OOP’s Using java 1

Chapter 1
1. An Introduction to Java
• Java Overview:
• Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language.
• It was designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
• Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
• It's widely used for building web, mobile, and desktop applications.

2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

• Class:
• A blueprint for objects.
• Defines properties (fields) and behaviors (methods).
• Object:
• An instance of a class.
• Contains both data (attributes) and methods (functions) to manipulate the data.
• Inheritance:
• Allows a new class to inherit fields and methods from an existing class.
• Promotes code reuse.
• Encapsulation:
• Hides internal state and requires all interaction to be performed through an object's
methods.
• Achieved through access modifiers (private, protected, public).
• Polymorphism:
• Allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon.
• Achieved through method overloading (compile-time) and method overriding
(runtime).
• Abstraction:
• Hides complex implementation details and shows only the necessary features of an
object.
• Achieved through abstract classes and interfaces.

3. A Short History of Java

• Development:
• Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (now part of
Oracle) and released in 1995.
• Versions:
• The first version was Java 1.0, followed by many updates.
 • Each version introduced new features, such as Generics in Java 5 and Lambdas in
Java 8.
• Popularity:
• Java's platform independence made it popular for web applications.
• It remains a dominant programming language in many domains, including Android
development and enterprise applications.

4. Features or Buzzwords of Java

• Simple:
• Java syntax is easy to learn, especially for those with experience in C or C++.
• Object-Oriented:
• Everything in Java is an object, which helps in modularizing code.
• Platform-Independent:
• Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can be executed on any platform with a
JVM.
• Secure:
• Java provides a secure environment through the use of a bytecode verifier,
sandboxing, and security managers.
• Robust:
• Java emphasizes error-checking at both compile and runtime, reducing runtime
errors.
• Multithreaded:
• Java has built-in support for multithreading, allowing simultaneous execution of
multiple parts of a program.
• Portable:
• Java programs can be easily moved from one system to another because of its
platform independence.
• High Performance:
• While interpreted, Java's performance is optimized through Just-In-Time (JIT)
compilation.

5. Java Environment
• Java Development Kit (JDK):
• Includes tools for developing, debugging, and monitoring Java applications.
• Java Runtime Environment (JRE):
• A subset of the JDK, containing the JVM, core libraries, and other components to run
Java applications.
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM):
• A virtual machine that enables Java bytecode to be executed on any platform.
6. Simple Java Program
• Example:
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public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

• Explanation:
• public class HelloWorld: Declares a public class named HelloWorld.
• public static void main(String[] args): The entry point of the program.
• System.out.println("Hello, World!"): Prints "Hello, World!" to the console.

7. Java Tools – jdb, javap, javadoc

• jdb (Java Debugger):
• A command-line tool used to debug Java programs.
• Allows setting breakpoints, stepping through code, and inspecting variables.
• javap:
• A tool that disassembles compiled Java class files.
• It can be used to view methods and fields present in a class.
• javadoc:
• A tool that generates HTML documentation from Java source code.
• Uses comments written in a particular format to create user-friendly documentation.

8. Types of Comments
• Single-line Comment:
• Begins with // and continues to the end of the line.
• Example: // This is a single-line comment
• Multi-line Comment:
• Begins with /* and ends with */.
• Example:
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/*
This is a
multi-line comment
*/

• Documentation Comment:
• Begins with /** and ends with */.
• Used to generate documentation with javadoc.
• Example:
 java
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/**
* This is a documentation comment.
* It describes the class or method below.
*/

9. Data Types
• Primitive Data Types:
• byte: 8-bit integer.
• short: 16-bit integer.
• int: 32-bit integer.
• long: 64-bit integer.
• float: 32-bit floating point.
• double: 64-bit floating point.
• char: 16-bit Unicode character.
• boolean: Represents true or false.
• Non-Primitive Data Types:
• Includes classes, interfaces, arrays, and strings.
• Non-primitive types are reference types.

10. Final Variable

• Final Keyword:
• Used to declare constants.
• Once a final variable is assigned, it cannot be modified.
• Example:
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final int MAX_VALUE = 100;

• Used in classes and methods to prevent inheritance or overriding.

11. Declaring 1D, 2D Array

• 1D Array:
• A linear collection of elements of the same type.
• Declaration: int[] arr = new int[10];
• Accessing elements: arr[0] = 5;
• 2D Array:
• An array of arrays (matrix-like structure).
• Declaration: int[][] arr = new int[3][3];
• Accessing elements: arr[1][2] = 7;
12. Accepting Input (Command Line Arguments, BufferedReader, Scanner)
• Command Line Arguments:
• Passed to the main method as an array of String.
• Example:
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public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(args[0]);
}

• BufferedReader:
• Used to read text from an input stream efficiently.
• Requires exception handling (IOException).
• Example:
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BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(System.in));
String input = br.readLine();

• Scanner:
• Simplifies input by providing methods to parse various types (int, double, etc.).
• Example:
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Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int number = sc.nextInt();

chapter 2
1. Defining Your Own Classes
• Class Definition:
• A class in Java is a blueprint for creating objects.
• It contains fields (attributes) and methods (functions) that define the behavior of
objects.
• Syntax:
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class ClassName {
// Fields
// Methods
}

• Example:
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class Car {
String model;
int year;
 void startEngine() {
System.out.println("Engine started");
}
}

• In this example, Car is a class with two fields (model and year) and one method
(startEngine()).

2. Access Specifiers (public, protected, private, default)

• Public:
• The class, method, or field is accessible from any other class.
• Example:
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public int age;

• Private:
• The class, method, or field is accessible only within the class it is declared.
• Example:
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private String name;

• Protected:
• The field or method is accessible within the same package and by subclasses.
• Example:
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protected double salary;

• Default (Package-Private):
• No keyword is used. The field or method is accessible only within the same package.
• Example:
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String address; // default access

3. Array of Objects
• Array of Objects:
• An array that holds references to objects.
• Useful for storing multiple objects of the same type.
• Syntax:
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ClassName[] arrayName = new ClassName[size];
 • Example:
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Car[] cars = new Car[5];
cars[0] = new Car();

• In this example, cars is an array that can hold 5 Car objects.

4. Constructors, Overloading Constructors, and Use of ‘this’ Keyword, Static

Block, Static Fields and Methods
• Constructors:
• A special method used to initialize objects.
• It has the same name as the class and no return type.
• Example:
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public Car(String model, int year) {
this.model = model;
this.year = year;
}

• Overloading Constructors:
• Multiple constructors in a class with different parameter lists.
• Allows objects to be initialized in different ways.
• Example:
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public Car(String model) {
this.model = model;
}

public Car(String model, int year) {

this.model = model;
this.year = year;
}

• Use of this Keyword:

• Refers to the current object instance.
• Used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters.
• Example:
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this.model = model;

• Static Block:
• A block of code that gets executed when the class is loaded.
• Used to initialize static fields.
• Example:
java
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static {
// static block
}

• Static Fields and Methods:

• Static fields and methods belong to the class rather than any object instance.
• Static methods can be called without creating an object.
• Example:
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static int carCount;

static void displayCount() {

System.out.println(carCount);
}

5. Predefined Classes
Object Class
• Overview:
• The Object class is the parent class of all classes in Java.
• Every class implicitly inherits from Object.
• Methods:
• equals(): Compares two objects for equality.
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public boolean equals(Object obj) {
return (this == obj);
}

• toString(): Returns a string representation of the object.

java
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public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "@" +
Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}

• hashCode(): Returns a hash code value for the object.

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public int hashCode() {
return System.identityHashCode(this);
}

• getClass(): Returns the runtime class of the object.

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public final Class<?> getClass() {
return this.getClass();
 }

String Class and StringBuffer Class

• String Class:
• Represents immutable sequences of characters.
• Common Methods:
• charAt(): Returns the character at the specified index.
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char c = str.charAt(0);

• substring(): Returns a substring.

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String sub = str.substring(2, 5);

• length(): Returns the length of the string.

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int len = str.length();

• StringBuffer Class:
• Represents mutable sequences of characters.
• Used when frequent modifications to strings are needed.
• Common Methods:
• append(): Adds a string to the end.
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sb.append("text");

• insert(): Inserts a string at the specified position.

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sb.insert(1, "text");

• reverse(): Reverses the sequence.

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sb.reverse();

• Formatting String Data using format() Method:

• Used to format strings in a customizable way.
• Example:
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String formatted = String.format("Name: %s, Age: %d", "John", 30);
6. Creating, Accessing, and Using Packages
• Packages:
• A package is a namespace for organizing classes and interfaces.
• Helps avoid name conflicts and manage large projects.
• Syntax to Create a Package:
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package packageName;

• Using Classes from a Package:

• Import the package:
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import packageName.ClassName;

• Use the class:

java
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ClassName obj = new ClassName();

• Example:
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package mypackage;

public class MyClass {

public void display() {
System.out.println("Hello from MyClass");
}
}

• To use this class in another file:

java
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import mypackage.MyClass;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
obj.display();
}
}

7. Wrapper Classes
• Overview:
• Wrapper classes provide a way to use primitive data types as objects.
• Commonly used in collections like ArrayList where objects are required.
• Examples:
• Integer: Wraps an int.
 • Double: Wraps a double.
• Character: Wraps a char.
• Boolean: Wraps a boolean.
• Autoboxing and Unboxing:
• Autoboxing: Automatic conversion of primitive types to corresponding wrapper
class.
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Integer num = 5; // autoboxing

• Unboxing: Automatic conversion of wrapper class to corresponding primitive type.

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int n = num; // unboxing

chapter 3
. Inheritance Basics (extends Keyword) and Types of Inheritance
• Inheritance Basics:
• Definition: Inheritance is a mechanism where a new class inherits the properties and
behaviors (fields and methods) of an existing class.
• extends Keyword: Used to create a subclass from a superclass.
• Syntax:
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class Subclass extends Superclass {
// Additional fields and methods
}

• Example:
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class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("This animal eats food.");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {
System.out.println("The dog barks.");
}
}

• Types of Inheritance:
• Single Inheritance: A subclass inherits from one superclass.
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class A { }
class B extends A { }
 • Multilevel Inheritance: A class is derived from another derived class.
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class A { }
class B extends A { }
class C extends B { }

• Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.

java
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class A { }
class B extends A { }
class C extends A { }

• Multiple Inheritance (through Interfaces): Java does not support multiple

inheritance with classes to avoid complexity. However, multiple inheritance can be
achieved using interfaces.
java
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interface A { }
interface B { }
class C implements A, B { }

2. Superclass, Subclass and Use of Super Keyword

• Superclass:
• The class from which other classes (subclasses) inherit.
• Example: In class Dog extends Animal, Animal is the superclass.
• Subclass:
• The class that inherits from another class (superclass).
• Example: In class Dog extends Animal, Dog is the subclass.
• Use of super Keyword:
• Access Superclass Methods: Call methods from the superclass.
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super.methodName();

• Access Superclass Constructor: Call the superclass constructor.

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super();

• Example:
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class Animal {
void eat() {
System.out.println("Animal eats");
}
}
 class Dog extends Animal {
void eat() {
super.eat(); // Calls the superclass method
System.out.println("Dog eats");
}
}

3. Method Overriding and Runtime Polymorphism

• Method Overriding:
• Redefining a method in the subclass that was already defined in the superclass.
• The method signature in the subclass must match the superclass.
• Syntax:
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@Override
void methodName() {
// Implementation
}

• Example:
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class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

• Runtime Polymorphism:
• The ability to call overridden methods through the reference of the superclass.
• Example:
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Animal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.sound(); // Outputs: Dog barks

4. Use of Final Keyword Related to Method and Class

• Final Keyword:
• Final Class: A class that cannot be extended.
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 final class FinalClass { }

• Final Method: A method that cannot be overridden by subclasses.

java
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class A {
final void method() {
System.out.println("This is a final method");
}
}

• Final Variable: A constant whose value cannot be changed once assigned.

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final int MAX_VALUE = 100;

5. Use of Abstract Class and Abstract Methods

• Abstract Class:
• A class that cannot be instantiated directly and may contain abstract methods.
• Can have both abstract methods (without body) and concrete methods (with body).
• Syntax:
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abstract class AbstractClass {
abstract void abstractMethod();

void concreteMethod() {
System.out.println("Concrete method");
}
}

• Abstract Methods:
• Methods declared without implementation.
• Subclasses must provide an implementation for abstract methods.
• Syntax:
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abstract void methodName();

6. Defining and Implementing Interfaces

• Interface:
• A reference type in Java, similar to a class, that can contain only constants, method
signatures, default methods, static methods, and nested types.
• Interfaces cannot contain instance fields.
• Syntax:
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 interface InterfaceName {
void method();
}

• Implementing Interfaces:
• A class that implements an interface must provide implementations for all of its
methods.
• Syntax:
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class ImplementingClass implements InterfaceName {
@Override
public void method() {
System.out.println("Method implemented");
}
}

7. Runtime Polymorphism Using Interface

• Concept:
• Allows objects to be referred to by interface references, enabling the use of method
overriding for dynamic method resolution at runtime.
• Example:
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interface Animal {
void sound();
}

class Dog implements Animal {

@Override
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

class Cat implements Animal {

@Override
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Cat meows");
}
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal myAnimal = new Dog(); // Upcasting
myAnimal.sound(); // Outputs: Dog barks

myAnimal = new Cat(); // Upcasting

myAnimal.sound(); // Outputs: Cat meows
}
}
8. Concept of Marker and Functional Interfaces
• Marker Interface:
• An interface with no methods or fields, used to mark classes for special treatment.
• Example: Serializable, Cloneable.
• Example:
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interface Serializable { }

• Functional Interface:
• An interface with exactly one abstract method.
• Can have multiple default or static methods.
• Syntax:
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@FunctionalInterface
interface FunctionalInterfaceName {
void singleAbstractMethod();
}

• Example:
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@FunctionalInterface
interface MyFunctionalInterface {
void doSomething();
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyFunctionalInterface myFunc = () ->
System.out.println("Doing something");
myFunc.doSomething(); // Outputs: Doing something
}
}

Chapter 4
1. Dealing with Errors, Exception Class, Checked and Unchecked Exception
• Errors:
• Definition: Errors are serious issues that a typical application should not try to
handle. They usually represent problems in the environment in which the application
is running.
• Examples: OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError.
• Exceptions:
• Definition: Exceptions are conditions that occur during the execution of a program
that disrupt the normal flow of the program's instructions.
• Exception Class:
• The Exception class is the superclass of all exceptions.
• All exceptions, checked or unchecked, are subclasses of Exception.
 • Syntax:
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class MyException extends Exception {
// Custom exception code
}

• Checked and Unchecked Exceptions:

• Checked Exceptions:
• Checked at compile-time.
• The compiler ensures that they are either caught or declared in the method
using the throws keyword.
• Examples: IOException, SQLException.
• Syntax:
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void method() throws IOException {
// code that may throw IOException
}

• Unchecked Exceptions:
• Checked at runtime.
• These exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
• Examples: NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
• Syntax:
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void method() {
// code that may throw NullPointerException
}

2. Catching Exceptions, Multiple Catch Block, Nested Try Block

• Catching Exceptions:
• try-catch Block:
• The try block contains code that might throw an exception.
• The catch block contains code to handle the exception.
• Syntax:
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try {
// code that may throw an exception
} catch (ExceptionType e) {
// exception handling code
}

• Example:
java
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try {
int division = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");
}

• Multiple Catch Block:

• Definition: Multiple catch blocks can be used to handle different types of
exceptions.
• The catch blocks are checked in the order they appear after the try block.
• Syntax:
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try {
// code that may throw exceptions
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
// handle ArithmeticException
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
// handle NullPointerException
} catch (Exception e) {
// handle any other Exception
}

• Nested Try Block:

• Definition: A try block within another try block.
• Useful for handling exceptions that may arise within a specific part of a code block.
• Syntax:
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try {
try {
// code that may throw an exception
} catch (SpecificException e) {
// handling specific exception
}
} catch (GeneralException e) {
// handling any other exception
}

3. Creating User Defined Exception

• Definition:
• A user-defined exception is created by extending the Exception class or any of its
subclasses.
• It allows you to define your own custom exceptions for specific scenarios.
• Syntax:
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class MyCustomException extends Exception {
MyCustomException(String message) {
super(message);
}
 }

• Example:
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class MyCustomException extends Exception {
MyCustomException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

public class Test {

static void validate(int age) throws MyCustomException {
if (age < 18) {
throw new MyCustomException("Age must be 18 or older.");
} else {
System.out.println("Age is valid.");
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
validate(15);
} catch (MyCustomException e) {
System.out.println("Caught: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

4. Introduction to Files and Streams

• Files:
• Definition: A file is a container in a computer system for storing information.
• In Java, the File class from the java.io package allows the handling of file
operations such as creating, deleting, and reading files.
• Example:
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File file = new File("example.txt");
if (file.exists()) {
System.out.println("File exists.");
} else {
System.out.println("File does not exist.");
}

• Streams:
• Definition: A stream is a sequence of data.
• In Java, streams are used to perform input and output operations.
• Types of Streams:
• InputStream: Reads data from a source.
• OutputStream: Writes data to a destination.
• Example:
java
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FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
int data = inputStream.read();
while (data != -1) {
System.out.print((char) data);
data = inputStream.read();
}
inputStream.close();

5. Input-OutputStream
• FileInputStream/FileOutputStream:
• FileInputStream: Reads raw byte data from a file.
• FileOutputStream: Writes raw byte data to a file.
• Syntax:
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FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");

• Example:
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FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");

int data;
while ((data = fis.read()) != -1) {
fos.write(data);
}

fis.close();
fos.close();

• BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream:
• BufferedInputStream: Adds buffering to the input stream to increase efficiency.
• BufferedOutputStream: Adds buffering to the output stream for more efficient
writing.
• Syntax:
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BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(new
FileInputStream("input.txt"));
BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("output.txt"));

• Example:
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BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(new
FileInputStream("input.txt"));
 BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("output.txt"));

int data;
while ((data = bis.read()) != -1) {
bos.write(data);
}

bis.close();
bos.close();

• DataInputStream/DataOutputStream:
• DataInputStream: Allows reading Java primitive data types (int, float, etc.) from an
input stream.
• DataOutputStream: Allows writing Java primitive data types to an output stream.
• Syntax:
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DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(new
FileInputStream("data.bin"));
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("data.bin"));

• Example:
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DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("data.bin"));
dos.writeInt(123);
dos.writeFloat(3.14f);
dos.writeBoolean(true);
dos.close();

DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(new

FileInputStream("data.bin"));
int intValue = dis.readInt();
float floatValue = dis.readFloat();
boolean boolValue = dis.readBoolean();
dis.close();

System.out.println("Read values: " + intValue + ", " + floatValue +

", " + boolValue);

6. Reader-Writer
• FileReader/FileWriter:
• FileReader: Reads character data from a file.
• FileWriter: Writes character data to a file.
• Syntax:
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FileReader fr = new FileReader("input.txt");
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("output.txt");
 • Example:
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FileReader fr = new FileReader("input.txt");
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("output.txt");

int data;
while ((data = fr.read()) != -1) {
fw.write(data);
}

fr.close();
fw.close();

• BufferedReader/BufferedWriter:
• BufferedReader: Adds buffering to the character input stream for more efficient
reading.
• BufferedWriter: Adds buffering to the character output stream for more efficient
writing.
• Syntax:
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BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new
FileWriter("output.txt"));

• Example:
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BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt"));
BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new
FileWriter("output.txt"));

String line;
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
bw.write(line);
bw.newLine();
}

br.close();
bw.close();

• InputStreamReader/OutputStreamWriter:
• InputStreamReader: Converts byte input stream to character input stream.
• OutputStreamWriter: Converts character output stream to byte output stream.
• Syntax:
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InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(new
FileInputStream("input.txt"), "UTF-8");
OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(new
FileOutputStream("output.txt"), "UTF-8");

• Example:
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InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(new
FileInputStream("input.txt"), "UTF-8");
OutputStreamWriter osw = new OutputStreamWriter(new
FileOutputStream("output.txt"), "UTF-8");

int data;
while ((data = isr.read()) != -1) {
osw.write(data);
}

isr.close();
osw.close();

chapter 5
1. What is AWT? What is Swing? Difference between AWT and Swing
• AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit):
• Definition: AWT is Java's original platform-dependent GUI toolkit. It provides a set
of APIs to create and manage graphical user interface (GUI) components.
• Components: AWT components are heavyweight, meaning they rely on the
underlying native (OS) resources to display the UI elements.
• Example Components: Button, Label, TextField, Frame.
• Swing:
• Definition: Swing is a part of Java's standard library (Java Foundation Classes - JFC)
that provides a more powerful and flexible set of GUI components. It is built on top
of AWT and is platform-independent.
• Components: Swing components are lightweight, meaning they are written entirely
in Java and do not depend on native OS resources.
• Example Components: JButton, JLabel, JTextField, JFrame.
• Difference between AWT and Swing:
• Platform Dependency: AWT is platform-dependent, while Swing is platform-
independent.
• Component Types: AWT components are heavyweight; Swing components are
lightweight.
• Look and Feel: AWT components have a native look and feel, while Swing
components have a consistent look and feel across platforms.
• Performance: AWT is generally faster because it uses native components, but Swing
provides more flexibility and control over the UI.
• Extensibility: Swing provides more advanced and customizable components
compared to AWT.

2. The MVC Architecture and Swing

• MVC Architecture:
• Definition: MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern used to separate the
concerns of an application into three interconnected components:
 • Model: Represents the data and business logic of the application.
• View: Represents the UI components that display the data.
• Controller: Handles user input and interacts with the model to update the
view.
• Benefits: MVC provides a clear separation of concerns, making it easier to manage,
scale, and maintain complex applications.
• MVC in Swing:
• Swing components follow the MVC architecture, where the model represents the
state of the component, the view renders the component, and the controller handles
the interaction between the model and view.
• Example:
• JTable:
• Model: TableModel holds the data.
• View: JTable renders the table.
• Controller: JTable handles user interactions such as sorting and
editing.

3. Layouts and Layout Managers

• Layouts:
• Definition: A layout defines how components are arranged within a container.
• Types of Layouts:
• FlowLayout: Arranges components in a row, wrapping them to the next line
if necessary.
• BorderLayout: Divides the container into five regions: North, South, East,
West, and Center.
• GridLayout: Arranges components in a grid of equally sized cells.
• CardLayout: Allows switching between different components (like cards) in
a container.
• GridBagLayout: A flexible and complex layout manager that aligns
components vertically and horizontally, without requiring them to be of the
same size.
• Layout Managers:
• Definition: Layout managers are objects that implement specific layout policies for
arranging components in a container.
• Using Layout Managers:
• Layout managers are assigned to containers like JPanel, JFrame, etc., to
control the positioning and sizing of their child components.
• Syntax:
java
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JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());

• Example:
 java
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JFrame frame = new JFrame("Example");
frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

frame.add(new JButton("Button 1"));

frame.add(new JButton("Button 2"));
frame.add(new JButton("Button 3"));

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setVisible(true);

4. Containers and Components

• Containers:
• Definition: Containers are components that can hold other components (like buttons,
labels, text fields, etc.).
• Types of Containers:
• JFrame: A top-level container that represents a window with a title bar and
borders.
• JPanel: A general-purpose container that can hold a group of components,
often used to organize and group related elements.
• Components:
• Definition: Components are the elements that make up the user interface, such as
buttons, labels, text fields, etc.
• Common Components:
• JButton: A button that can be clicked to trigger an action.
• JLabel: A component that displays a short string or an image icon.
• JTextField: A single-line text input field.
• JTextArea: A multi-line text area for input or display.
• JCheckBox: A checkbox that can be selected or deselected.
• JRadioButton: A radio button that can be selected, often used in groups
where only one button can be selected.
• JList: A component that displays a list of items from which the user can
select one or more.
• JComboBox: A drop-down list that allows the user to choose one item from a
list.
• JMenu: A menu that can contain JMenuItem objects, providing a drop-
down menu in a menu bar.
• Example:
java
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JFrame frame = new JFrame("Components Example");
frame.setLayout(new FlowLayout());

JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");

JLabel label = new JLabel("Label");
JTextField textField = new JTextField(20);
 frame.add(button);
frame.add(label);
frame.add(textField);

frame.setSize(300, 200);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);

5. Dialogs (Message, Confirmation, Input), JFileChooser, JColorChooser

• Dialogs:
• Definition: Dialogs are pop-up windows that take input from the user, display
messages, or ask for confirmation.
• Types of Dialogs:
• Message Dialog: Displays a message to the user.
java
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JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(frame, "This is a message
dialog.");

• Confirmation Dialog: Asks for user confirmation (Yes, No, Cancel).

java
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int response = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(frame, "Are you
sure?", "Confirmation", JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION);

• Input Dialog: Prompts the user to input a value.

java
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String input = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(frame, "Enter your
name:");

• JFileChooser:
• Definition: A component that allows the user to choose files or directories from the
filesystem.
• Usage:
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JFileChooser fileChooser = new JFileChooser();
int result = fileChooser.showOpenDialog(frame);
if (result == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {
File selectedFile = fileChooser.getSelectedFile();
System.out.println("Selected file: " +
selectedFile.getAbsolutePath());
}

• JColorChooser:
• Definition: A component that provides a user interface for selecting a color.
• Usage:
java
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 Color selectedColor = JColorChooser.showDialog(frame, "Choose a
color", Color.RED);
if (selectedColor != null) {
System.out.println("Selected color: " +
selectedColor.toString());
}

6. Event Handling: Event Sources, Listeners

• Event Handling:
• Definition: Event handling is the mechanism that controls the events generated by
user actions (like clicking a button, typing in a text field, etc.) and allows the
program to respond accordingly.
• Event Sources: The component that generates the event, such as a button being
clicked or a key being pressed.
• Listeners: The objects that "listen" for the events and define how to respond when
the event occurs.
• Example: ActionListener for button clicks, KeyListener for key
presses.
• Event Handling Process:
• 1. Event Source: The component (e.g., JButton) that triggers the event.
• 2. Event Object: The object (e.g., ActionEvent) that encapsulates the event
details.
• 3. Event Listener: The interface (e.g., ActionListener) that defines the method
to be executed when the event occurs.
• 4. Event Handler: The method (e.g., actionPerformed(ActionEvent e))
that contains the logic to handle the event.
• Example:
java
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JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});

7. Adapters and Anonymous Inner Classes

Adapters
• Definition:
• Adapters are abstract classes that provide default implementations of the methods in
event listener interfaces. They allow you to override only the methods you need,
rather than implementing all methods of the interface.
• Common Adapters:
• MouseAdapter:
• Provides default implementations for methods in MouseListener and
MouseMotionListener.
• Methods:
• mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
• mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
• mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
• mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
• mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
• mouseDragged(MouseEvent e)
• mouseMoved(MouseEvent e)
• Example:
java
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JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
@Override
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
System.out.println("Mouse clicked!");
}
});

• KeyAdapter:
• Provides default implementations for methods in KeyListener.
• Methods:
• keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
• keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
• keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
• Example:
java
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JTextField textField = new JTextField();
textField.addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() {
@Override
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
System.out.println("Key pressed: " + e.getKeyChar());
}
});

• WindowAdapter:
• Provides default implementations for methods in WindowListener.
• Methods:
• windowOpened(WindowEvent e)
• windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
• windowClosed(WindowEvent e)
• windowIconified(WindowEvent e)
• windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e)
• windowActivated(WindowEvent e)
• windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e)
 • Example:
java
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JFrame frame = new JFrame("Window Adapter Example");
frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
@Override
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
System.out.println("Window closing");
System.exit(0);
}
});

Anonymous Inner Classes

• Definition:
• Anonymous inner classes are classes defined without a name. They are often used for
one-time use scenarios where you need to implement an interface or extend a class,
typically for event handling.
• Usage:
• Creating Listeners: Anonymous inner classes are commonly used to define event
listeners directly where they are needed.
• Syntax:
java
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new InterfaceOrClassName() {
// Override methods here
};

• Examples:
• ActionListener with Anonymous Inner Class:
java
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JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});

• MouseListener with Anonymous Inner Class:

java
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JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
@Override
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
System.out.println("Mouse pressed!");
}
});

• Advantages:
 • Conciseness: Reduces the need for separate classes and makes the code more
concise.
• Local Scope: The class is used only where it is defined, limiting its scope and
improving readability.

8. Handling Layouts and Components with AWT and Swing

• AWT Layouts:
• FlowLayout: Arranges components in a left-to-right flow, wrapping to the next line
when necessary.
• Usage:
java
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FlowLayout flowLayout = new FlowLayout();
JPanel panel = new JPanel(flowLayout);
panel.add(new JButton("Button 1"));
panel.add(new JButton("Button 2"));

• BorderLayout: Divides the container into five regions (North, South, East, West,
Center) where components can be placed.
• Usage:
java
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BorderLayout borderLayout = new BorderLayout();
JFrame frame = new JFrame();
frame.setLayout(borderLayout);
frame.add(new JButton("North"), BorderLayout.NORTH);
frame.add(new JButton("South"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
frame.add(new JButton("East"), BorderLayout.EAST);
frame.add(new JButton("West"), BorderLayout.WEST);
frame.add(new JButton("Center"), BorderLayout.CENTER);

• GridLayout: Arranges components in a grid with equal-sized cells.

• Usage:
java
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GridLayout gridLayout = new GridLayout(2, 3); // 2 rows and 3
columns
JPanel panel = new JPanel(gridLayout);
panel.add(new JButton("1"));
panel.add(new JButton("2"));
panel.add(new JButton("3"));
panel.add(new JButton("4"));
panel.add(new JButton("5"));
panel.add(new JButton("6"));

• CardLayout: Allows switching between different components (cards) in the same

container.
 • Usage:
java
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CardLayout cardLayout = new CardLayout();
JPanel panel = new JPanel(cardLayout);
panel.add(new JButton("Card 1"), "Card1");
panel.add(new JButton("Card 2"), "Card2");
cardLayout.show(panel, "Card2"); // Shows Card 2

• GridBagLayout: A flexible layout manager that aligns components vertically and

horizontally, allowing components to span multiple rows and columns.
• Usage:
java
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GridBagLayout gridBagLayout = new GridBagLayout();
JPanel panel = new JPanel(gridBagLayout);
GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();

gbc.gridx = 0; // column
gbc.gridy = 0; // row
panel.add(new JButton("Button 1"), gbc);

gbc.gridx = 1;
gbc.gridy = 1;
panel.add(new JButton("Button 2"), gbc);

• Swing Layouts:
• Swing layouts are similar to AWT layouts but often provide more features and better
appearance customization.
• Common Components in AWT and Swing:
• JFrame: The main window of a Swing application.
• Usage:
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JFrame frame = new JFrame("Swing Example");
frame.setSize(400, 300);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setVisible(true);

• JPanel: A container that can be used to group components.

• Usage:
java
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JPanel panel = new JPanel();
panel.add(new JButton("Button"));

• JButton: A push button that can trigger an action when clicked.

• Usage:
java
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 JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});

• JLabel: Displays a short string or an image.

• Usage:
java
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JLabel label = new JLabel("This is a label");

• JTextField: Allows for single-line text input.

• Usage:
java
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JTextField textField = new JTextField(20); // 20 columns wide

• JTextArea: Allows for multi-line text input or display.

• Usage:
java
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JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea(5, 20); // 5 rows and 20
columns

• JCheckBox: A check box that can be selected or deselected.

• Usage:
java
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JCheckBox checkBox = new JCheckBox("Check me");

• JRadioButton: A radio button that is part of a group where only one button can be
selected at a time.
• Usage:
java
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JRadioButton radioButton = new JRadioButton("Option 1");

• JList: Displays a list of items from which the user can select one or more.
• Usage:
java
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String[] items = {"Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3"};
JList<String> list = new JList<>(items);

• JComboBox: A drop-down list for selecting an item.

• Usage:
 java
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JComboBox<String> comboBox = new JComboBox<>(items);

• JMenu and JMenuItem: Provides a menu bar with various items.

• Usage:
java
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JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
JMenu menu = new JMenu("File");
JMenuItem menuItem = new JMenuItem("Open");
menu.add(menuItem);
menuBar.add(menu);
frame.setJMenuBar(menuBar);

9. Event Handling in AWT and Swing

• Event Sources:
• Definition: Components that generate events, such as buttons, checkboxes, text
fields, etc.
• Event Listeners:
• Definition: Interfaces that handle specific types of events.
• Common Listeners:
• ActionListener: Handles button clicks, menu selections, etc.
• Method:
java
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void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e);

• MouseListener: Handles mouse events like clicks, presses, and

releases.
• Methods:
java
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void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);
void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);
void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);

• KeyListener: Handles keyboard events.

• Methods:
java
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void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);
void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);
void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);

• Adapters:
 • Definition: Adapter classes provide default implementations of event listener
interfaces, allowing you to override only the methods you need.
• Examples: MouseAdapter, KeyAdapter, WindowAdapter.
• Usage:
java
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JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
@Override
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
System.out.println("Mouse clicked!");
}
});

• Anonymous Inner Classes:

• Definition: Classes without a name that are used for one-time use, often for event
handling.
• Usage:
java
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JButton button = new JButton("Click Me");
button.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
System.out.println("Button clicked!");
}
});