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18 views43 pages

Fsvl01e L3

Uploaded by

ro ji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FSVL01E L3: Measurements,

Computations and Correction of Errors

Agrimano, J.P.P.
Measurements
• Measurement of distances and angles is the essence of
surveying.
• It is the process of determining the extent, size, or
dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a
given standard.
Measurements
• Direct – comparison of the measured quantity with a
standard measuring unit or units employed for
measuring quantity of that kind
• Indirect – In this measurement, the observed value is
determined by its relationship to some other known.
Units of
Measurement
• Most measurements and
computations in surveying are
related to the determination of
angles (or directions), distance,
area, and volume.
Angles
• Angle is simply a figure formed by the intersection of
two lines.
• It may also be viewed as being generated by the
rotation of a line about a point, from an initial position
to a terminal position.
• Vertex – the point of rotation
Angles – Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds
• Sexagesimal System - sexagesimal units of angular measurement
are the degree, minute, and second. The unit of angles used in
surveying is the degree which is defined as 1/360th of a circle.

1 rev – 360 degrees


1 rev - 60 Minutes
1 rev – 3600 Seconds
Seconds to Min Min to Deg
02𝑠𝑒𝑐∗1𝑚𝑖𝑛 (17+0.033333)𝑚𝑖𝑛∗1𝑑𝑒𝑔
= 0.03333 = 0.2839degrees
60𝑠𝑒𝑐 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
Angles – Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds
353°17’02” = 353.2838 = 353+0.2839

1 rev – 360 degrees


353°17’02” = 353 + (17/60) + (02/3600) = 353.2838
1 rev - 60 Minutes
1 rev – 3600 Seconds
Seconds to Min Min to Deg
02𝑠𝑒𝑐∗1𝑚𝑖𝑛 (17+0.033333)𝑚𝑖𝑛∗1𝑑𝑒𝑔
= 0.03333 = 0.2839degrees
60𝑠𝑒𝑐 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
Angles - Grads
• Centesimal Units – In this system, the circumference of a circle
is (360 deg) is divided into 400 grads. The grad is divided into
100 centesimal minutes of 0.9 degrees, and the minute is
subdivided into 100 centesimal seconds or 0 deg 00 minute
32.4 sec.
• Grads are usually expressed in decimals
Angles - Rads
• Another mode of angular measurement programmed into most
calculators is the radian, or rad.
• One radian is equivalent to the angle formed between two radii
in a circle, when the arc length between the radii is the same as
the radius

• I rev = 2pi
Mistakes and Errors
• Error – defined as the difference between the true value and
the measured value of a quantity.
1m = 1m

• Mistakes – are inaccuracies in measurements which occur


because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed
by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment,
and improper execution. (human-related)
Error in Measurement of Distance
Mistakes in Measuring of Distances
Corrections
Description Tape is Tape is
too long too short

Measuring distances Add Subtract

Laying out distances Subtract Add


Example: Tape error

The correct distance between points E and F is 213.50 m. If a 100-m


tape that is 0.025 m too long is used to measure EF, what is the
measured distance?
Example: Tape error

The sides of a square lot having an area of 2.25 hectares were


measured using a 10-m tape that was 0.04 m too short. Compute the
error in the area.
Example: Tape error

A route survey was conducted for a proposed road which is designed


to be 1,500 m long. In between these points, 20m markings were
established as stations. The stations were laid out using a 20 m tape.
At the end of the survey, you established 75 stations with a remainder
of 1.50 m. Determine the tape error.
Correction Applied for Measurement of Distances
Example: Combined errors

A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30 m


steel tape supported throughout its length under a pull of 4kg at a
mean temperature of 35˚C. Tape used is of standard length at 20˚C
under a pull of 5 kg. Cross-section area of tape is 0.03 sq.cm.,
coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116/˚C, modulus of
elasticity of tape is 2x106 kg/cm2

a. Determine the error of the tape due to change in temperature


b. Determine the error due to tension
c. Determine the corrected length of the line
Example: Combined errors

A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30 m


steel tape supported throughout its length under a pull of 4kg at a
mean temperature of 35˚C. Tape used is of standard length at 20˚C
under a pull of 5 kg. Cross-section area of tape is 0.03 sq.cm.,
coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116/˚C, modulus of
elasticity of tape is 2x106 kg/cm2

a. Determine the error of the tape due to change in temperature


b. Determine the error due to tension
c. Determine the corrected length of the line
Solution: Temperature correction

CT = K(T2 – T1) L1

CT = (0.0000116/˚C)(35˚C – 20˚C)(2395.25 m)

CT = 0.4167735 m
Correction Applied for Measurement of Distances
Example: Combined errors

A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30 m


steel tape supported throughout its length under a pull of 4kg at a
mean temperature of 35˚C. Tape used is of standard length at 20˚C
under a pull of 5 kg. Cross-section area of tape is 0.03 sq.cm.,
coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116/˚C, modulus of
elasticity of tape is 2x106 kg/cm2

a. Determine the error of the tape due to change in temperature


b. Determine the error due to tension
c. Determine the corrected length of the line
Example: Combined errors

A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30 m


steel tape supported throughout its length under a pull of 4kg at a
mean temperature of 35˚C. Tape used is of standard length at 20˚C
under a pull of 5 kg. Cross-section area of tape is 0.03 sq.cm.,
coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116/˚C, modulus of
elasticity of tape is 2x106 kg/cm2

a. Determine the error of the tape due to change in temperature


b. Determine the error due to tension
c. Determine the corrected length of the line
Solution: Pull Correction

CP = [(P2 – P1) L1] / AE

CP = [(4 kg – 5 kg)(2395.25 m)] / (0.03 cm2)(2x106 kg/cm2)

CP = -0.039920833 m
Example: Combined errors

A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30 m


steel tape supported throughout its length under a pull of 4kg at a
mean temperature of 35˚C. Tape used is of standard length at 20˚C
under a pull of 5 kg. Cross-section area of tape is 0.03 sq.cm.,
coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116/˚C, modulus of
elasticity of tape is 2x106 kg/cm2

a. Determine the error of the tape due to change in temperature


b. Determine the error due to tension
c. Determine the corrected length of the line
Solution

Corrected Length:

L = 2395.25 m + 0.4167735 m - 0.039920833 m

L = 2395.62685266667 m
Correction Applied for Measurement of Distances
Correction Applied for Measurement of Distances
Correction Applied for Measurement of Distances
Example: A baseline measures 25km Solution:
at elevation 520m. If the average Baseline measure = 25,000 m
Elev = 520 m
radius of curvature is 6,400 km,
Curvature = 6,400,000 m
compute the sea level distance.
′
ℎ
𝐵 =𝐵 1−
𝑅

′
520
𝐵 = 25,000 1 −
6,400,000

B’ = 24,997.96875 m
Correction Applied for Measurement of Distances
Example: Combined errors
A line is recorded as 472.90 m long.

It is measured with a 0.65 kg tape which is 30.005 m long at 20˚C. under a 50N pull
supported at both ends.

During measurement, the temperature is 5°C and the tape is suspended under a 75N pull.

The line is measured on 3% grade.

E = 200 Gpa, cross-sectional area of the tape is 3 sq.mm and the coefficient of linear
expansion is 0.0000116 m/°C
Example: Combined errors

a. Compute the actual length of the tape during measurement

b. Compute the total error to be corrected for the inclined distance

c. What is the true horizontal distance?


Solution

Get the correction due to temperature

𝐶𝑇 = 𝑘 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝐿

𝐶𝑇 = 0.0000116/°C 5°C − 20°C 30.005 𝑚

𝐶𝑇 = −0.00522 m
Solution

Get the correction due to pull

𝑃𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸

(75𝑁 − 50𝑁)(30.005𝐿)
𝐶𝑃 = , *NOTE: Mpa = N/mm2
(3 𝑠𝑞.𝑚𝑚)(200,000 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2)

𝐶𝑃 = 0.00125 𝑚
Solution

Get the correction due to sag

𝑤 2 (𝐿3)
𝐶𝑆 =
24𝑃2

9.81𝑚
𝑁 0.65𝑘𝑔∗
𝑠2
𝑤 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 0.21255𝑁/𝑚
𝑚 30𝑚

(0.21255)2 (303)
𝐶𝑆 = = -0.00904 m
24(75)2
Solution

Total Corrections = Ct + Cp - Cs
= -0.00522 + 0.00125 – 0.00904 = -0.01301

Actual length of tape: 30.005 – 0.01301 = 29.99199 m


Actual error: 30m – 29.99199 = 0.00801 m

Total error = 472.90 m (0.00801m)/30 = 0.126 m


Corrected inclined distance = 472.90 m – 0.126 m = 472.774 m
Example: Combined errors

a. Compute the actual length of the tape during measurement

b. Compute the total error to be corrected for the inclined distance

c. What is the true horizontal distance?


Solution

α = 𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛 (3%) = 1.718….degrees

Sin(1.718….) = h/472.7737

h = 472.7737*sin(1.718…)

h = 14.1738m

14.17382
𝐶𝑆 = − , 𝐶𝑠 = −0.2124659 … … m
2 472.7737
Example: Combined errors

a. Compute the actual length of the tape during measurement

b. Compute the total error to be corrected for the inclined distance

c. What is the true horizontal distance?


Solution

H = 472.7737 – 0.2124659 …..

H = 472.5612341 m
Homework

A 50-m tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0042 m too


long than the standard length at an observed temperature of 58˚C
and a pull of 15 kilos. The same tape was used to measure a certain
distance and was recorded to be 673.92 m long at an observed
temperature of 68˚C and a pull of 15 kilos. Coefficient of linear
expansion is 0.0000116/˚C.

a. Determine the standard temperature


b. Determine the total correction
c. Determine the true length of the line
- End -
Thank You

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