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Transgenic Animals

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22 views17 pages

Transgenic Animals

Project

Uploaded by

lvarshaa4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TRANSGENIC

ANIMALS
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PROTOCOL

FIRST TRANSGENIC ANIMAL

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC
ANIMALS

DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC
ANIMALS

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Transgenesis is the process of introducing a gene from
one species into the genome of another species. This is
done using genetic engineering techniques, such as
microinjection or electroporation, to insert the desired
gene into the host organism's DNA.

The goal of transgenesis is to introduce new traits or

characteristics into an organism, such as:

 Resistance to pests or diseases


 Improved nutritional content
 Increased tolerance to environmental stresses
 Enhanced growth rates or yields

Transgenesis is commonly used in:

Agriculture To develop genetically modified crops (GM


crops) with desirable traits.

Biotechnology To produce therapeutic proteins, such as

insulin, in transgenic animals or plants.


Research To study gene function, regulation, and

expression in various organisms.

PROTOCOL

The preparation of transgenic organisms involves several


steps:
Step 1: Gene Selection and Cloning
The first step is to select the gene to be introduced into
the host organism. This gene is then cloned into a
plasmid or viral vector.

Step 2: Vector Preparation


The plasmid or viral vector is prepared to carry the cloned
gene into the host organism.
Step 3: Cell Preparation
The cells of the host organism are prepared for
transformation. This may involve isolating specific cells,
such as stem cells or embryonic cells.

Step 4: Transformation
The prepared cells are then transformed with the vector
carrying the cloned gene. This can be done using various
methods, such as:
Microinjection: injecting the vector directly into the cell
nucleus.
Electroporation: using electrical pulses to introduce the
vector into the cell.

Step 5: Selection and Screening


The transformed cells are then selected and screened for
the presence of the introduced gene. This can be done
using various techniques, such as PCR, Southern blotting,
or Western blotting.

Step 6: Breeding and Selection


The selected cells are then bred to produce transgenic
organisms. The offspring are screened for the presence of
the introduced gene and selected for further breeding.
Step 7: Verification and Characterization
The transgenic organisms are then verified and
characterized to ensure that the introduced gene is
expressed correctly and that the organism exhibits the
desired traits.

FIRST TRANSGENIC ANIMAL


The first transgenic animal was a mouse, created in 1980
by a team of scientists led by Dr. Frank Ruddle and Dr.
Mario Capecchi at Harvard University and the University
of Utah, respectively.

Transgenic mice
Name The transgenic mouse was not given a specific
name, but it marked the beginning of a new era in
genetic engineering.
Gene Introduced The team introduced a gene from the
herpes simplex virus (HSV) into the mouse genome.
Method The gene was introduced using a technique
called microinjection, where the gene was injected
directly into the pro nucleus of a fertilized mouse egg.
Success The transgenic mouse was born on April 12,
1980, and it successfully expressed the introduced gene.
Impact The creation of the first transgenic animal
marked a significant milestone in genetic engineering and
paved the way for further research in gene therapy,
genetic modification, and biotechnology.

Significance

Proof of Concept The creation of the first transgenic


animal demonstrated the feasibility of genetic
engineering in mammals.
Gene Expression The successful expression of the
introduced gene in the mouse showed that genes from
one species could be expressed in another species.
Therapeutic Applications The development of transgenic
animals opened up new possibilities for gene therapy and
the treatment of genetic diseases.
Agricultural Applications Transgenic animals also have
potential applications in agriculture, such as improving
livestock breeds and developing disease-resistant
animals.

LIST OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

Here's a list of some notable transgenic animals:


Mammals
Transgenic mice Used extensively in research, particularly
in genetics, immunology, and cancer studies.
Transgenic rats Used in research, especially in
neuroscience and behavioural studies.
Transgenic rabbits Used in research, particularly in
cardiovascular and cancer studies.
Transgenic pigs Used in research, especially in
xenotransplantation and regenerative medicine.
Transgenic sheep Used in research, particularly in
genetics and biotechnology.
Transgenic goats Used in research, especially in
biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications.
Transgenic cattle Used in research, particularly in
genetics and biotechnology.

Fish and Aquatic Animals


Transgenic salmon Engineered to grow faster and more
efficiently.
Transgenic tilapia Engineered to resist disease and
improve growth rates.

Insects
Transgenic mosquitoes Engineered to resist disease
transmission, such as malaria and Zika virus.
Transgenic fruit flies Used in research, particularly in
genetics and developmental biology.

Other Animals
Transgenic frogs Used in research, particularly in
developmental biology and neurology.
Transgenic chickens Engineered to produce therapeutic
proteins in their eggs.

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

Transgenic animals offer several advantages in various


fields, including:
Biomedical Research

Disease modelling Transgenic animals can mimic human


diseases, allowing researchers to study disease
progression and test new treatments.
Gene function studies Transgenic animals can help
researchers understand the function of specific genes and
their role in various biological processes.
Drug development Transgenic animals can be used to
test the efficacy and safety of new drugs and therapies.
Agriculture

Improved livestock breeds Transgenic animals can be


engineered to have desirable traits, such as increased
growth rates, improved disease resistance, and enhanced
nutritional content.
Increased food production Transgenic animals can help
meet the increasing demand for food, particularly in
developing countries.
Reduced environmental impact Transgenic animals can
be engineered to produce less waste, require fewer
resources, and have a reduced environmental footprint.

Environmental Conservation

Conservation of endangered species Transgenic animals


can be used to introduce desirable traits into endangered
species, helping to increase their populations and reduce
the risk of extinction. Bioremediation Transgenic animals
can be engineered to clean up environmental pollutants,
such as heavy metals and pesticides.
Economic Benefits

Increased efficiency Transgenic animals can help reduce


production costs and increase efficiency in various
industries, such as agriculture and biotechnology.
New business opportunities Transgenic animals can
create new business opportunities, such as the
development of new products and services.
Job creation Transgenic animals can help create new jobs
in various industries, such as research and development,
agriculture, and biotechnology.

DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS


While transgenic animals have the potential to
revolutionize various fields, there are also several
disadvantages and concerns associated with their
development and use:

Ethical Concerns

Animal welfare The process of creating transgenic


animals can be stressful and painful for the animals
involved.
Unnatural manipulation Some people argue that genetic
modification is an unnatural manipulation of living
organisms.
Respect for nature Transgenic animals can be seen as a
violation of the natural order and a disrespect for the
natural world.

Health Risks

Unintended consequences Genetic modification can have


unintended consequences, such as the introduction of
new allergens or toxins.
Gene silencing The introduced gene can silence or
disrupt the function of other genes, leading to unforeseen
health problems.
Cancer risk Some studies have suggested that
transgenic animals may be more prone to cancer.

Environmental Concerns

Gene flow Transgenic animals can interbreed with wild


animals, potentially introducing transgenic genes into the
wild population.
Ecological disruption Transgenic animals can disrupt the
balance of ecosystems, potentially leading to the loss of
biodiversity.
Resistance development The widespread use of
transgenic animals can lead to the development of
pesticide-resistant pests.

Regulatory Challenges
Lack of regulation The regulation of transgenic animals is
still in its infancy, and there is a lack of clear guidelines
and standards.
Public acceptance There is still a lack of public
acceptance and understanding of transgenic animals,
which can make it difficult to implement policies and
regulations.
International cooperation The development and use of
transgenic animals require international cooperation and
agreement on regulatory frameworks.

Economic Concerns

High development costs The development of transgenic


animals can be expensive, and the costs may not be
recovered.
Patent issues The patenting of transgenic animals can
lead to disputes over ownership and control.
Market acceptance There may be concerns about market
acceptance and the willingness of consumers to accept
products from transgenic animals.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, transgenic animals are a powerful tool for
advancing our understanding of genetics, developing new
treatments for diseases, and improving agricultural
practices. However, the development and use of
transgenic animals also raise important ethical, health,
environmental, and regulatory concerns.

Ultimately, the development and use of transgenic


animals require a careful balancing of benefits and risks,
and a commitment to responsible innovation and
regulation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com
 www.indiahealthfund.org
 www.ijpcbs.com
 www.healthline.com
 www.wikipedia.com

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