1. (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.

(2)

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(b) Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room
temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container
gradually decreases.

(i) After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room
temperature. Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased. (2)

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(ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep.
Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer. (2)

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2. (a) State what happens to the molecules of a gas in a sealed container when the
temperature of the gas is increased. (1)

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(b) A quantity of gas is contained in a sealed container of fixed volume. The temperature of
the gas is increased.

State, in terms of molecules, two reasons why the pressure of the gas increases. (1)

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(c) Following figure shows the heater at the bottom of the water in the boiler.

state and explain in terms of particles what happens to the density of the steel as its
temperature increases. (2)

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3. (a) (i) A ray of light passes through a length of curved optical fiber. Draw a diagram
showing the fiber and the path of the ray of light. (1)

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(ii) Describe one use of optical fibers in medicine. Draw diagram. (1)

(b) Draw a straight line from each wave on the left to the most appropriate speed. (1)

(c) The refractive index of a block of glass is 1.5. Use your value for the speed of light from
(b) to calculate the speed of light in this block. (2)

speed = .................................................................

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4. One side of a copper sheet is highly polished and the other side is painted matt black. The
copper sheet is very hot and placed in a vertical position, as shown as in Fig.

A student places her hands at equal distances from the sheet, as shown in Fig

(a) Explain

(i) why her hands are not heated by convection (1)

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(ii) why her hands are not heated by conduction. (1)

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(b) State and explain which hand gets hotter. (2)

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(c) It is suggested that one side of the copper sheet cools to a lower temperature than the
other side. Explain why this does not happen. (2)

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5. Following Fig shows two identical metal cans, open at the top, used in an experiment on
thermal energy. The outside of can A is polished and the outside of can B is painted black.

(a) The cans are heated to the same temperature. Predict and explain the relative rates of
loss of thermal energy by infra-red radiation from the two cans. (2)

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(b) A student is provided with the two cans, a supply of hot water and two thermometers.
Describe the experiment he should carry out to test your answer to (a) (2)

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(c) The two cans are now filled with cold water and placed equal distances from a strong
source of infra-red radiation. State and explain which can of water heats up more quickly.
(2)

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6. (a) State the electrical quantity that has the same value for each of two resistors
connected to a battery (1)

(i) when they are in series, ............................................................................................

(ii) when they are in parallel. ..........................................................................................

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(b) following Fig shows a circuit with a 1.2 kΩ resistor and a thermistor in series. There is
no current in the voltmeter.

Calculate the voltmeter reading when the resistance of the thermistor is 3.6 kΩ.
(2)

voltmeter reading = .................................................

(c) Following Fig shows a fire-alarm circuit. The circuit is designed to close switch S and
ring bell B if there is a fire.

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Explain the operation of the circuit. (2)

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7. The same quantity of thermal energy is supplied to two solid objects X and Y. The
temperature increase of object X is greater than the temperature increase of object Y. Which
statement explains this? (1)

A X has a lower melting point than Y.

B X has a lower density than Y.

C X has a lower thermal capacity than Y.

D X is a better thermal conductor than Y.

8. Which statement describes what happens as ice at 0°C starts to melt to become water?
(1)

A Energy is absorbed and the temperature remains constant.

B Energy is absorbed and the temperature rises.

C Energy is released and the temperature remains constant.

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 D Energy is released and the temperature rises.

9. An engineer wants to fix a steel washer on to a steel rod. The rod is just too big to fit into
the hole of the washer. (1)

How can the engineer fit the washer on to the rod?

A Cool the washer and then place it over the rod.

B Cool the washer and rod to the same temperature and then push them together.

C Heat the rod and then place it in the hole in the washer.

D Heat the washer and then place it over the rod.

10. following figure shows the plan of a bedroom and part of the main room of a house.
Other rooms are not shown.

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The temperature of the main room, the bedroom and the outside of the house are shown on
above fig. following chart shows all the thermal energy (heat) inputs to the bedroom in one
hour.

Thermal energy input to bedroom

Through door and walls from main room 50000 J
Through walls from outside of house 2000000 J
Through window 1000000 J
From person sleeping in bedroom 250000 J

(a) suggest why more thermal energy enters the bedroom from the outside of the house
than from the main room. (1)

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(b) An air conditioner keeps the temperature constant in the bedroom by removing thermal
energy. (1)

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(i) Calculate the total thermal energy that the air conditioner removes from the bedroom in
one hour. (2)

(ii) the electrical power input to the air conditioner is 300W. Calculate the electrical energy
input into the air conditioner in one hour. (2)

(c) the air conditioner cools the air at the top of the room. This causes a convection current
in the room. Explain how the cold air gives rise to the convection current. (2)

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11. In 1971, astronaut Alan Shepard hit a golf ball on the surface of the Moon.

(a) The golf ball had a mass of 50 g and he transferred 56 J of energy to it.

(i) Calculate the initial velocity of the ball. (2)

initial velocity = .............................................................. m/s

(b) At its highest point the ball had gained 12 J of gravitational potential energy.
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(i) State the kinetic energy of the ball at its highest point. (1)

kinetic energy = ..............................................................J

(ii) Calculate the maximum height that the ball reached. (2)

(Gravitational field strength on the Moon, g = 1.6 N/kg)

maximum height = ..............................................................m

(c) Suggest why the ball travelled further on the Moon than it would have done on Earth.
(2)
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12. A student investigates the efficiency of an electric motor

She uses the motor to lift a mass. The table shows her measurements

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(a) Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the motor during this time. (2)

energy supplied = ................................................. J

(b) (i) Calculate the work done on the mass. (2)

work done = ................................................. J

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(ii) State the useful energy transferred to the mass. (1)
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(c) (i) Calculate the efficiency of the motor. (2)

efficiency = .................................................

13. The photograph shows a solar-powered battery charger connected to a mobile phone.

When the battery charger is used, it transfers light energy from the Sun to the battery of the
mobile phone.

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(a) Complete the energy transfer diagram. (2)

(b) It takes 3.5 hours to recharge the battery fully. The average current supplied by the
charger is 400 mA.

(i) Calculate the amount of charge needed to recharge the battery fully, and give the unit.(3)

charge = ....................................... unit .......................................

(c) If the charger is moved into the shade, the output power decreases. The voltage across
the charger stays the same. Explain how moving the charger into the shade affects the time
needed to recharge the battery fully. (2)
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14. The photograph shows an extension cable on a reel.

There is a warning label on the reel.

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(a) (i) Complete the table by inserting the missing value. (1)

(b) The extension cable is fitted with a 13 A fuse.

(i) Describe how the fuse protects the cable. (3)

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(ii) Explain why a 5 A fuse is not suitable for this extension cable. (2)
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(iii) Suggest why the maximum recommended current is lower when the cable is coiled up.
(1)
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15. (a) The photograph shows a machine at a coal mine.

The machine lifts up containers of coal from the mine and lowers empty containers down.
The machine uses an electric motor connected to a 600V d.c. supply. The maximum current
in the motor is 4000A.

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(i) Calculate the maximum power available from the motor. (2)

maximum power = ......................................... MW

(b) The machine lifts a load weighing 400 000N through 190m. Calculate the work done on
the load. (2)

work done on load = ......................................... J

(c) The machine uses an average (mean) power of 1.9MW to do 67MJ of work.

(i) Calculate the time needed to do this work. (3)

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 time = ......................................... s

(ii) State the effect of using a lower average power to do this work. (1)
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16. A student is given an unknown electrical component, X. He uses a circuit to investigate

how the current in X varies with the voltage across it.

Which of these circuits is correct for his investigation? (1)

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17. Supermarkets use conveyer belts to move shopping at the till. The diagram shows a
carton of milk being pulled along by a horizontal conveyer belt

The horizontal force on the carton from the belt is 1.7 N. The carton moves a distance of
0.46 m.

(a) (i) Calculate the work done moving the carton. (2)

Work done = ..................................... J

(ii) State how much energy is transferred to the carton. (1)

Energy transferred = ..................................... J

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(b) The belt stops suddenly and the carton falls over.

(i) How does this affect the kinetic energy of the carton? (1)
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(ii) Why does falling over reduce the gravitational potential energy of the carton? (1)
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18. (a) Following fig shows a ray of light incident on the surface of a glass block.

On Fig accurately draw the reflected ray. (1)

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(b) Following fig shows a ray of light incident on a glass prism.

Put one tick only in each line of the table to indicate which of the angles labelled in Fig are
the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. (1)

(c) The refractive index of water is 1.33. A ray of light passes from water into air. The angle
of incidence at the water-air interface is 30 °. Calculate the angle of refraction. (2)

angle of refraction = ........................................................

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(d) Following fig shows rays of violet and red-light incident on a prism. The dashed line
shows the path taken by the ray of violet light in the prism.

On above Fig, draw and label the path that the ray of red light takes in the prism. A
calculation is not required. (1)

19. (a) Following fig represents an object O placed in front of a converging lens.

(i) State a full description of the image

I. ......................................................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Using the letters on Fig, identify the focal length of the
lens. ...................................................................................................................................................................................
... [1]

(iii) On above Fig draw an eye suitably placed to view the image I. [1]

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(b) Following fig shows an object O placed to the left of a converging lens. A principal focus
of the lens is at the position marked F.

(i) On above Fig, draw two rays to locate the image of object O. Draw the image. (1)

(ii) On above Fig, draw one other ray from the upper tip of O to the image. (1)

20. In an optics lesson, a Physics student traces the paths of three rays of light near the
boundary between medium A and air. The student uses a protractor to measure the various
angles. Following fig illustrates the three measurements

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(a) State which is the optically denser medium, A or air, and how you can tell this. (1)

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(b) State in which medium the light travels the faster, and how you know this. (1)

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(c) State the critical angle of medium A………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………(1)

(d) State the full name for what is happening to ray

3. ........................................................................................................................................................................................
[1]

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