BUSINESS RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY LAB

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA

UNIVERSITY
In p a rtial fu lfilm e nt o f the req u irem en t fo r the a w a rd o f th e de g re e of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Batch 2022-25

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. MADHU ARORA YAMIKA ANEJA
( Professor) 11715501722

pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3

1 22 ANEJA B
 NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT 61,
TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI
CERTIFICATE

T his is to c ertify th at th e p ra c tic a l titled “ B U SIN E

S S RE SE A RC H M ET H O D O LO G Y - LA B ” su b m itted B
Y Y A M IK A A N E J A T O N E W D E LH I IN ST IT U TE O F M
A N A G EM E N T, G U RU G O B IN D SIN G H fo r
IN D R A P R A ST H A U N IV E RS IT Y in p a rtial fu lfilm en t
o f req uirem ent
th e a w ard of th e B A C H E LO R O F B U SIN ES S A D M IN IS TR
A TIO N d eg ree
is a n orig in a l p iec e o f w o rk c a rried ou t un d er m y g
uid an c e a n d m a y b e su bm itted fo r eva lua tion .

T he a ssistan c e ren d ered d u ring th e stu dy h a s b een du

ly
a c kno w led ged . N o pa rt o f th is w ork h a s b een su bm
itted for a n y o th er d egree.

pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3

2 22 ANEJA B
P lace: N ew Delhi Faculty G uid e:
Date: Dr. M ad hu A
rora

pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3

3 22 ANEJA B
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A ny ac c o m plish m en t requ ires th e effort o f m a n y p

eo p le a n d this w ork is n o t d ifferen t. R ega rd less o f th
e sou rc e , I w ish to express m y
g ratitu d e to th o se w h o m ay h a ve co even
ntrib uted to th is w o rk , th ou g h a n on ym o u
sly.

I w o u ld like to p ay my sin c ere th a nks to my

R esearc h M eth od olo gy-La b fa cu lty D r. M ad h u A ro ra , u
n d er th e ir g uid an c e I w as a ble to c o m plete m y P ra c
tic a l su c c essfu lly. I h a ve b een fo rtu na te en ou g h to
g et a ll h er sup p ort, en c o ura g em en t a n d g u id a n ce n
eed ed to exp lo re , thin k o f n ew a n d in itia te.

M y fin a l th an k go es to m yself, who w

a s a lw a ys en c o urag ed to
p ersev ere th ro ug h th is p ro cess.
pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3
4 22 ANEJA B
Y A M IK A A N E JA

pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3

5 22 ANEJA B
 S.NO. CONTENTS SIGNATURE
Chapter- Introduction to
1 SPSS
1. Introduction to
1 SPSS
1. About SPSS
2
1. Function of SPSS
3
1. Advantages of
4 SPSS
1. Disadvantages of
5 SPSS
Chapter Layout of SPSS
-2
2. Layout of SPSS
1
2. Components of
2 SPSS
2. Variable veiw
3
2. Data veiw
4
2. Histogram
5
Chapter Entering Data to
-3 SPSS
3. Research
1 Hypothesis
3. Opening File in
2 SPSS
3. Steps to Enter
3 Data in
SPSS
Chapter SPSS Lab
pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3
6 22 ANEJA B
 -4 Exercises
4. Split File
1
4. Descriptive:
2 Sum, Average,
Standard
Deviation
4. Descriptive
3
4. Multiple
4 Responses
4. Cross Tab
5
4. Chi Square
6
4. T Test: One
7 Sample T-
Test
4.8 T Test:
Independent
T-Test

pg. 117155017 YAMIKA 3

7 22 ANEJA B
 4.9 T Test: Paired T-
Test
4.1 One Way ANOVA
0
4.11 Post hoc Test
4.12 Repeated
Measure
ANOVA
4.13 Correlation
4.14 Regression

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 C H A P TE R -1
IN T R O D U C
T IO N T O S P S
S

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 INTRODUCTION

SPSS, which stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, is a
powerful software tool used for statistical analysis in various fields.
Originally developed by Stanford University students in 1968, it has since
become one of the most widely used statistical software packages for
researchers, analysts, and social scientists.

Purpose of SPSS: SPSS is designed to help researchers and analysts analyze

and
interpret complex data sets. It provides a user-friendly interface that
allows users to perform a wide range of statistical analyses, from basic
descriptive statistics to
advanced techniques such as regression analysis, factor analysis, and
more. SPSS
is particularly popular in the social sciences, but it is also used in fields
such as healthcare, marketing, finance, and education.

SPSS is a versatile and user-friendly tool that empowers researchers and

analysts to conduct statistical analyses efficiently. Its widespread use in
academia, industry, and various research fields attests to its importance
in data analysis and
decision-making processes. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced
statistician, SPSS offers a range of tools to meet your data analysis
needs.

SPSS Statistics places constraints on internal file structure, data types,

data processing, and matching files, which together considerably simplify
programming. SPSS datasets have a two-dimensional table structure, where
the rows typically represent cases (such as individuals or households) and
the columns represent
measurements (such as age, sex, or household income). Only two data
types are
defined: numeric and text (or "string"). All data processing occurs
sequentially case-by-case through the file (dataset). Files can be
matched one-to-one and one-to-many, but not many-to-many. In
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
addition to that cases-by-variables structure and processing, there is
a separate Matrix session where one can process data as matrices
using matrix and linear algebra operations.

SPSS is mainly used in the following areas like healthcare, marketing, and
educational research, market researchers, health researchers, survey
companies,

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

education research, government, marketing organizations, data miners,
and many others.

It provides data analysis for descriptive statistics, numeral outcome

predictions,
and identifying groups. This software also gives data transformation,
graphing, and
direct marketing features to manage data smoothly.

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pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 User-Friendly Interface:
● SPSS is known for its intuitive and user-friendly interface, making it
accessible to users with varying levels of statistical expertise.
● Menu-driven commands and dialog boxes simplify the process of
data entry, analysis, and result interpretation.
 Data Management:
● Efficient tools for data entry, import, and cleaning, allowing users to
handle large datasets with ease.
● Options for recoding variables, handling missing data, and
transforming variables.
 Statistical Analysis:
● Comprehensive set of statistical procedures for both basic and
advanced analyses.
● Covers descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis,
regression, factor analysis, and non-parametric tests.
 Data Visualization:
● Graphical representation tools for creating a variety of charts and
plots, such as histograms, scatterplots, and pie charts.
● Interactive charts that facilitate data exploration and visualization.
 Output and Reporting:
● Generates clear and detailed output reports that include statistical
tables, charts, and summary statistics.
● Output can be easily exported to other formats (e.g., Excel, PDF)
for use in reports and presentations.
 Syntax Language:
● Advanced users can leverage the SPSS syntax language, a
command-driven programming language, to automate analyses and
ensure reproducibility.
● Syntax provides a way to replicate complex analyses and perform
batch processing.
 Advanced Statistical Techniques:
● Supports advanced statistical techniques such as cluster analysis,
discriminant analysis, and structural equation modeling.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ● Time-series analysis and survival analysis tools for specialized
research applications.
 Survey Research Support:
● Sp e cialize d fe atu re s fo r surve y d ata a nalysis, in clud ing the ab
ility to a nalyze co m p le x sam p le surv ey d ata an d c alc ula te su
rve y w e ig hts.

 Data Security and Access Control:

● Allows users to set permissions and access controls to protect sensitive
data.
● Encryption features and secure data handling options.

There are two SPSS types:

1. Variable View

2. Data View

Variable View
● Name: It is a column field that accepts a unique ID that helps in sorting the
data.

Some of the parameters for sorting data are name, gender, sex, educational

qualification, designation, etc.

● Label: It gives the label and allows you to add special characters.

● Type: It is useful to differentiate the type of data that is being used.

● Width: The length of the characters can be measured here.

● Decimal: It helps us understand how to define the digits required after the
decimal

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ● Value: The user enters the value here.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ● Missing: Data that is unnecessary for analysis will be ignored.

● Align: As the name suggests, it is for alignment-left or right.

● Measure: It measures the data that is being entered in the tools, such as

cardinal, ordinal, and nominal.

Data View
The data view is displayed as rows and columns. You can import a file or add data
manually.

1. Accessing Data View:

● When you open a dataset or create a new one in SPSS, you will typically

start in the Data View.

● You can switch between Data View and Variable View using the tabs at

the bottom of the SPSS window.

2. Data Entry:

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ● Data View is where you input and view your actual data. Each row

represents a case or observation (e.g., a participant, a country, etc.), and

each column represents a variable.

● You can directly enter data into cells, similar to working in a spreadsheet.

3. Variable Columns:

● Each column in Data View represents a variable. The top row often

contains variable names.

● You can scroll horizontally to view additional variables if there are more

than can fit on the screen.

4. Numeric and String Data:

● Numeric variables contain numerical data (e.g., age, income), and string

variables contain text data (e.g., names, labels).

● Depending on the variable type, SPSS will enforce appropriate data entry
rules.

5. Missing Values:

● You can designate missing values in the cells. SPSS provides codes for

different types of missing data, such as system-missing, user-missing, or

defined missing values.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

6. Sorting and Filtering:

● You can sort the data by one or more variables to arrange it in a specific
order.

● Filters can be applied to view only a subset of cases based on specified

conditions.

7. Data Cleaning:

● Data View is often used for initial data cleaning tasks, such as

identifying and correcting errors, dealing with missing data, and

recoding variables.

8. Cell and Value Labels:

● You can assign labels to variables and values, providing additional

information about the data for documentation and interpretation.

9. Toolbar Operations:

● The toolbar at the top of the Data View provides various operations, such

as saving data, printing, and navigating through cases.

10. Row Numbers:

● The leftmost column displays row numbers, helping you keep track of the

order of cases.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ●

SPSS has its own data file format. Other file formats it easily deals with
include MS Excel, plaintext files, SQL, Stata and SAS.
Web analytics data -often downloaded as Excel files- can easily be opened and
further analysedin SPSS.

In real world research, raw data usually need some editing before they can be
properly analysed.Typical examples are creating means or sums as new
variables, restructuring data ordetecting and removing unlikely observations.
SPSS performs such tasks -and more complex

ones with amazing efficiency. For getting things done fast, SPSS
contains manynumericfunctions, string functions, date functions and
other handy routines.

All basic tables and charts can be created easily and fast in SPSS. Typical
examples
are demonstrated under Data Analysis. A real weakness of SPSS is that its
charts tend to be uglyand often have a clumsy layout. A great way to
overcome this problem is developing and applying SPSS chart templates.
Doing so, however, requires a fair amount of effort and expertise

SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate analyses

such as Crosstab Test
Chi-square test

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 ANOVA Test
Correlations and other association measures;
Regression
Non-parametric tests
Factor analysis
Cluster analysis

Saving Data and Output

SPSS data can be saved as a variety of file formats,
including

The options for output are even more elaborate: charts are often copy-
pasted as images in png format. For tables, rich text format is often used
because it retains the tables' layout, fonts and borders Besides copy-pasting
individual output items, all output items can be exported in one gopdf,
HTML, MS Word and many other file formats.

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FUNCTION OF SPSS

1. Data Entry and Management:

● SPSS allows users to enter and manage data in a tabular format.
● It supports various data types, including numeric, string, and date
formats.

2. Descriptive Statistics:
● SPSS can generate descriptive statistics such as mean, median, mode,
standard deviation, and range.
● Frequency distributions and cross-tabulations can be easily computed.

3. Graphs and Charts:

● SPSS provides a variety of options for creating graphs and charts,
including bar charts, histograms, scatterplots, and more.
● These visualizations help in exploring and presenting data patterns.

4. Inferential Statistics:
● SPSS supports a wide range of inferential statistical tests, including t-
tests, ANOVA, regression analysis, chi-square tests, and more.
● Users can perform hypothesis testing and assess relationships between
variables.

5. Data Transformation:
● SPSS allows users to create new variables, recode existing ones, and
transform data using various mathematical and logical operations.

6. Data Cleaning and Handling Missing Values:

● SPSS provides tools for data cleaning, handling missing values, and
identifying outliers in the dataset.

7. Data Visualization:
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 ● In addition to basic charts, SPSS offers advanced data visualization
options, including 3D charts and interactive graphs.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

8. Report Generation:
● SPSS allows users to generate customizable reports summarizing analysis
results.
● Output can be exported in various formats for further presentation or
publication.

9. Database Integration:
● SPSS can connect to various sources, including databases,
spreadsheets, and other data files, facilitating data import and
export.

10. Syntax Programming:

● Advanced users can use data the SPSS syntax language to automate and
replicate analyses.
● Syntax scripting allows for greater control and reproducibility of
analyses.

11. Advanced Statistical Techniques:

● SPSS supports advanced statistical techniques such as factor
analysis, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM).

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

ADVANTAGES OF USING SPSS

Th e statistic al a nalysis to o l m ake s it p o ssib le to im p o rt and e xp o rt d ata

files fro m o th er

p ro g ra m s. S o m e o f its da ta ha nd ling p ro c ed u res are e xc ellent, as its ab

ility to m e rg e file s, n o m atte r w hethe r itis the sam e sub je c ts an d d iffere nt

va riab le s o r d iffe re nt sub je cts and the

sam e va riab le s, is ex ce lle nt.

In S P SS , u sers are no t fo rc ed to w o rk w ith syntax , e ve n tho u gh syntax

file s can b e save d and m od ified as ne ed e d . W he n the re are sa ve d syntax

file s, it he lp s im m en sely w ith

d o cu m e nta tio n and also g ive s a n id e a o f ho w the ne w va riab le s w e

re c alcu la ted an d ho w va lu es tha t w ere m issing w e re ha nd le d .

It o ffers re liab le an d fast an sw e rs

It ’ s d ynam ic and has use fu l tab le s an d g ra p hs

S in ce it o ffe rs a w id e varie ty o f la ng ua ge s, a lo t o f p eo p le c an ac ce
ss

E ffec tive d ata m ana g em en t

Do e sn’ t re q uire a lo t o f e ffo rt to start u sin g th e so ftw a re

U se ful fo r bo th q u antita tive and q ualitativ e da ta

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 T he c hanc e s o f e rro rs a re litt le w ith SP S S

O ne o f the e asiest statistica l to o ls to ana lyze d a ta

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 S PS S use rs can se le c t th e g rap h typ e w h ic h m atc he s the ir
d ata d istrib utio n re q uire m e nt

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

DISADVANTAGES OF USING SPSS

O ne o f the b ig g est d isad va ntag e s o f using S P SS is tha t yo u ca nno t use it

to analyze a b ig

d ata se t. The re are c ertain fie ld s w h ere the re is

a hug e tro ve o f d a ta p rese nt. In such ind ustrie s,

using SP S Sm igh t n o t be the b est o p tio n o ut the re .

If re sea rc hers c o lle c t da ta using faulty or b iase d m e tho d s, the n the

resu lting sta tistic al an alysis w ill no t g ive th e rig h t a nsw ers. If the g a p

b e tw ee n the sa m p le and the ac tual

p o p ulatio n is ne g lig e nt, th en the re is n o issue . B u t if the d ifferen ce is b ig

, the n it w ill p ro d u ce m is le ad in g d ata.

W he n re sea rch ers d o no t m e asure the e xa ct thing tha t they w an t to m ea

sure , the n the S P SS an alysisw ill no t fail.

O ne m o re issue w ith usin g a statistic al an alysis to ol suc h as S P SS is that it

end s up g iving you

sim p lea nsw ers fo r co m p le x issue s.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 CHAPTE
R -2 LA Y O
UTOFSP
SS

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

LAYOUT OF SPSS

The Data Editor window has two views that can be

selected from the lower left hand side of the screen.
Data View is where you see the data you are using.
Variable View is where you can specify the format of
your data when you are creating a file or where you can
check the format of a pre-existing file. The data in the
Data Editor is saved in a file with the extension .sav.

The other most commonly used SPSS window is the

SPSS Viewer
window which displays the output from any analyses that
have been run
and any error messages. Information from the Output
Viewer is saved in
a file with the extension .spo. Let’ s open an output file
and look at it.
Menu bar Icons Start-up dialog box aOn the File menu,
click Open and select Output. Select appendixoutput.spo
from the files that can be found at
http://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/fundamentals7/SPSSManu
al/SPSSLong erManual/Data ForSPSS/. (At the moment
this set of web pages is the most recent version
whichever of my books you are using.) Click Ok. The
following will appear. The left hand side is an outline of
all of the output in the file. The right side is the actual
output. To shrink or enlarge either side put your cursor
on the line that divides them. When the double headed
arrow appears, hold the left mouse button and move the
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 line in either direction. Release the button and the size
will be adjusted.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

COMPONENTS OF SPSS
Step I: Open SPSS and go to the file explorer, select the saved EXCEL file whichconsists manipulated research
responses of Google form.

Step II: O nc e afte r tra nsferring the d ata, the d ata w ill b e c
lassifie d into tw o typ e s-Da ta view & V a ria b le v ie w by the
SP S S.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 VARIABLE VIEW

DATA VIEW

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

GRAPHS
● Histogram

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
pg. 29 11715501722 YAMIKA ANEJA 3B
pg. 30 11715501722 YAMIKA ANEJA 3B
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 CHAPTER-3
ENTERING
DATA TO SPSS

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
Research Hypothesis

S tep I: F irstly, yo u are re q uire d to g iv e a rele van t & suitab le to p ic to

yo ur re se arc htha t d e term ine s It’ s pu rp o se.

UNDERSTANDING
PURCHASING PATTERN
OFPURFUMES OF
DIFFERENT AGEGROUP.

S tep II: P o int o u t so m e sp e c ific o b je ctiv es o f yo ur re se arc h.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

S tep III: C re ate a hypo the sis eith er H 0 ( N u ll) O R H 1 ( A lte rn ate ) b ase d
u po n th e O b je ctive s & se le c tive cho ic e o f yo ur assum p tio n.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

Questionnaire
construction(using
Google form)

▶Step 1. Open google form

▶Step 2. Create a questionnaire

▶ Step 3. Edit the Form

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
▶ Step 4. Design the Form

▶ Step 5. Share your form with your friends or

relatives

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ▶ Step 7. Analyze Response

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSee7Q-
kdK6oAUZHo_aTIjAdpVYPg02vHrrToD6e0CRf TkzOd_hrrrrw/viewform?

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

usp=sf_link

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ●

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 ●

It will look like this after you Apply ( IF Condition) in excel sheet.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

STEPS TO ENTER DATA IN SPS

SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences)

▶G o to th e o ffic ia l w e b site o f IBM ( w w w .ib m .c o m ) & do

w nlo ad IB M S P SS fro m anyb ro w ser.
▶A fter d o w nlo ad ing th e file, Install it in you r syste m
▶O p en the S P SS so ftw are

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 (IB M S P SS inte rfac e )

A fter d o w nlo ad in g S P SS in c o m p uter, th e E X C E L d a ta is b e in g

transfe rre d to S P SS so,it c an b ea nalyze d & ex p ress in Info -g rap h ic
s term s.

T ec hniq ue s/ Te sts to b e use d fo r

ana lysis; Freq ue nc y tab les & H

isto g ram s
C ro sstab s & c hi sq ua re
In d ep e nd e nt sam p le
T -te st O ne -w ay A N O
VA

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 CHAPTER-4
SPSS LAB
EXERCISES

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

● FREQUENCY

How much do you typically spend on one perfume/fragrance?

Valid Cumulati
Frequen Percen Percent ve
cy t Percent
1000-200 24 72.7 80.0 80.0
0
2000-300 2 6.1 6.7 86.7
0
3000-400 4 12.1 13.3 100.0
0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
System 3 9.1
Total 33 100.0

Vali Cumulati
Frequency Perce d ve
nt
18 to 28 84.8 93.3Perce Percen
93.3
24 nt t
25 to 2 6.1 6.7 100.0
30
Total 30 90.9 100.0
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 System 3 9.
1
Total 33 100.
0

pg. 47 11715501722 YAMIKA ANEJA 3B

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
levels of this variable i.e., 1: below 18 and 2: 25 to 30. The Frequency
column displays the frequency of each score (in this case, category). This
shows that out of the 30 people, 28 people are between 18 to 24 years
old, while the rest 2 people are between 25 to 30 years old. These
frequencies are converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e.,
84.8% for 1st category, 6.1% for 2nd category. Valid Percent column shows
values 93.3% for 1st category and 6.7% for 2nd category.

Where do typically
Valid Cumulati
you Frequency Perce Perce ve perfumes
nt nt Percen
purchase t
your from Valid The fragrance
shop
7 21.2 23.3 23.3

The Perfume 11 33.3 36.7 60.0

Shop
Bodyshop 1 3.0 3.3 63.3
online shop 11 33.3 36.7 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
levels of this variable i.e., 1: The fragrance shop; 2: The Perfume Shop, 3:
Bodyshop and 4:
Online shop. The Frequency column displays the frequency of each this
score (in case, category). This shows that out of the 30 people 7
people purchase from fragrance shop, 11 people purchase from from
perfume shop, 1 person purchases

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

Bodyshop and the rest 11 people purchases from online shop. These
frequencies
are converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e., 21.2% for 1st
category, 33.3% for 2nd category, 3.0% for 3rd category and 33.3% for 4th
category. Valid Percent column shows values 23.3% for 1st category,
36.7% for 2nd category, 3.3% for 3rd category and 36.7% for 4th
category.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Valid Cumulati
Frequency Percen Percen ve
t t Percent
Valid Single bottles 19 57.6 63.3 63.3
Gift sets 2 6.1 6.7 70.0
Hampers 1 3.0 3.3 73.3
Deodorants/Body 8 24.2 26.7 100.0
sprays
How do Total
Missin System
30
3
90.9
9.1
100.0 like
you g your
Total 33 100.0
purchasin scents
g

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
levels of this variable i.e., 1: single bottles; 2: gift sets, 3: hampers and
4: deodorants/body sprays. The Frequency column displays the
frequency of each score (in this case, category). This shows that out of the
30 people 7 people purchase from fragrance shop, 11 people purchase
from perfume shop, 1 person purchases from Bodyshop
and the rest 11 people purchases from online shop. These frequencies are
converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e., 21.2% for 1st

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

category, 33.3% for 2nd category, 3.0% for 3rd category and 33.3% for 4th
category. Valid Percent
column shows values 23.3% for 1st category, 36.7% for 2nd category, 3.3%
for 3rd category and 36.7% for 4th category.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

What is your gender

Valid Cumulativ
e
Frequen Percent Perce Percent
cy nt
Valid male 16 48.5 53.3 53.3
female 14 42.4 46.7 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
levels of this variable i.e., 1: male and 2: female. The Frequency column
displays the frequency of each score (in this case, category). This shows
that out of the 30 people, 16 are male and the rest 14 are females. These
frequencies are converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e.,
48.5% for 1st category, 42.4% for 2nd category. Valid Percent column
shows values 53.3% for 1st category and 46.7% for 2nd category

Which scent(s) do you like best

Valid Cumulati
Frequen Percen Percen ve
cy t t Percent
Valid Floral 6 18.2 20.0 20.0
Oriental 1 3.0 3.3 23.3
woody 2 6.1 6.7 30.0
fresh 17 51.5 56.7 86.7
others 4 12.1 13.3 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
levels of this variable i.e., 1: floral; 2: oriented, 3: woody, 4: fresh and 5:
others. The Frequency column displays the frequency of each score (in
this case, category). This shows

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

that out of the 30 people 6 people like floral, only 1 person like oriental,
2 people like woody, 17 people like fresh and the rest 4 people chose
others option. These frequencies are converted to percentages in the
Percent column i.e., 18.2% for 1st category, 3.0% for 2nd category, 6.1% for
3rd category, 51.5% for 4th category and 12.1% for 5th category. Valid
Percent column shows values 20.0% for 1st category, 3.3% for 2nd
category, 6.7% for 3rd category, 56.7%% for 4th category and 13.3% for
others.

Which type of perfume do you prefer

Freque Valid Cumulati

nc Perce Percent ve
y nt Percent
Valid Parfum 10 30.3 33.3 33.3
Eau de Parfum 4 12.1 13.3 46.7
Eau de Cologne 2 6.1 6.7 53.3
Don't know (unsure 14 42.4 46.7 100.0
of
the difference)
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
levels of this variable i.e., 1: parfum; 2: eau de parfum, 3: eau de
cologne and 4: don’ t
know.
The Frequency column displays the frequency of each score (in this case,
category). This shows that out of the 30 people 10 people prefer parfum ,
4 people prefer eau de parfum , 2 people prefer eau de cologne and the
rest 14 people
don’ t know . These frequencies are converted to percentages in the
Percent column i.e., 30.3% for 1st category, 12.1% for 2nd category,
6.1% for 3rd category
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
an 42.4% for 4th category. Valid Percent column shows values 33.3% for
d 1st
category, 13.3% for 2nd category, 6.7% for 3rd category and 46.7% for 4th
category.

How often do you use perfumes/fragrances

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Freque Valid Cumulati
nc Percen Percent ve
y t Percent
Valid often( daily) 13 39.4 43.3 43.3
Sometimes (3 to 5 times 9 27.3 30.0 73.3
a week)
Rarely 2 6.1 6.7 80.0
Only on special 4 12.1 13.3 93.3
occasions
not at all 2 6.1 6.7 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missi System 3 9.1
n
g
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four
levels of this variable i.e., 1: often(daily); 2: sometimes, 3: rarely, 4: only
on special occasions
an 5: not at all. The Frequency column displays the frequency of (in
d each score case, category). This shows that out of the 30 13
thi people use perfume
s
often(daily), 9 people use sometimes, 2 people rarely use perfume, 4
people use only on special occasions and the rest 2 people doesn’ t
uses it at all. These frequencies are converted to percentages in the
Percent column i.e., 39.4% for 1st category, 27.3% for 2nd category, 6.1%
for 3rd category, 12.1% for 4th category and 6.1% for 5th category. Valid
Percent column shows values 43.3% for 1st category,
30.0 % for 2nd category, 6.7% for 3rd category, 13.3%% for 4th category
and 6.7% for others.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 C R O S ST A B & C H I S Q U A R E
TE S T

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Tot
al
N Perce N Perce N Perce
nt nt nt
What is your gender 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
* How much do you
typically spend on
one
perfume/fragrance
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
What
is your age
What is your 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
gender * Where do
you typically
purchase your
perfumes
from
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
How
do you like
purchasing your
scents
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
Which
scent(s) do you like
best
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
Which
type of perfume
do you prefer

The Case Processing Summary tells us what proportion of the

observations had non missing values for both . In this
case,
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
there were 3 cases that had a missing value for .
What is your gender * What is your gender * How much do you
typically spend on one perfume/fragrance 2). What is your
gender * What is your
age 3). What is your gender * Where do you typically purchase
your
perfumes from 4). What is your gender * How do you like
purchasing

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

your scents 5). What is your gender * Which scent(s) do you
like best 6).
What is your gender * Which type of perfume do you prefer.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

What is your gender * How much do you typically spend on one
perfume/fragrance

Crosstab
How much do you
typically spend
on one perfume/fragrance
3000- Tot
1000-2000 2000- 4 al
3000 000
What is m Count 15 0 1 16
your a % within 93.8% 0.0% 6.3% 100.0%
gender What
l is your
e gender
% within 62.5% 0.0% 25.0% 53.3%
How much
do you
typically
spend on
one
perfume/fr
agra
nce
f Count 9 2 3 14
e % within 64.3% 14.3% 21.4% 100.0%
What
m is your
gender
a % within 37.5% 100.0% 75.0% 46.7%
l How much
e do you
typically
spend on
one
perfume/fr
agra
nce
Total Count 24 2 4 30
% within 80.0% 6.7% 13.3% 100.0%
What
is your
gender
% within 100.0% 100.0% 100.0 100.0%
How much %
do you
typically
spend on
one
perfume/fr
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 agra
nce

■ So here we can conclude that:

62.5% and rest 37.5% of male & females respectively
spend Rs 1000 to 2000 on perfume, 100% of female
2000 to 3000 Rs
whereas 25% of male and 75% of female spend 3000
to 4000

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Rs.

Chi-Square Tests
Asympto
tic
Value df Significa
nce (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi- 4.386a 2 .112
Square
Likelihood Ratio 5.202 2 .074
Linear-by-Linear 2.942 1 .086
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less
than 5. The minimum expected count is .93.

■ The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no significant

differences between groups, given by the p-value more
than 0.05 which is 0.112 therefore we can reject the
alternative hypothesis.

What is your gender * What is your age

Crosstab
What is your age
18 to 25 to Total
24 30
What is your male Count 14 2 16
gender % within What is 87.5% 12.5% 100.0%
your
gender
% within What is 50.0% 100.0% 53.3%
your
age
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 fema Count 14 0 14
le
% within What is 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
your
gender
% within What is 50.0% 0.0% 46.7%
your
age
Total Count 28 2 30

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 % within What is 93.3% 6.7% 100.0%
your
gender
% within What is 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
your
age

■ So here we can conclude that:

50% of male
Chi-Square Tests
and Asympto 50% of
tic Exact Exact
Value df Significan Sig. (2- Sig. (1-
ce sided) sided)
(2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.875a 1 .171
Continuity .404 1 .525
Correctionb
Likelihood Ratio 2.639 1 .104
Fisher's Exact Test .485 .276
Linear-by-Linear 1.813 1 .178

females are of age 18 to 24 years whereas in age

group 25 to 30 years there are only males i.e. 100%
.

2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .93.
Computed only for a 2x2 table
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no significant
differences
between groups, given by the p-value more than 0.05 which is
0.171 therefore we can accept the alternative hypothesis.

What is your gender * Where do you typically purchase your

perfumes from

CRO S STA B

Where do you typically purchase

your perfumes from
The The bod
fragran Perfu y
ce me sh onlinesh Total
shop Shop op op 16
What is your gender m Count 5 0 8
3
a % within 1 2.9 31.3 0.0%
What is l your 8 % %
gender .
0.0%
e
% within 8
45.5
Where do %
%
you
typically 4

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 50.0% 72.7% 100.0% 53 .3%
f
Count 4 6 1 3 14
e % within 28.6 42.9 7.1 21.4 100.0%
What is % % % %
m your gender

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Chi-Square
Tests Asympto
tic
Significa
nce (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.388a 3 .336
Likelihood Ratio 3.846 3 .279
Linear-by- 1.783 .182
Linear
Association 1
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than
5. The minimum expected count is .47.
a % within Where 57.1% 54.5% 100. 27.3% 46.7%
l do you 0%
e typically
purchase
Total your
perfumes from
Count 7 11 1 11 30
% within What 23.3% 36.7% 3.3 36.7% 100.0
is % %
your gender
% within Where 100.0% 100.0% 100. 100.0% 100.0
%

■ So here we can conclude that:

42.9% and 57.1% of male and female purchase perfume from
fragrance shop respectively . 45.5% and 54.5% of male and
female purchases from perfume shop respectively. Only
female purchases from bodyshop i.e. 100% whereas 72.7% of
male and 27.3% of females purchases from online shop.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no significant
differences between groups, given by the p-value more than
0.05 which is 0.336 therefore we can accept the alternative
hypothesis.

What is your gender * How do you like purchasing your scents

Crosstab
How do you like purchasing your scents
Deodorants
Singl Hamp /
e Gift er Body Total
What is your m bottl sets s spra 16
gender Count es 0 0 ys
9 7
a % within What 56.3% 0.0% 0.0% 43.8% 100.0
l is %
your gender
e % within How 47.4% 0.0% 0.0% 87.5% 53.3%
do
you like
purchasing
your
scents
f Count 10 2 1 1 14
e % within What 71.4% 14.3% 7.1% 7.1% 100.0
is %
m your gender
a % within How 52.6% 100.0% 100.0 12.5% 46.7%
Total do %
l you like
e purchasing
your
scents
Count 19 2 1 8 30
% within What 63.3% 6.7% 3.3% 26.7% 100.0
is %

■ here we can conclude that:

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 47.4% and 52.6% of males and females prefer single bottles
of perumes respectively . only females prefer gifts and
hampers of

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 purfumes i.e. 100% whereas 53.3% of males and 46.7%
females So prefer deodarants/body sprays .

Chi-Square Tests
Asympto
tic
Value d Significan
f ce
(2-
sided)
Pearson Chi- 7.452a 3 .049
Square
Likelihood Ratio 9.140 3 .027
Linear-by-Linear 2.756 1 .097
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than
5. The minimum expected count is .47.

The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are significant

differences
between groups, given by the p-value less than 0.05 which is
0.049 therefore we can reject the alternative hypothesis.

What is your gender * Which scent(s) do you like best

Crosstab
Which scent(s) do you like best
Orien fre
Flora ta wood s other Total
l l y h s
What is your mCount 0 1 2 9 4 16
gender a % within 0.0% 6.3% 12.5% 56. 25.0% 100.0
l What is your 3 %
gender %
e % within Which 0.0% 100.0 100.0 52. 100.0 53.3%
% % 9 %
scent(s) do you %
like

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 best
f Count 6 0 0 8 0 14
e % within What 42.9% 0.0% 0.0% 57. 0.0% 100.0
is 1 %
myour gender %
a % within Which 100.0 0.0% 0.0% 47. 0.0% 46.7%
% 1
l scent(s) do you %
like
e best
Total Count 6 1 2 17 4 30

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 % within What 20.0% 3.3% 6.7% 56.7 13.3% 100.0
is % %
your gender
% within Which 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0
% % % % %
scent(s) do you 0%
like
best

So here we can conclude that :

only females prefer floral perfume whereas only males
prefer oriental and woody perfumes. 52.9% and 47.1% of
males and females prefer fresh perfumes whereas only
males chose others option.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptot
ic
Value d f Significa
nce (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi- 12.983a 4 .011
Square
Likelihood Ratio 17.947 4 .001
Linear-by-Linear 6.728 1 .009
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 8 cells (80.0%) have expected count less
than 5. The minimum expected count is
.47.

The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are significant

differences between groups, given by the p-value less than 0.05
which is 0.011 therefore we can reject the alternative
hypothesis.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

What is your gender * Which type of perfume do you prefer

Crosstab
Which type of perfume do you
prefer
Eau Don't
de Eau know Tota
Parfum Parf de (unsure of l
u Colog the
m ne differenc
e)
What is your Count 5 3 1 7 16
gender a % within 31.3% 18.8% 6.3% 43.8% 100.0
What is %
l your gender
e % within 50.0% 75.0% 50.0% 50.0% 53.3%
Which type of
perfume
do you prefer
f Count 5 1 1 7 14
e % within 35.7% 7.1% 7.1% 50.0% 100.0
What is %
a your gender
% within 50.0% 25.0% 50.0% 50.0% 46.7%
l Which type of
e perfume
do you prefer
Total Count 10 4 2 14 30
% within 33.3% 13.3% 6.7% 46.7% 100.0
What is %
your gender
% within 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0% 100.0
Which type of % % % %
perfume
do you prefer

■ So here we can conclude that:

Both males as well as females prefer parfum equally i.e. 50%
each .
75% of males and 25% of females prefer eau de parfum
respectively whereas eau de cologne is preferred by both
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 men and females equally i.e. 50% each .
Chi-Square Tests
Asympto
tic
Value df Significa
nce (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .871a 3 .833
Likelihood Ratio .913 3 .822

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Linear-by- .068 .794
Linear
Association 1
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 5 cells (62.5%) have expected count less
than 5. The minimum expected count is .93.

■The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no significant differences

between groups, given by the p-value more than 0.05 which is 0.336
therefore
we can accept the alternative hypothesis.

IN DE PEN D EN T SAM PLE T-TE ST

Step I: C ho o se the “ Analyze” se ctio n at the

to p o f S P SS inte rfac e , g o to “ compare
means”
o p tio nan d sele ct Ind e pe nd e nt S am p le T-te st.

Step II:P u t all the sc ale va ria b le s o r De p e nd e nt value in “ Test Variable”

se c tio n, and d rag th eno m inal fa ctor o f rese
arch in “ grouping variable” w h ic h c o nsist o f tw o g ro
up s o nly.

Step III: p re ss O K to p ro c e ed

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Group Statistics
What is your Std. Std. Error
gender N Mean Deviati Mean
on
How often do you male 16 1.88 1.088 .272
use female 14 2.36 1.499 .401
perfumes/
fragrances

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Independent Samples Effect Sizes
95%
Standardi Point Confidence
zer Estima Interval
a
te Lower Upper
How often do Cohen's d 1.295 -.372 -1.093 .355
you use Hedges' 1.331 -.362 -1.063 .345
perfumes/fragra correction
nces Glass's delta 1.499 -.322 -1.043 .412
a. The denominator used in estimating the effect
sizes. Cohen's d uses the pooled standard
deviation.
Hedges' correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a
correction factor. Glass's delta uses the sample standard deviation
of the control group.

Independent Samples Test

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 Levene
's Test
for
Equalit
y of t-test for Equality of
Varianc Means 95%
es Confidenc
e Interval
of the
Significance Differenc
e

On Std.
e- Mean Error
Si
de Two- Differ Differ
Si e e
F Sig t d d p ded nce nce Lowe Uppe
. f p r r
How Equal 1.8 .18 -1.01 28 .15 .318 -.482 .474 -1.45 .489
6
often varian 1 3 7 9 3
ce
do s
you
use assum
e
perfu d
m
es/ Equal -.996 23.42 .16 .330 -.482 .484 -1.48 .519
frag 9
rance varian 5 3
s ce
s not
assum
e
d

An independent-samples t-test was conducted to determine

whether there

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

is a difference in usage of perfumes between males and females.
The
results indicate a not significant difference between male
(M=1.88, SD=1.088) and female (M=2.36, SD=1.499), [t(28) = -
1.017, p = o.159 >
0.05]. The 95% confidence interval of the difference between
means ranged from [-1.453 to 0.489] and it indicate a
difference between the means of the sample. Consequently, we
can accept the alternative

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

hypothesis.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 O N E-W AY A N O VA

Step I:G o to A na lyze se ctio n in S PS S , o p e n C o m p are m e an s a nd se le c t O

ne -w ay A N O V A .

Step II: P ut all th e sc ale va riab le s o r De p en de nt v alue in “

Dependent List” sec tio
n, an d d ra g the no m ina l fac to r o f rese arc h in “
Factor” se ctio n o n th e b asis o f
w hich re se arc h is to b e c o nc lu d ed .

Step III: p re ss O K to p ro c ee d

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 Oneway Annova

How often do you use perfumes/fragrances

Sum of Mean
Squares d Square F Sig.
f
Between 1.736 1 1.736 1.03 .31
Groups 5 8
Within Groups 46.964 28 1.677
Total 48.700 29

ANOVA Effect Sizesa,b

95%
Point Confidence
Estima Interval
te Lower Upper
How often do Eta-squared .036 .000 .229
you use Epsilon-squared .001 -.036 .202
perfumes/fragra Omega-squared .001 -.034 .196
nces Fixed-effect
Omega-squared .001 -.034 .196
Random-
effect
a. Eta-squared and Epsilon-squared are estimated based on the fixed-effect model.
b. Negative but less biased estimates are retained, not rounded to zero.

A one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effect of

frequency of usage of perfumes on different gender. It revealed
that there was no statistically significant difference in mean
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
exam score between at least

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

two groups (F(1, 28) = [1.035], p = 0.318).Therefore we can
accept the
alternative hypothesis.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 C O RRELA TIO N

Step I:Choose the “ Analyze” section at the top of

SP SS interface (1 ) , g o to “ Correlate”
option (2 )an dselect “ Bivariate” (3 )

Step II:
Put all the scale va riab les or Dep end en t value in “ Variables” section ( 4),
and select
“ Pearson” as Correla tion coefficient (5 ), also “ Tw o-tailed ” as Test of
significance (6 ). Th en select“ Flag sig nifica nt
correla tions” at the b ottom (7 ).

Step III: press O K to p roceed

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
REGRESSION

Lin e ar reg re ssio n is th e n ex t ste p up a fte r c orre la tion . It is u se

d w h en w e w an t to p red ic t the v alue of a variab le b a sed on the
va lu e of an othe r va riab le . T he v aria b le w e w an t to p red ic t is c a
lle d the d e p en d e nt v aria b le (or so m e t im e s, the o utcom e
va riab le ). T he variab le w e a re using to p re d ic t the oth er varia b le's
va lu e is c alled the ind e p e nd e n t variab le (o r som e tim es, th e p red ic
to r variab le ). For ex am p le, you c ou ld use lin ea r re g ression to un d
ersta nd w he th e r e xam p e rfo rm a nc e c an b e p red ic te d
b a sed on re vision t im e; w he th e r cig a re tte c on sum p t io n ca n b e
p re d icte d b a se d o n sm oking d u ra tion; a nd so forth . If you hav e
tw o or m ore ind ep e n d e nt va riab le s,
rath e r th an ju st one , you ne e d to use m ultip le reg re ssio n .

T his "q u ic k sta rt" g uid e show s you h ow to ca rry ou t line a r re g

ression u sin g SP S S
S ta tistic s, as w ell a s in te rp re t an d re p ort th e resu lts from this te
st. H ow e ve r, b efore w e introd u c e you to this p roc e d ure, you n e ed
to u nd e rsta nd th e d iffe ren t
assu m p t ion s tha t your d a ta m u st m e et in ord e r for line ar re g
ression to g iv e yo u a va lid re sult. W e d isc u ss the se a ssum p t io
ns ne xt .

Assumptions
When you choose to analyse your data using linear regression,
part of the process involves checking to make sure that the data
you want to analyse can actually be analysed using linear
regression. You need to do this because it is only appropriate to
use linear regression if your data "passes" seven assumptions
that are required for linear regression to give you a valid result. In
practice, checking for these seven assumptions just adds a little bit
more time to your analysis, requiring you to click a
few more buttons in SPSS Statistics when performing your analy
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
sis, as well as a little bit more about your data, but it is not think
a difficult task.
Before we introduce you to these seven assumptions, do not be
surprised if, when analysing your own data using SPSS Statistics,
one or more of these assumptions is violated (i.e., not met). This is
not uncommon when working with real-world data rather than
textbook examples, which often only show you how to carry out
linear

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

regression when everything goes well! However, don’ t
worry. Even when your data fails certain assumptions, there is
often a solution to overcome this. First, let’ s take a look at these
seven assumptions:

o Assumption #1: Your dependent variable should be measured at

the continuous level (i.e., it is either an interval or ratio variable).
Examples
of continuous variables include revision time (measured in
hours), intelligence (measured using IQ score), exam
performance (measured from 0 to 100), weight (measured in
kg), and so forth. You can learn more about interval and ratio
variables in our article: Types of Variable.

o Assumption #2: Your independent variable should also be

measured at
the continuous level (i.e., it is either an interval or ratio variable).
See the bullet above for examples of continuous variables.

o Assumption #3: There needs to be a linear relationship

between the two variables. Whilst there are a number of
ways to check whether a linear relationship exists
between your two variables, we suggest creating a
scatterplot using SPSS Statistics where you can plot the
dependent variable against your independent variable and
then visually inspect the scatterplot to check for linearity.
Your scatterplot may look something like one of the
following:

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 If the relationship displayed in your scatterplot is not linear,
you will have to either run a non-linear regression analysis,
perform a polynomial regression or "transform" your data,
which you can do using SPSS Statistics. In our enhanced
guides, we show you how to: (a) create a scatterplot to check
for linearity when carrying out linear regression using SPSS
Statistics; (b) interpret different scatterplot results; and (c)
transform your data using SPSS Statistics if there is not a
linear relationship between your two variables.

o Assumption #4: There should be no significant outliers. An outlier

is an observed data point that has a dependent variable value
that is very different to the value predicted by the regression
equation. As such, an outlier will be a point on a scatterplot
that is (vertically) far away from the regression line indicating
that it has a large residual, as highlighted below:

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 The problem with outliers is that they can have a negative
effect on the regression analysis (e.g., reduce the fit of the
regression equation) that is used to predict the value of the
dependent (outcome) variable based on the independent
(predictor) variable. This will change the output that SPSS
Statistics produces and reduce the predictive accuracy of
your results.
Fortunately, when using SPSS Statistics to run a linear
regression on your data, you can easily include criteria to help
you detect possible outliers. In our
enhanced linear regression guide, we: (a) show you how to
detect outliers using
"casewise diagnostics", which is a simple process when using
SPSS Statistics; and (b) discuss some of the options you have
in order to deal with outliers.

o Assumption #5: You should have independence of observations,

which you can easily check using the Durbin-Watson statistic,
which is a simple test to run using SPSS Statistics. We explain
how to interpret the result of the
Durbin-Watson statistic in our enhanced linear regression guide.
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
o Assumption #6: Your data needs to show homoscedasticity,
which is where the variances along the line of best fit remain
similar as you move along the line. Whilst we explain more
about what this means and how to assess the
homoscedasticity of your data in our enhanced linear
regression guide, take a

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 look at the three scatterplots below, which provide three
simple examples: two of data that fail the assumption (called
heteroscedasticity) and one of data that meets this
assumption (called homoscedasticity):

Whilst these help to illustrate the differences in data that meets

or violates the assumption of homoscedasticity, real-world
data can be a lot more messy and illustrate different patterns
of heteroscedasticity. Therefore, in our enhanced linear
regression guide, we explain: (a) some of the things you will
need to consider when interpreting your data; and (b) possible
ways to continue with your analysis if your data fails to meet
this assumption.

o Assumption #7: Finally, you need to check that the residuals

(errors) of the regression line are approximately normally
distributed (we explain these terms
in our enhanced linear regression guide). Two common
methods to check this
assumption include using either a histogram (with a
superimposed normal curve) or a Normal P-P Plot. Again, in our
enhanced linear regression guide, we:
(a) show you how to check this assumption using SPSS
Statistics, whether you use a
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 histogram (with superimposed normal curve) or Normal P-P
Plot; (b) explain how to interpret these diagrams; and (c)
provide a possible solution if your data fails to meet this
assumption.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

You can check assumptions #3, #4, #5, #6 and #7 using SPSS
Statistics. Assumptions #3 should be checked first, before moving
onto assumptions #4, #5, #6 and #7. We suggest testing the
assumptions in this order because assumptions #3, #4, #5, #6
and #7 require you to run the linear regression procedure in
SPSS Statistics first, so it is easier to deal with these after
checking assumption #1 and #2. Just remember that if you do not
run the statistical tests on these assumptions correctly, the
results you get when running a linear regression might not be valid.
This is why we dedicate a number of sections of our enhanced
linear regression guide to help you get this right. You can find
out more about our enhanced content as a whole on our
Features: Overview page, or more specifically, learn how we help
with testing assumptions on our Features: Assumptions page.

In the section, Procedure, we illustrate the SPSS Statistics

procedure to perform a linear regression assuming that no
assumptions have been violated. First, we introduce the example
that is used in this guide.

This session looks into two kinds of regression

● Bivariate Regression
● Multiple Regression

Bivariate regression is similar to bivariate correlation, because

both are designed for situations in which there are just two
variables. Multiple regression, however, was created for cases in
which there are three or more variables. The different kinds of
regression are like correlation, since they are utilized to
evaluate the relationship among variables. This may make you
think that regression is another way to measure correlation,
however there are difference in correlation and regression in
their purpose, labeling of variables and the kinds of inferential
tests applied.

Following are few scenarios in which we could use Regression

Analysis
pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3
 ● The sales manager would like to assess if sales force
training results in reduction in losses.
● The HR manager would like to know if increase in
salary leads to low turnover.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

 The management would like to know if a particular
●

leadership style helps in improving career satisfaction.

● A manager in non-governmental organization would like

to know if community hostility has an impact on project

success.
● How much of the variance in life satisfaction scores can

be explained by the following set of variables: servant

leadership, career satisfaction, job satisfaction, internal
marketing, and role stress.?
The simplest of regression analysis is called bivariate regression.
Two variables are
involved in the bivariate regression. One is the Dependent
variable that is to be predicted, the other is independent
variable that explains the variance in the dependent variable.
The purpose of this kind of regression can be either prediction or
explanation; however, bivariate regression is most frequently used
to see how well scores on the dependent variable can be
predicted from data on the independent variable.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

C O N C LU SIO N

In c o n c lu sion , th e p roc ess o f c rea tin g a n d a n a

lyzin g th e p ro jec t
file in S PS S h as p ro v id ed va lu a b le in sig h ts in to d
a ta
m a n ip ula tio n , sta tistic a l a n alysis, a n d in terp
reta tio n . T h ro u g h th is exp erien c e , I h a ve g a in
ed a d eep er u n d ersta n d ing o f th e a p p lic a tio n
's fu n c tio n a lities, en a b lin g m e to effec t ively
o rg a n iz e a n d a n a lyze d a ta sets. T h e p rojec t h a s
n o t o n ly
en h a n c ed m y tec h n ic a l skills in S P S S b u t a lso im
pro ved m y
a b ility to d ra w m ean in g fu l c o n c lu sio ns fro m sta
tistic a l o u tp u ts.
T h is h a n ds-o n exp erien c e h a s p ro ven in stru m
enta l in
tra n sla tin g theo retica l kn o w led g e in to p ra c tic a l
in sigh ts,
h ig h lig h tin g th e sign ific a n ce o f d ata -d riven d ec
isio n -m a k in g in resea rc h a n d a n a ly sis.

pg. 11715501 YAMIKA 3

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