in the UK. While I was sleeping, a mosquito bit my leg.
– changing situations. • We also often use the Past Simple together with
They’re making progress this term. the Present Perfect to say exactly when an action or
State verbs experience happened.
• Most state verbs are not usually used in the continuous I’ve been to this theatre. I came here last year.
form. Some common state verbs are be, believe, • We often use the adverbs already, ever, just, never,
belong, cost, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, recently and yet with the Present Perfect.
remember, seem, understand, want, wish. He’s already cooked the dinner.
I want to do my best. ✓
I’m wanting to do my best. ✗
State and dynamic verbs
• Some state verbs can have a continuous form,
depending on the context.
I think Canada is a great country. (state verb: opinion)
I’m thinking of moving to Canada. (dynamic verb:
mental process)

132 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 132 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Practice
Past Simple, Past Continuous and Present Perfect
Unit
1 1 Match sentences 1–6 with functions a–f.
1 He’s made mistakes and now he’s sorry. c
Present tenses 2 I arrived last night.
3 Molly studied every night.
1 Match sentences 1–6 with functions a–f. 4 At eight o’clock, I was listening to music.
1 That coffee smells great. d 5 Oliver was cycling when he fell.
2 We usually go to the sports centre. 6 I’ve been to Germany twice.
3 I live in Valencia. a a longer action interrupted by another
4 She’s talking on the phone right now. b an experience
5 He’s from Poland, but he’s studying in Ireland. c a past action with a result in the present
6 What are you thinking about? d a repeated action in the past
a a temporary situation e a finished action in the past
b a mental process f an action in progress at a time in the past
c a routine
d a quality 2 Order the words to make sentences.
e a present action 1 went / climbing / we / weekend / last / .
We went climbing last weekend.
f a permanent situation
2 was / a film / when / rang / I / the phone /
2 Choose the correct option. Which verb can watching / .
be used in the Present Simple or Present 3 have / the / progress / made / year / students /
Continuous? this / .
4 didn’t / she / on / last / go / holiday / year / .
5 raining, / it / so / was / go / we / out / didn’t / .

3 Choose the correct option.

Hi Sarah,
1 It was raining / rained when I woke up /
How are you? I 1 ’m enjoying / enjoy my new was waking up.
school. There are lots of after-school clubs and
2 While I had / was having my breakfast, my
I 2 belong / ’m belonging to the Drama Club. We
3 ’re meeting up / meet up every Friday. At the
friend sent / was sending me a text.
3 I was jogging / jogged in the park when
moment, the club 4 prepares / is preparing for a
I met / was meeting my neighbour.
show and they 5 ’re wanting / want me to be in
it. I 6 think / ’m thinking about it and I 7 like / 4 He was breaking / broke his leg when he
’m liking the idea, but I 8 feel / ’m feeling anxious learned / was learning to ski.
about it. What 9 do you think / are you thinking
I should do?
4 Complete the questions with the correct
form of the verbs in brackets.
David
1 Have you ever won (win) a competition?
2 What (…) you (…) (do) at 8 a.m. this morning?
3 What (…) you (…) (have) for dinner yesterday?
3 Do you belong to a club or have a hobby?
4 (…) the sun (…) (shine) when you (…) (get up)
Write a few sentences using the Present Simple
this morning?
and Present Continuous and these phrases.
• I belong to … 5 Answer the questions in Exercise 4.
• In my freetime, I (like/enjoy) … 1 No, I’ve never won a competition.
• I/We usually/often/always …
• At the moment, I/we … 6 Write an email to a friend you haven’t
seen for a month. Tell him/her any interesting
I belong to the local athletics club. We always
things that have happened since you last met.
meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 6.30 p.m.
Use different past tenses.
and train for two hours. We usually have
competitions on Saturdays too. At the moment,
I’m training for the 100-metre race.

Grammar Extension 133

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 133 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference
used to and Past Simple
Unit
2
The river used to be clean.
We didn’t use to find rubbish on the beach.
Past Perfect; Past Simple and Past Perfect Did you use to play here? Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.
Where did you use to live?
We had done our homework.
They hadn’t seen our house. Use
Had he bought the present? • We use used to to talk about:
Yes, he had./No, he hadn’t.
– regular actions in the past that no longer happen.
9 p.m. 9.30 p.m. 10 p.m. 10.30 p.m. We used to stay with my gran every summer holiday.
– states or situations in the past that are no longer true.
Maria left. I arrived. She used to have long hair.
Maria had left the party when I arrived. • Remember that we use the Past Simple to talk about
single completed actions in the past.
My mum bought an electric car last year.
Use
Form
• We use the Past Perfect to talk about actions that
happened up until a specific time in the past. • To form negative sentences and questions, we use the
Up until last year, I had never signed a petition. auxiliary verb did/didn’t and we remove the -d from
used to.
• We also use the Past Perfect to describe the earlier of
I didn’t use to play basketball when I was younger.
two past actions. We use the Past Simple for the later
Did she use to walk to school?
action.
Jim had already finished his homework when I called. • In short answers, we do not repeat used to. We only use
did/didn’t.
Form A: Did you use to play the guitar?
• To form the Past Perfect, we use had + the past B: Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.
participle of the main verb.
Max had collected the litter.
• To form negative sentences, we use hadn’t.
He hadn’t travelled a lot.
• The word order changes in questions: had + subject +
past participle.
Had he come before?
• In short answers, we do not repeat the main verb. We
only use had/hadn’t.
A: Had you watched this film?
B: Yes, I had./No, I hadn’t.
Time expressions
• We can use the following time expressions with the
Past Perfect: after, already, before, by the time, just,
never, until, when.
We had finished our lunch by the time our
friends arrived.

134 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 134 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Practice
used to and Past Simple
Unit
2 1 Order the words to make sentences.
1 a / use / we / car / to / didn’t / have / .
We didn’t use to have a car.
Past Perfect; Past Simple and Past Perfect
2 to / in / a / work / used / factory / Robert / .
1 Rewrite the sentences in the negative (–) or 3 newspapers / recycle / to / use / they / did / ?
question form (?). 4 to / I / go / younger / was / I / used / running /
1 I had seen her before. (–) when / .
I hadn’t seen her before. 5 didn’t / in / to / use / house / live / she / a /
2 She had bought a present. (–) big / .
3 They had read the book. (?) 6 go / you / swimming / to / use / did / ?
4 Fiona had left the office when I arrived. (–)
5 She had studied before she took the exam. (?)
2 Find and correct the mistake in each
sentence.
6 You had been to the opera before. (?)
1 I use to play football when I was younger.
2 Choose the correct option. I used to play football when I was younger.
1 They were late because they stayed / 2 Did you used to watch cartoons after school?
’d stayed too long at the café. 3 Martina didn’t used to go to this school.
2 I’d never seen / never saw that woman before 4 James used stay with his grandma every
she appeared last night. summer holiday.
3 We knew / ’d known each other for years
before I learnt the truth.
3 Complete the dialogue with used to and the
correct form of the verbs in brackets.
4 After we’d had lunch, we drank / ’d drunk
Teacher: Did you know that I 1 used to go (go) to
a coffee.
this school?
5 The concert still didn’t finish / hadn’t finished
Student: No, really? What 2 (…) it (…) (be) like?
by eleven o’clock.
Teacher: It 3 (…) (be) much smaller. Not so many
6 A: Had they put on their coats before they
people 4 (…) (live) in our town. We all
left / ’d left? 5 (…) (walk) to school every day. Families
B: No, they didn’t / hadn’t. 6 (…) (not have) cars, so there was less

traffic and less pollution!

3 Complete the sentences with the Past
Simple or Past Perfect form of the verbs in
4 Make questions with used to from
brackets.
the prompts.
1 Vicky had just left school when they (…) her
a job. (just leave/offer)
2 The team (…) in a foreign country before.
My country twenty years ago
(not play) 1 many people / recycle / plastic and paper?
3 (…) they already (…) the house when you (…) Did many people use to recycle plastic
to see it? (paint/go) and paper?
4 As soon as we (…) the task, our teacher (…) 2 the countryside / be / more or less polluted?
us another one. (finish/give)
3 people / waste / less energy?
5 By the time we (…) at the football stadium,
the match (…). (arrive/start) 4 people / throw away / more or less rubbish?
6 (…) you (…) your exam last week? (pass)

4 Write a few sentences about things you 5 Choose one of the questions from
had and hadn’t done by the time you were five. Exercise 4 and write a few sentences about
Use the Past Simple and the Past Perfect with your country.
different time expressions. I think people in my country used to throw away
By the time I was five, I’d learned to read and to more rubbish twenty years ago. They didn’t use
swim. I hadn’t learned to ride a bike – I learned to recycle plastic bottles and they didn’t reuse
that when I was about seven. I’d never … plastic bags.

Grammar Extension 135

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 135 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
Unit
3
Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Continuous They’ve made a lot of jewellery.

She hasn’t bought a new skirt.

I’ve been working hard. Present Perfect Continuous

She hasn’t been practising much. She’s been looking for a new skirt for ages.
Have you been working hard? They’ve been taking photos of the jewellery.
Yes, we have./No, we haven’t.
How long have you been waiting?
Use
• We use the Present Perfect Simple to focus on the result
Use of an action. In contrast, we use the Present Perfect
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about: Continuous to focus on the duration of the activity or
• actions that started in the past and continue in the the fact that the activity is unfinished.
present. She’s made a lot of jewellery.
I’ve been waiting here for two hours. (focus on the result = a lot of jewellery)
She’s been making her own jewellery for ages.
• actions that started in the past and have a result in the
(focus on the activity = making jewellery)
present.
She’s been playing basketball all morning. • We can use for and since with both verb tenses.
She looks tired now. I've known her for ten years/since childhood.
She's been helping me for hours/since this morning.
Form
• As with the Present Continuous, we don’t usually use
• To form the Present Perfect Continuous, we use the state verbs in the Present Perfect Continuous.
Present Perfect of the verb to be (have/has been ) + the She’s belonged to a slow fashion group on social media
-ing form of the main verb. since October. ✓
She’s been making her own jewellery for ages. She’s been belonging to a slow fashion group on social
• To form negative sentences, we use hasn’t/haven’t media since October. ✗
been.
He hasn’t been studying much lately.
• The word order changes in questions: have/has +
subject + been + -ing form.
Have you been doing your homework?
• In short answers, we do not repeat the main verb. We
only use have/haven’t/has/hasn’t.
A: Have they been studying?
B: Yes, they have./No, they haven’t.
Time expressions
• We can use the following time expressions with the
Present Perfect Continuous: all day/night, for two hours/
three years/a long time/ages, lately, since last Friday/
October/Saturday/I woke up, recently.
I've been buying second-hand clothes for two years.
• We can use How long …? in questions with the Present
Perfect Continuous.
How long has Stephanie been waiting for George?

136 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 136 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Practice
Present Perfect Simple and Continuous
Unit
3 1 Read the sentences. Choose if they focus on
a) the result or b) the duration of an activity.
1 I’ve been trying on lots of shoes
Present Perfect Continuous
this morning. a b
1 Rewrite the sentences for a different person 2 She’s been making her own
in the affirmative (+), negative (–) or question (?) cakes for ages. a b
form. 3 They’ve bought a lot of clothes. a b
1 Has she been playing golf? (they/+) 4 He’s painted the bedroom. a b
They’ve been playing golf. 5 We’ve been running for hours. a b
2 I’ve been watching the show. (he/–) 6 I haven’t finished my homework yet. a b
3 They’ve been talking for hours. (she/?)
4 He hasn’t been working since ten o’clock. (I/+) 2 Complete the sentences with the Present
Perfect Simple or Continuous form of the verbs
5 You’ve been studying all day. (we/–)
in brackets.
6 We’ve been waiting for a long time. (you/?)
1 I haven’t had (not have) anything to eat since
2 Complete the sentences with the Present breakfast.
Perfect Continuous form of these verbs. 2 She (…) (learn) English since she was six.
3 He (…) (never/like) going to the hairdresser’s.
collect practise save train wait write
4 They (…) (sit) in the classroom for half an hour.
1 Anna has been writing her own fashion blog 5 I (…) (know) my best friend for five years.
since January.
2 We (…) for Jack for half an hour – and he’s still 3 Complete the text with these words.
not ready! been bought continued for have
3 My brother (…) baseball caps since he was making since wearing
little. He’s got over fifty!
4 They (…) their dance for the show all morning.
5 I (…) my money to buy a jacket. Have you 1 bought any jeans recently? Did you
6 My mum (…) for the marathon for six months. know that jeans are one of the most popular
The race is next week! items of clothing? People have been 2 (…) them
3 (…) more than 140 years. Over the years,

3 Complete the questions with the Present jeans have 4 (…) both work clothes and fashion
Perfect Continuous form of the verbs in clothing. Their style has changed many times
5 (…) the start of their history. Young people
brackets.
6 (…) been setting new fashion trends for
1 There’s chocolate all round your mouth! Have
you been eating (eat) chocolate cake? decades, whether it’s baggy jeans or skinny
jeans. Surprisingly, the original indigo blue
2 You’ve got lots of nice clothes. (…) you (…)
colour has 7 (…) to be a favourite over the many
(shop) recently?
years that companies have been 8 (…) jeans.
3 Your jacket’s really wet! (…) it (…) (rain)?
4 Your jeans are really dirty. (…) you (…) (play)
outside?
4 Write a few sentences about your style.
5 Sara’s got really good exam results this term!
What clothes have you been wearing recently?
(…) she (…) (study) a lot? What’s your favourite item of clothing and how
6 Sorry I’m late. (…) you (…) (wait) long? long have you had it?
I’ve been wearing skinny jeans and large T-shirts
4 Write three sentences about yourself. Use
a lot recently. My favourite item of clothing is …
the Present Perfect Continuous and these verbs.
collect learn practise read save
I’ve been reading a really good book about
the fashion business.

Grammar Extension 137

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 137 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference
Future Continuous
Unit
4
She’ll be helping in the office.
We won’t be working outside.
Talking about the future Will you be working with animals?
Yes, I will./No, I won’t.
When will you be working there?
will
People won’t do overtime in the future.
I’ll have a coffee, please. Use
• We use the Future Continuous to talk about actions that
be going to will be in progress at a specific moment in the future.
Rachel’s going to work in a café. In the summer, Harry will be working.
We aren’t going to arrive on time. Form
• To form the Future Continuous, we use will + be + the
Present Continuous
-ing form of the main verb.
I’m meeting a friend to go shopping tomorrow. She’ll be helping me.
• To form negative sentences, we use won’t be (will
Present Simple
not be ).
The bus arrives at half past two. This time next month, he won’t be relaxing on
the beach.
Future forms of can and must
• The word order changes in questions: Will + subject +
They won’t be able to go out. be + the -ing form of the main verb.
I’ll have to work harder. Will you be working with her?
• In short answers, we don’t repeat the main verb. We
Use only use will/won’t.
• We use will to talk about: A: Will you be seeing her soon?
– predictions. B: Yes, I will./No, I won’t.
They won’t find this kind of work difficult. Time expressions
– decisions made at the moment of speaking. • We can use the following time expressions with the
I think I’ll have a drink. Future Continuous: at 9.00 this evening/tomorrow, in
• We use be going to to talk about: five years, in the future, in two years' time, soon, this
– future plans. time next month/year, this/next weekend/week.
I’m not going to work full-time. I’ll be doing my homework at 7 p.m. this evening.
– predictions based on present evidence.
Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain.
• We can use the Present Continuous to talk about
arrangements in the future. We usually give a date or
a time.
Sam and Chloe are arriving at two o’clock.
• We use the Present Simple for timetables and schedules.
The train leaves in twenty minutes.
Form
• The future form of can is will be able to.
I’ll be able to save some money.
• The future form of must is will have to.
I’ll have to be back at two.

138 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 138 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Practice
Future Continuous
Unit
4 1 Order the words to make sentences and
questions. Put the time expressions at the end.
1 doing / be / in / you / the / will / future / what / ?
Talking about the future
What will you be doing in the future?
1 Match sentences 1–5 with functions a–e. 2 won’t / years / they / in / finishing / be / school /
1 What will people eat in the future? c two / .
2 A: Would you like some coffee? 3 will / living / spring / where / next / be / you / ?
B: I won’t have any, thanks. 4 be / Berlin / 10 a.m. tomorrow / flying / will /
3 I’m going to study English at university. she / to / at / .
4 I’m meeting Jenny this evening. 5 be / studying / exams / soon / I / for / will / .
5 When does the next bus leave?
2 Complete the dialogues with the Future
a a timetable Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
b an arrangement 1 A: Will you be looking (look) for a full-time job
c a prediction when you leave school?
d a plan B: No, I (…) (start) a beauty therapy course at
e a decision made at the moment of speaking college.
2 A: (…) you (…) (earn) any money this summer?
2 Make questions from the prompts. Use the B: Yes, I will. I (…) (help) my aunt and uncle on
future form in brackets. their farm.
1 what time / this lesson / finish? (Present Simple) 3 A: (…) you (…) (study) this afternoon?
What time does this lesson finish?
B: No, I (…) (work) in my parents’ shop.
2 what / you / do / on Sunday?
(Present Continuous) 3 Complete the email with the Future
3 you / buy / anything this weekend? (be going to) Continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
4 what / the weather / be / like / tomorrow? (will)

3 Answer the questions in Exercise 2.

1 This lesson finishes at 11.00. Hi Lily,
I got the summer job at the beach café! So we
1’ll be working (work) together this summer.
4 Choose the correct option.
A: Hi, Adam. What 1 are you doing / will you do I can’t wait! I’m so pleased I 2 (…) (not stay) at
after school? home all summer. I hope we 3 (…) (do) the same
hours. 4 (…) you (…) (serve) drinks? I 5 (…) (clean)
B: I 2 ’m helping / help my uncle. He owns a
tables in the beginning. I 6(…) (not take) orders
tennis club and I serve drinks in the café there.
for the first week.
Maybe you can meet me afterwards.
Anyway, speak soon!
A: Sounds good! I 3 won’t do / ’m not doing
Katy
anything after school. I 4 ’ll meet /
’m going to meet you there. What time
5 will you be / are you being free?

B: My shift in the café 6 is finishing / finishes at

4 What will you and your friends be doing
in five years’ time? What won’t you be doing?
six o’clock.
Write a few sentences. Use the Future
5 You plan to watch a film at the cinema Continuous.
tonight and want to invite your friend. Write a In five years’ time, my friends and I will be
text message to your friend saying what you’re studying at university. We won’t be working yet.
going to see, what time the film starts and why
you think your friend will like it.
Hi Sam, I’m going to the cinema with my brother
this evening. Would you like to come? We’re
going to see …

Grammar Extension 139

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 139 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference

Unit • To form the Second Conditional, we use If/Unless + Past

5 Simple, would + infinitive (without to ). The two parts
can be inverted, but note the use of the comma.
If my sister offered to help me, I’d be amazed
Zero, First and Second Conditionals I’d be amazed if my sister offered to help me.
• When the subject of the if -part of the sentence is the
first or third person singular of the verb to be, we can
Zero Conditional
use was or were.
If you go outside in winter, it is cold. If I was/were older, I’d train to be an astronaut.
Astronomers watch the sky if it is clear. • We can use unless with Zero, First and Second
Conditionals. It has the same meaning as if not.
First Conditional
Unless you’ve got a lot of money, you won’t be able to
If you don’t go outside, you won’t see the comet. try space tourism.
I will buy a telescope unless it costs too much.
If you want to learn about space tourism, check online.
Third Conditional
Second Conditional
If I won the lottery, I would buy a ticket to Mars. If the lander had broken, the experiment would have
I wouldn’t eat tomatoes if they came from space. ended.

Use Use
• We use the Zero Conditional to talk about: • We use the Third Conditional to talk about past actions
– scientific facts. or situations that didn’t happen.
If you freeze water, it expands. If I had known you were coming, I wouldn’t have
– things that are always true. gone out. (I didn’t know you were coming. I went out.)
Sarah starts to sneeze if she smells flowers. Form
• We use the First Conditional to talk about possible • To form the Third Conditional, we use If + Past Perfect,
actions and situations in the future. would + have + past participle. The two parts can be
We’ll look at the NASA website if we have time. inverted, but note the use of the comma.
• We use the Second Conditional to talk about unlikely If you had been more careful, you wouldn’t have
or imaginary actions and situations in the present or broken the camera.
future. You wouldn’t have broken the camera if you
If my friends were here, I would feel happier. had been more careful.
Form
• To form the Zero Conditional, we use If/When/Unless +
Present Simple, Present Simple. The two parts can be
inverted, but we only use a comma when if/when/unless
goes first.
If you touch a fire, you get burned.
You get burned if you touch a fire.
• In Zero Conditionals, if and when have the same
meaning.
When/If you fill a balloon with helium, it rises.
• To form the First Conditional, we use If/Unless + Present
Simple, will/won’t + infinitive (without to). The two
parts can be inverted, but note the use of the comma.
Unless it’s a clear night, we won’t see many stars.
We won’t see many stars unless it’s a clear night.
• We can use an imperative instead of will/won’t.
If you see a comet, tell me!

140 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 140 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Practice
Third Conditional
Unit
5 1 Match the sentence halves.
1 I wouldn’t have gone out d
Zero, First and Second Conditionals 2 If I’d put on my alarm,
3 What would you have done
1 Read the sentences. Are they Zero, First or 4 We would have visited the palace
Second Conditionals? 5 If I’d remembered your birthday,
1 You’ll miss the bus unless you hurry up.
a if we’d had more time.
First Conditional
b I would have bought you a present.
2 I wouldn’t give you any money if I won
the lottery. c if you’d seen the accident?
3 If you heat ice, it melts. d if I’d known you were coming.
4 We’ll look at the website later if we have time. e I wouldn’t have slept so much.
5 If I were you, I’d buy a new computer.
2 Complete the Third Conditional sentences
with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
2 Make sentences from the prompts.
Use the Zero or First Conditional. 1 If she hadn’t studied (not study) Science, she
wouldn’t have become an astronaut.
1 water / freeze / if / you / cool / it to 0°C / .
Water freezes if you cool it to 0°C. 2 They (…) (not do) the mission if they’d known
about the dangers.
2 you / burn / if / you / stay / in the sun any
longer / . 3 If they hadn’t filmed the first landing on the
Moon, no one (…) (believe) it!
3 Emma / always / call me / if / her bus / be / late / .
4 We (…) (miss) the comet if we’d gone outside
4 we / get / better pictures for our school
later.
project / if / we / use / a drone / .
5 If you (…) (see) the film Gravity, you’d have
3 Complete the Second Conditional questions really enjoyed it.
with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 6 Peter would have won if he (…) (answer) all
1 How would you feel (feel) if your mum were the questions correctly.
(be) an astronaut?
2 If you (…) (discover) a new planet, what (…)
3 Make questions from the prompts.
Use the Third Conditional.
you (…) (call) it?
1 what / you / do / today / if / you / not go /
3 If you (…) (can) travel anywhere, where (…)
to school?
you (…) (go)?
What would you have done today if you
4 (…) you (…) (do) a bungee jump if your best
hadn’t gone to school?
friend (…) (ask) you to?
2 where / you / go / on your last holiday / if /
4 Choose the correct option. you / win / the lottery?
1 I’ll send you a message when / if 3 if / you / arrive / late at school this morning /
I leave the office late this evening. what / happen?
2 If / Unless you help me, I’ll never understand 4 what / you / wear / today / if / the weather /
the homework. be / different?
3 When / Unless I hear a new song I like, I
download it.
4 Answer the questions in Exercise 3.
1 I’d have slept for twelve hours!
4 Your French will be good unless / if you finish
the course.
5 Write five sentences to answer this
question. Use the Third Conditional.
5 Write three sentences to answer each
question. Use the Zero, First and Second If you’d been born 100 years ago, how
Conditionals. would your life have been different up
1 What do you usually do if you have free time? until now?
2 What will you do this weekend if you and your
friends are free?
3 What would you do if you won the lottery?

Grammar Extension 141

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 141 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Reference

Unit • To report wh- questions, we use asked (+ indirect

6 object) + wh-word. Remember to change the verb tense
after the question word.
‘What numbers can you see?’ ➞ She asked him what
Reported statements and questions numbers he could see.
• In both yes/no and wh- reported questions, we use
sentence word order (subject + verb). We do not use
Statements
auxiliary verbs like do, does or did.
 resent Simple ➞ Past Simple
P 'Why do you have a migraine?' ➞
‘I have a headache.’ ➞ He said (that) he had He asked (me) why I had a migraine. ✓
a headache. He asked (me) why did I have a migraine. ✗
Present Continuous ➞ Past Continuous 'Where is he going?' ➞
‘I’m getting better.’ ➞ She said (that) she was getting She asked (me) where he was going. ✓
better. She asked (me) where was he going. ✗
Past Simple ➞ Past Perfect
‘I wanted to be a doctor.’ ➞ He said (that) he had
wanted to be a doctor. Reported commands, requests, offers and
will ➞ would suggestions
‘My mum will do it.’ ➞ He said (that) his mum would
do it.
Commands
can ➞ could
‘I can’t see anything.’ ➞ She said (that) she couldn’t ‘Move your left leg first.’ ➞
see anything. I told you to move your left leg first.
‘Don’t rush.’ ➞ She told us not to rush.
Questions
Requests
‘Do you work in a hospital?’ ➞
She asked (me) if/whether I worked in a hospital. ‘Can you help me, please?’ ➞
‘What time is it?’ ➞ He asked (me) what time it was. He asked them to help him.
‘Don’t touch the medical equipment.’ ➞
Other changes She asked us not to touch the medical equipment.
now ➞ then here ➞ there this month ➞ that month
Offers
yesterday ➞ the previous day/the day before
tomorrow ➞ the next/following day Dan: ‘I can help you with your first aid exam.’ ➞
Dan offered to help me with my first aid exam.
Form Suggestions
• In reported speech, the main verb ‘moves back’ in time.
We usually also have to change pronouns, possessive Nina: ‘Let’s watch a video online.’ ➞
adjectives, and time and place expressions. Nina suggested (that) we watch a video online.
‘I’ve lost my keys.’ ➞ She said (that) she’d lost her keys.
• We can use the verbs say or tell in reported statements: Form
– say + (that) • Tell and ask follow the same structure in reported
Her mum said (that) she was studying. ✓ commands and requests: tell/ask + indirect object +
Her mum said me (that) she was studying. ✗ to-infinitive of the main verb. To form the negative, we
put not before the to-infinitive.
– tell + indirect object + (that)
He told her not to worry.
His mum told him (that) colour blindness ran in
Mum asked me not to forget my appointment.
the family. ✓
His mum told (that) colour blindness ran in • To report offers, we use offer + to-infinitive of the
the family. ✗ main verb.
I offered to take the dog for a walk.
• To report yes /no questions, we use asked (+ indirect
object) + if/whether. If is more common. Remember to • To report suggestions, we use suggest + (that ) +
change the verb tense after if /whether. subject + infinitive without to.
‘Do you feel dizzy?’ ➞ The nurse asked (me) if I felt The guide suggested (that) we visit the museum.
dizzy.

142 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 142 28/3/23 9:50

 Grammar Extension Practice
Reported commands, requests, offers
Unit and suggestions
6
1 Match sentences 1–4 with functions a–d.
1 He asked me to open the door. d
Reported statements and questions
2 She told me not to drink the water.
1 Choose the correct option to complete the 3 They offered to show us the town centre.
reported statements and questions. 4 She suggested that they go to the museum.
1 ‘I’m unhappy.’ ➞ She told me that she is / was a a reported suggestion
unhappy. b a reported offer
2 ‘He’s feeling better.’ ➞ They said he felt / c a reported command
was feeling better. d a reported request
3 ‘I broke my leg.’ ➞ Ken told me he has /
had broken his leg. 2 Rewrite the commands and requests in
4 ‘They will be hungry.’ ➞ He said they would / reported speech. Use the verbs in brackets.
could be hungry. 1 ‘Can you lend me your surfboard?’ Adam said
5 ‘I can call a doctor.’ ➞ I told her I would / to Jenny. (ask)
could call a doctor. Adam asked Jenny to lend him her surfboard.
6 ‘Do you need a drink?’ ➞ I asked her if she 2 ‘Don’t use your mobile phone now!’ the
did need / needed a drink. teacher said to Sarah. (tell)
7 ‘Where do you live?’ ➞ He asked me where 3 ‘Please help me with the shopping,’ the man
I lived / did I live. said to his children. (ask)
4 ‘Stand up,’ the teacher said to the pupils. (tell)
2 Rewrite the sentences and questions in
reported speech. 3 Rewrite the offers and suggestions in
1 ‘You’re allergic to cats.’ reported speech. Use the verbs in brackets.
The doctor told me that I was allergic to cats. 1 ‘Why don’t you do yoga?’ asked the trainer.
2 ‘Where are you going?’ (suggest/they)
Jack asked me (…). The trainer suggested that they do yoga.
3 ‘I had an accident.’ 2 ‘I can take you to the airport,’ said David.
She told me that she (…). (offer/her)
4 ‘Are you feeling dizzy, Emily?’ 3 ‘You should have an eye test,’ said the nurse.
Mum asked Emily (…). (suggest/I)
4 ‘I can help you with your essay,’ said Henry.
5 ‘I’ll get your prescription for you, Tom.’
(offer/me)
She told Tom that she (…).
4 Complete the reported speech in the
3 Find and correct the mistake in each
email.
reported statement.
1 ‘I’m doing my homework.’ ➞ Sam told me he
does his homework.
Sam told me he was doing his homework. Hi Theo,
2 ‘I went to Italy.’ ➞ Lucy said she went to Italy. Guess what I did with Matt last weekend?
3 ‘I’ll help you.’ ➞ Dad said he is helping me. Bungee jumping! When Matt 1 asked me to go
4 ‘I go to school at eight o’clock.’ ➞ Ava told me (ask/go) with him, I really wasn’t sure. I was a
she had gone to school at eight o’clock. bit nervous because I’d never done it before.
Anyway, he 2 (…) (tell/not worry). He said I would
4 Think about conversations you’ve had love it! He was right – it was great fun. I 3 (…)
with your friends and family recently. Report (tell/call) me next time he was going. Matt 4 (…)
five things that people said. (suggest/try) a different place next time. He 5 (…)
My mum asked me if I wanted a phone for (offer/find) another bungee jumping place online.
my birthday. He 6 (…) (tell/bring) a friend next time and I said
that would be great. So what do you think?
My brother told me he was bored.
Sophie

Grammar Extension 143

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 143 28/3/23 9:51

 Grammar Extension Reference
The Passive with will
Unit
7
A science fair will be organised by the school.
These classes won’t be taught during school hours.
The Passive Will all the materials be provided?

• To form the Passive with will, we use will + be + the

Present Simple
past participle of the main verb.
Each student is given a book. The information will be repeated later.
Facial expressions are used to show emotions. • Sometimes it’s possible to form two passive sentences
from the same active sentence.
Past Simple
They will teach French to students.
The commercial was watched by the viewers. ➞ French will be taught to students.
They weren’t told about the party. ➞ Students will be taught French.
Was the message sent?

Present Perfect
I have been interrupted several times.
The problem hasn’t been discussed yet.
Has the activity been explained to you?

Modal verbs
Drinks can’t be taken into the theatre.
Tickets must be bought in advance.
Billboards shouldn’t be put near roads.

Use
We use the Passive when:
• what happened is more important than who did
the action.
We were asked for suggestions for a new logo.
• we don’t know who did something.
The billboard was sprayed with graffiti.
• it’s obvious who did the action.
The criminal was arrested.
(It’s obvious that the police did it.)
Form
• To form the Passive, we use the correct tense of the
verb to be + the past participle of the main verb.
They were invited to come to the radio station.
• To say who did the action, we use by.
The leaflet was printed by a local company.
• To form passive questions, we use the verb to be +
subject + past participle.
Is that TV channel watched by many viewers?
• In short answers, we do not repeat the main verb.
We only use the correct form of the verb to be.
A: Are the clothes made here?
B: Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
• To ask who did the action, we use by at the end of
the question.
Who was the photo taken by?

144 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 144 28/3/23 9:51

 Grammar Extension Practice
The Passive with will
Unit
7 1 Match the sentence halves.
1 English will b
The Passive 2 Students won’t
3 Homework won’t
1 Order the words to make sentences and 4 Students will
questions in the Passive. 5 Will the students
1 are / to / grapes / wine / make / used / . a be taught English?
Grapes are used to make wine.
b be taught to students.
2 email / the / sent / was / ?
c be taught English.
3 weren’t / the / told / problem / they / about / .
d be given.
4 yet / hasn’t / the / explained / task / been / .
e be given homework.
5 can’t / gallery / the / be / in / taken / photos / .
6 bought / must / online / tickets / be / . 2 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive
with will.
2 Make passive sentences from the prompts. 1 They won’t understand his pronunciation.
Use the tense given in brackets.
His pronunciation won’t be understood .
1 the letter / write / by you / ? (Past Simple)
2 They will advertise their new product.
Was the letter written by you?
Their new product (…).
2 we / not show / the film about
3 We won’t give out flyers this year.
communication / . (Present Perfect)
Flyers (…).
3 some hand gestures / consider / rude / . (can )
4 We will discuss good posture in the
4 an email / send / after every meeting / .
next lesson.
(Present Simple)
Good posture (…).
5 the school rules / follow / by all students / .
(must )
3 Make questions from the prompts.
Use the Passive with will.
3 Complete the text with these words.
1 when / the workshop / hold?
annoyed are be been bought is spent When will the workshop be held?
2 who / it / teach / by?
3 which / topics / cover?
4 what / each student / give?

4 Read the flyer. Answer the questions

in Exercise 3. Write complete sentences and use
the Passive with will.

Free workshop:
Improve your body language!
Every year more than $500 billion is 1 spent on
Every Tuesday from 4 to 5 p.m. in the
advertising worldwide. Television commercials sports hall with Mr Baker.
2 (…) still used by many companies, but the

biggest growth has 3 (…) seen in online We will cover topics such as:
advertising. This is because an online advert ★ making eye contact
can 4 (…) seen by a much larger number of
★ improving posture
people. Also, much less money 5 (…) spent
on advertising a product online. You might ★ how to make the most of your voice
be 6 (…) by pop-up adverts on websites, but We will give each student their own
the products they advertise are 7 (…) by many folder with information. A fun and useful
people anyway! workshop for all students!

Grammar Extension 145

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 145 28/3/23 9:51

 Grammar Extension Reference
Obligation and prohibition
Unit
8
Obligation
You must/have to go.
Ability
They had to go.
I will have to go.
Present Do/Did/Will you have to go?
Yes, I do/did/will./No, I don’t/didn’t/won’t.
We can/can’t draw.
Can he sing? Yes, he can./No, he can’t. Lack of obligation
He is/isn’t able to read books in Japanese.
You don’t have to come.
Are they able to come? Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
We didn’t have to come.
Past He won’t have to come.
She could/couldn’t hear the story. Prohibition
Could she paint? Yes, she could./No, she couldn’t.
She can’t/couldn’t stay late.
They were/weren’t able to finish the book.
You mustn’t/aren’t allowed to stay late.
Were they able to help? Yes, they were./No, they weren’t.
I wasn’t allowed to stay late.
manage to He won’t be allowed to stay late.
Are/Were you allowed to stay late?
 e managed to/didn’t manage to go to the party.
W
Will you be allowed to stay late?
Did Ann manage to complete her painting?
Yes, she did./No, she didn’t.
Use
Future • We use have to and must to talk about obligation
They’ll be/won’t be able to come to the meeting. (something it is necessary to do). Have to has past and
Will you be able to join us? Yes, I will./No, I won’t. future forms. Must doesn’t have past or future forms.
We don’t usually use must in questions.
You must/have to tidy up after dinner.
Use
You had to tidy up after dinner last night.
• We use can and be able to to describe someone’s or You will have to tidy up after dinner tomorrow evening.
something’s skills or abilities. Do I have to tidy up after dinner?
She can paint.
• We use don’t have to to talk about something that it is
I’ll be able to finish this today.
not necessary to do in the present. Don’t have to also
• We use manage to to describe specific achievements in has past and future forms.
the past. We don’t have to read the book.
He managed to read the book in a day. (It isn’t necessary to read the book, but you can read it
Form if you want.)
• The past of can is could. • We use can’t, mustn’t and not be allowed to to talk
We couldn’t visit the art gallery yesterday. about prohibition (something it is necessary not to
• We can also use be able to in the present, but it is more do). Mustn’t doesn’t have past or future forms. To talk
formal than can. about prohibition in the past or future, we use not be
They’re able to speak French. allowed to. Remember to change the form of be to
• To form questions with can, could and be able to, we match the subject. We can also use be allowed to in
put can, could and the verb to be before the subject. questions.
Can/Could she paint a self-portrait? You mustn’t/aren’t allowed to touch it.
Are they able to speak French? We weren’t/won’t be allowed to touch it.
A: Are they allowed to touch it?
• To form a question with manage to, we use the auxiliary
B: Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
verb did. In short answers, we do not repeat the main
verb. We only use did/didn’t. • The past of can’t is couldn’t. We can also use not be
A: Did he manage to read the book in a day? allowed to instead of couldn’t to express prohibition in
B: Yes, he did./No, he didn’t. the past.
They couldn’t/weren't allowed to use notes in their
presentations.

146 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 146 28/3/23 9:51

 Grammar Extension Practice
Obligation and prohibition
Unit
8 1 Read the sentences. Choose a) obligation,
b) lack of obligation or c) prohibition.
1 You mustn’t take photos of
Ability
the paintings. a b c
1 Rewrite the sentences in the affirmative (+), 2 I had to get up early. a b c
negative (–) or question form (?). 3 We won’t have to do any
1 He isn’t able to paint amazing portraits. (+) homework. a b c
He’s able to paint amazing portraits. 4 You’ll have to study more. a b c
2 Were they able to finish the meal? (–) 5 They aren’t allowed to wear jeans. a b c
3 She couldn’t understand the novel. (?) 6 Everyone must bring a coat. a b c
4 Did you manage to think of a good title? (+)
5 They won’t be able to come to the exhibition. (?)
2 Choose the correct option.
1 You don’t have to / mustn’t be good at art to
6 My mum managed to publish a short story. (–)
enjoy it.
2 Complete the sentences with these words. 2 We don’t have to / aren’t allowed to leave
until we’ve finished.
able could couldn’t managed to will 3 You don’t have to / mustn’t be late for class.
1 I couldn’t write my name until I started school. 4 It was raining, so we must / had to finish our
2 After watching the play, the students were (…) paintings inside.
to write about it. 5 We have to / mustn’t be at the station early.
3 Next year, we’ll be able (…) see the film The bus leaves at 6 a.m.
version of this book.
4 We (…) to get the book we wanted from the 3 Read about Ben’s life at school and at
library. home. Complete the sentences with these
words. There is one extra word.
5 The teacher (…) be able to help you.
6 He (…) paint very well when he was just five able able to allowed have mustn’t wasn’t
years old.
1 At school, we mustn’t use mobile phones.
3 Complete the questions with the correct
form of the words in brackets.
2 At weekends, I’m (…) to stay up late.
1 Could you (you/can) read and write when you
were four?
2 (…) (you/able to) study and listen to music 3 At home, I don’t (…) to wash the dishes.
at the same time?
3 (…) (you/manage to) find the hotel last weekend? 4 When I was younger, I (…) allowed to play
4 (…) (your best friend/can) speak English? computer games.
5 (…) (you/able to) come to my party next 5
weekend? Next year, I’ll be (…) learn another foreign
language.
6 (…) (you/able to) finish your essay last night?

4 Answer the questions. Write complete 4 Write five sentences like the ones in
sentences. Exercise 3 that are true for you.
1 What couldn’t you do last year that you can At school, we mustn’t take food or drink into
do now? the classroom.
Last year, I couldn’t read well in English. Now,
I can read short stories and novels!
2 Can you paint or draw?
3 Will you be able to meet up with your friends
this weekend?
4 Did you manage to finish all your homework
last night?

Grammar Extension 147

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 147 28/3/23 9:51

 Grammar Extension Reference
Direct and indirect questions
Unit
9
Wh- questions
Direct question ➞ Indirect question
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Where’s the party? ➞
Can/Could you remind me where the party is?
Defining relative clauses When will you be back? ➞
I’d like to know when you’ll be back.
That’s the car which/that we hired for the prom.
The students who/that go to the prom usually have fun. Wh- questions with do/does/did
That’s the place where we’re meeting Jack.
Direct question ➞ Indirect question
Sara’s the girl whose mum teaches at my school.
What time does the party start? ➞
Non-defining relative clauses Do you know what time the party starts?
Why did he tell her about the surprise party? ➞
Our school prom, which was last month, was great.
I wonder why he told her about the surprise party.
Tom Evans, who is a musician, played the piano.
The hall, where the dance was held, was huge. Yes/No questions
Our Maths teacher, whose daughter also graduates this
Direct question ➞ Indirect question
year, will lead the ceremony.
Is Tom having a birthday party? ➞
Do you have any idea if Tom is having a birthday party?
Use Can I use your phone? ➞
• We use relative clauses to give information about Do you mind if I use your phone?
people, places or things. They can be defining or non-
defining. Use
That’s the hotel where our prom will be held.
• We use indirect questions to ask for information or help
• We use defining clauses to give essential information in a formal and polite way.
about people, places and things. The sentence would When does the festival take place? ➞
make no sense without this information. Do you have any idea when the festival takes place?
I’m wearing the prom dress which I bought last month.
• We can also use indirect questions to make requests.
• We use non-defining clauses to give extra information. Can I sit here? ➞ Do you mind if I sit here?
The sentence makes sense without this information.
Lee, who is my best friend, is a really good dancer. Form
• The word order in indirect questions is the same as in
Form
statements and we don’t use auxiliary verbs like do,
• We use who for people, where for places, which for does or did.
things and whose for possession. Are they getting together to celebrate Sam’s birthday? ➞
This is the hospital where I was born. Do you know if they are getting together to celebrate
• In defining clauses, we can use that instead of who Sam’s birthday? ✓
and which. Do you know if are they getting together to celebrate
The children who/that took part in the parade wore Sam’s birthday? ✗
colourful costumes. Who did he take to the prom? ➞
I’d like to find some shoes which/that go with I wonder who he took to the prom. ✓
this dress. I wonder who did he take to the prom. ✗
• We use commas around non-defining clauses. • If the direct question starts with a wh- question word,
The Grand Hotel, where the school prom took place, we repeat it in the indirect question.
is a beautiful old building. When is the firework display? ➞
• When the relative pronoun who, which or that is the Do you know when the firework display is?
direct object of a defining relative clause, we can leave • If the direct question is a yes /no question, we use if in
it out. the indirect question.
Is this the cake (that/which) you made? Is the firework display on Tuesday? ➞
Do you know if the firework display is on Tuesday?

148 Grammar Extension

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 148 28/3/23 9:51

 Grammar Extension Practice
Direct and indirect questions
Unit
9 1 Match the sentence halves.
1 Could you tell me where d
Defining and non-defining relative clauses 2 Do you have any idea
3 I wonder what
1 Read the sentences. Choose a) defining 4 I’d like to know if
relative clause or b) non-defining relative clause. a time the show starts.
1 I’m wearing the jacket that I got for b you like the film.
my birthday. a b
c when the party is?
2 This is the place where I found the
d the station is?
necklace. a b
3 John, who is my neighbour, is coming 2 Complete the indirect questions with
to the concert. a b these words.
4 This coat, which was a present from
my mum, is warm. a b Could Do mind when wonder
5 Susan, whose sister is in my class, 1 Could you tell me what the time is?
wants to be a doctor. a b 2 I’d like to know (…) the train to London leaves.
6 He’s the actor who comes from my 3 (…) you know what time the film starts?
home town. a b 4 I (…) if you’d like to have dinner at my house
tonight.
2 Complete the sentences with who, which,
5 Do you (…) if I sit here?
whose or where.
1 This is the house where we were living when 3 Complete the indirect questions.
I was ten. 1 Where’s Sam? ➞
2 Look at the ring (…) I got for my birthday.
Do you have any idea where Sam is ?
3 My brother, (…) wedding was last Saturday,
2 Did Susie pass her final exam? ➞
is now in Bali with his wife.
I wonder (…).
4 These are the earrings (…) I bought my mum
3 What is the national flag of your country? ➞
for Mother’s Day.
Could you tell me (…)?
5 This is the field (…) they’ll let off the fireworks
after the show. 4 What do I need to wear to the party? ➞
6 Amanda, (…) made my costume, is an Art
Do you have any idea (…)?
teacher at the local college. 5 Do you believe that black cats bring bad luck? ➞
I’d like to know (…).
3 Find and correct the mistake in each
sentence. 4 Write one indirect question for each
1 Mr Brown is the teacher whose helped me situation.
a lot last year. 1
I’m hungry. I hope dinner’s soon!
Mr Brown is the teacher who helped me a lot
last year. I wonder when dinner will be ready.
2 Liverpool where I went to university is my
2
favourite city. I’ve no idea what this food is!
3 I don‘t like desserts who are very sweet.
3
4 My brother, who girlfriend is French, has just I hope the parade finishes soon –
moved to Paris. I’m tired!
5 I don’t like places that there’s a lot of noise. 4 Is it the custom to make a toast?
I don’t know!
4 Write about a person, a place and a
possession which are special to you. Use relative
clauses.
She/He is the person who/that …
This is the place where …
This is the watch/guitar which/that …

Grammar Extension 149

Z01 YourWorld SB4 Spain 75023 Grammar.indd 149 28/3/23 9:51