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Role of Macro and

Micronutrients in
Human Nutrition

FSSAI Exam

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FOR RBIFSSAI
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Role of Macro and Micronutrients in Human Nutrition

Principles and Basics of Food Chemistry and their role in Human Nutrition

For FSSAI Exam

MINERALS
• Serving roles as varied as regulating enzyme activity and maintaining acid–base balance to
assisting with strength and growth, minerals are critical for human life. Unlike vitamins, many
minerals are found in the body as well as in food.

• The body’s ability to use the minerals is dependent on their bioavailability.

• Nearly all minerals, with the exception of iron, are absorbed in their free form—that is, in their
ionic state unbound to organic molecules and complexes.

• When bound to a complex, the mineral is considered to not be bioavailable, and it will be
excreted in faeces.

• Typically, minerals with high bioavailability include sodium, potassium, chloride, iodide, and
fluoride.

• Minerals with low bioavailability include iron, chromium, and manganese.

• All other minerals, including calcium and magnesium, are of medium bioavailability.

Minerals and Their Major Functions

Macro

Sodium Fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle

contraction

Chloride Fluid balance, stomach acid production

Potassium Fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle

contraction

Calcium Bone and teeth health maintenance, nerve

transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting

Phosphorus Bone and teeth health maintenance, acid-base

balance
FSSAI – Role of Macro & Micronutrients Free fssai e-book

Magnesium Protein production, nerve transmission, muscle

contraction

Sulfur Protein production

Iron Carries oxygen, assists in energy production

Zinc Protein and DNA production, wound healing,

growth, immune system function

Iodine Thyroid hormone production, growth, metabolism

Selenium Antioxidant

Copper Coenzyme, iron metabolism

Manganese Coenzyme

Fluoride Bone and teeth health maintenance, tooth decay

prevention

Chromium Assists insulin in glucose metabolism

Molybdenum Coenzyme

Vitamins
Introduction
• The thirteen vitamins are categorized as either water-soluble or fat-soluble.
o The water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C and all the B vitamins, which include thiamine,
riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, and cobalamin.
o The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K.

• Vitamins are required to perform many functions in the body such as assisting in energy.

• Production, making red blood cells, synthesizing bone tissue, and supporting normal vision,
nervous system function, and immune system function.

• Vitamin deficiencies can cause severe health problems and even death.

• For example, a deficiency in niacin causes a disease called pellagra, which was common in the
early twentieth century in some parts of America.

• The common signs and symptoms of pellagra are known as the “4D’s—diarrhea,
dermatitis, dementia, and death.”

• Until scientists discovered that better diets relieved the signs and symptoms of pellagra, many
people with the disease ended up hospitalized in insane asylums awaiting death. Other
FSSAI – Role of Macro & Micronutrients Free fssai e-book

vitamins were also found to prevent certain disorders and diseases such as scurvy (vitamin C),
night blindness (vitamin A), and rickets (vitamin D).

Vitamins and Their Major Functions

Vitamins Major Functions

Water-soluble

Thiamin (B1) Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance

Riboflavin (B2) Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance

Niacin (B3) Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance

Pantothenic acid Coenzyme, energy metabolism assistance

(B5)

Pyridoxine (B6) Coenzyme, amino acid synthesis assistance

Biotin (B7) Coenzyme, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism

Folate (B9) Coenzyme, essential for growth

Cobalamin (B12) Coenzyme, red blood cell synthesis

C (ascorbic acid) Collagen synthesis, antioxidant

Fat-soluble

A Vision, reproduction, immune system function

D Bone and teeth health maintenance, immune

system function

E Antioxidant, cell membrane protection

K Bone and teeth health maintenance, blood

clotting
FSSAI – Role of Macro & Micronutrients Free fssai e-book

Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians (Macronutrients and Minerals)

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