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    Hantaro Nagaoka

    Hantaro Nagaoka (長岡 半太郎, Nagaoka Hantarō,


    August 19, 1865 – December 11, 1950) was a Japanese Hantaro Nagaoka
    physicist and a pioneer of Japanese physics during the
    Meiji period.

    Life
    Nagaoka was born in Nagasaki, Japan on August 19,
    1865 and educated at the University of Tokyo.[1]: 633
    After graduating with a degree in physics in 1887,
    Nagaoka worked with a visiting Scottish physicist,
    Cargill Gilston Knott, on early problems in magnetism,
    namely magnetostriction in liquid nickel. In 1893,
    Nagaoka traveled to Europe, where he continued his Born August 19, 1865
    education at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Ōmura, Nagasaki
    Vienna, including courses on Saturn's rings and a Died December 11, 1950
    course with Ludwig Boltzmann on his Kinetic Theory (aged 85)
    of Gases, two influences which would be reflected in Tokyo
    Nagaoka's later work. Nagaoka also attended, in 1900,
    Nationality Japanese
    the First International Congress of Physicists in Paris,
    Relatives Nagaoka Nobuko
    where he heard Marie Curie lecture on radioactivity, an
    (granddaughter)
    event that aroused Nagaoka's interest in atomic
    physics. Nagaoka returned to Japan in 1901 and served Scientific career
    as professor of physics at Tokyo University until Fields Physics
    1925.[1] After his retirement from Tokyo University, Notable Kotaro Honda
    Nagaoka was appointed a head scientist at RIKEN, and students Hideki Yukawa
    also served as the first president of Osaka University, Suekichi Kinoshita
    from 1931 to 1934.

    His granddaughter was pianist Nagaoka Nobuko.[2]

    Saturnian model of the atom


    By 1900 physicists had begun to consider new models for the structure of the atom. The recent discovery
    by J. J. Thomson of the negatively charged electron implied that a neutral atom must also contain an
    opposite positive charge. In 1904, Thomson suggested that the atom was a sphere of uniform positive
    electrification, with electrons scattered through it like plums in a pudding, giving rise to the term plum
    pudding model.
    Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the grounds that opposite
    charges are impenetrable. In 1904, Nagaoka proposed an
    alternative planetary model of the atom in which a positively
    charged center is surrounded by a number of revolving electrons,
    in the manner of Saturn and its rings.[3]

    Nagaoka's model featured:

    a very massive atomic center (in analogy to a very


    massive planet)
    thousands of electrons revolving around the nucleus,
    bound by electrostatic forces (in analogy to the rings
    revolving around Saturn, bound by gravitational forces).
    For his model to be stable, Nagaoka showed that the central
    charge had to be 10,000 times the charge on the electron.[4]: 38

    Based on his model, Nagaoka suggested that radioactive beta


    decay resulted from instability in the electron orbits. However this Relief of Nagaoka in Science
    explanation did not account for important aspects of radioactivity Museum in Tokyo
    such as its random nature and the high energy of alpha particle
    emission.[5]: 343 He also suggested that the model would explain
    atomic spectra and chemical properties.[4]: 38

    Ernest Rutherford mentions Nagaoka's model in his 1911 paper in which the atomic nucleus is
    proposed.[6] However Nagaoka's work probably did not influence Rutherford's proposal.[7]

    Nagaoka's model was widely discussed by prominent scientists of the day, but a detailed study by George
    Schott showed the model could not correctly predict atomic spectra.[4]: 38 Nagaoka himself abandoned his
    proposed model in 1908. Rutherford and Niels Bohr would present the more viable Bohr model in 1913.

    Other works
    Nagaoka later did research in spectroscopy and other fields. In 1909, he published a paper on the
    inductance of solenoids.[8] In 1924, he achieved the first successful synthesis of gold, produced from
    mercury by neutron bombardment.[9] In 1929, Nagaoka became the first person to describe meteor burst
    communications.[10]
    Nagoka also did early research on earthquakes, from the 1900s to the 1920s, building upon works
    published Europe; "One used the principle of elasticity studies against the background of the current that
    succeeded in France in the first half of the 19th century. The other defined potential functions and
    explained phenomena from continuous equations of the nature of waves against the background of new
    currents that emerged in Britain or Germany from the mid-19th century onwards."[11]

    Awards and recognition


    For his lifetime of scientific work, Nagaoka was granted the Order of Culture by the
    Japanese government in 1937.
    The Nagaoka crater on the Moon is named after him.

    References
    1. C.C. Gillispie, ed. (2000). Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography (https://archive.org/deta
    ils/concisedictionar00/page/606) (2nd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 633 (https://archive.
    org/details/concisedictionar00/page/633). ISBN 0-684-80631-2.
    2. Yamamoto, Takashi (2019). Leo Sirota: The Pianist Who Loved Japan. Translated by
    Bantock, Gavin; Inukai, Takao. Kashiwa: First Servant Books. p. 182. ISBN 978-4-9910037-
    1-4.
    3. B. Bryson (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-
    0817-1.
    4. Helge Kragh (Oct. 2010). Before Bohr: Theories of atomic structure 1850-1913 (https://css.a
    u.dk/fileadmin/reposs/reposs-010.pdf). RePoSS: Research Publications on Science Studies
    10. Aarhus: Centre for Science Studies, University of Aarhus.
    5. Kragh, Helge (1997). "The Origin of Radioactivity: From Solvable Problem to Unsolved Non-
    Problem" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41134112). Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 50
    (3/4): 331–358. ISSN 0003-9519 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-9519).
    6. Rutherford, E. (1911). "LXXIX. The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the
    structure of the atom" (https://web.mit.edu/8.13/8.13c/references-fall/rutherford/rutherford-sc
    attering-of-alpha-and-beta-particles.pdf) (PDF). The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
    Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 21 (125): 669–688.
    doi:10.1080/14786440508637080 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440508637080).
    ISSN 1941-5982 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982).
    7. John L. Heilbron (January 1968). "The Scattering of α and β Particles and Rutherford's
    Atom". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 4 (4): 247–307. doi:10.1007/BF00411591 (http
    s://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00411591).
    8. Nagaoka, Hantaro (1909-05-06). "The Inductance Coefficients of Solenoids" (http://www.g3y
    nh.info/zdocs/refs/Nagaoka1909.pdf) (PDF). Journal of the College of Science. 27 (6).
    Tokyo, Japan: Imperial University: 18.
    9. Miethe, A. (1924). "Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms". Die Naturwissenschaften. 12 (29):
    597–598. Bibcode:1924NW.....12..597M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924NW.....12..
    597M). doi:10.1007/BF01505547 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01505547).
    S2CID 35613814 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35613814).
    10. Hantaro Nagaoka (1929). "Possibility of the radio transmission being disturbed by meteoric
    showers" (https://doi.org/10.2183%2Fpjab1912.5.233). Proceedings of the Imperial
    Academy. 5 (6): 233–236. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.5.233 (https://doi.org/10.2183%2Fpjab191
    2.5.233). Cited in Wilhelm Nupen (1961). Bibliography on meteoric radio wave propagation
    (https://archive.org/details/bibliographyonme94nupe). Washington: U.S. National Bureau of
    Standards. pp. 76 (https://archive.org/details/bibliographyonme94nupe/page/76). Retrieved
    17 August 2014.
    11. HISHIKI, Fuuka (December 23, 2022). "物理学者長岡半太郎の1900年代～1920年代におけ
    る 地震研究の理論的手法の再検討" (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bnmnsscieng/45/0/45
    _1/_article/-char/en). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series E (in
    Japanese). 45: 1–11. doi:10.50826/bnmnsscieng.45.0.1 (https://doi.org/10.50826%2Fbnmn
    sscieng.45.0.1). Retrieved December 29, 2023.

    External links
    H. Nagaoka (http://www.answers.com/topic/hantaro-nagaoka#ixzz1lukPUrvL)
    Historical Figures of RIKEN (http://www.riken.jp/en/about/history/figures/)

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hantaro_Nagaoka&oldid=1267644176"

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