COMPUTER NETWORK LAB FILE

SUBMITTED BY: Dheeraj Reddy Challa SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Manoj Kumar

CLASS: CSE: 5B

ROLL NO: 2K21CSUN01061

DEPARTMENT: B. TECH CSE

 Index
Sno. Topic Page No
1. Lab-1 Different types of wires& the
steps for making straight through
cable and crossover cable

2. Lab-2 Steps to connect pcs in LAN

3. Lab-3 Network Commands
4. Lab-4 Topologies using switch
5. Lab-5 Switch Configuration
6. Lab- 6 VLAN SWITCH
7. Lab-7 Connecting 2 network using
router

8. Lab -8 Connecting 3 different

network using empty router
 LAB – 1

CABLES IN NETWORKING
An ethernet cable allows the user to connect their devices such as computers, mobile phones,
routers, etc.; to a network that will allow a user to have internet access, it also carries
broadband signals between devices connected through it.

There are Three Types of Cables:

1.Coaxial Cable

An electrical cable with copper as a conductor material, a shielding of insulator material, and a
braided mesh metal is known as a coaxial cable in computer networks. A coaxial cable is also
known as a coax in short form

Coaxial cables are metallic cables most often used to carry television signals and connect video
equipment. They provide protection from electromagnetic interference, allowing signals with
low power to be transmitted over longer distances.

Applications of Coaxial cable

The coaxial cables are used in Ethernet LANs and also used in MANs
1. Television: Coaxial cable used for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial cable.
2. Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for carrying internet signals, RG-6 cables are used
for this.
3. CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems and both RG-59 AND RG-6
cables can be used.
4. Video: The coaxial cables are also used in video Transmission the RG-6 is used for better
digital signals and RG-59 for lossless transmission of video signals.
5. HDTV: The HDTV uses RG-11 as it provides more space for signals to transfer.
Advantages

1. Coaxial cables support high bandwidth.

2. It is easy to install coaxial cables.
3. coaxial cables have better cut-through resistance so they are more reliable and durable.
4. Less affected by noise or cross-talk or electromagnetic inference.
5. Coaxial cables support multiple channels

Disadvantages

1. Coaxial cables are expensive.

2. The coaxial cable must be grounded in order to prevent any crosstalk.
3. As a Coaxial cable has multiple layers it is very bulky.
4. There is a chance of breaking the coaxial cable and attaching a “t-joint” by hackers, this
compromises the security of the data.

Bandwidth
Coaxial cable is a widely used wire medium offers a bandwidth of approximately 750 MHz.

2. Fibre Optic Cables

A fibre optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the structure of light
signals. The structure of an optical fibre cable is displayed in the figure. It involves an inner glass
core surrounded by a glass cladding that reflects the light into the core. Each fibre is encircled by
a plastic jacket.

In fibre optics, semiconductor lasers transmit data in the form of light along with hair-thin glass
(optical) fibres at the speed of light (186,000 miles second) with no significant loss of intensity
over very long distances. The system includes fibre optic cables that are made of tiny threads of
glass or plastic.

Characteristics of Optical Fibre Cables

The main characteristics of Optical Fibre cables are as follows −
 • Fibre optic cabling can support too high bandwidths in the range from 100 Mbps to 2
gigabytes because light has a much greater frequency than electricity.
• The several nodes that a fibre optic can provide does not rely upon its length but on the
hub or hubs that linked cables.
• Fibre optic cable is not concerned by EMI effects and can be used in locations where high
voltages pass.
• The value of fibre optic cable is more distinguished to twisted pair and co-axial.
• The setup of fibre optic cables is complex and endless.

Advantages
The advantage of optical fibre is as follows −
Small Size and lightweight − The size (diameter) of the optical fibres is minimal (comparable
to the diameter of a human hair).
Easily available and low cost − The material used for producing the optical fibres is silica glass.
This material is readily applicable. Therefore, the optical fibres cost lower than the cables with
metallic conductors.
No electrical or electromagnetic interface − Since the transmission occurs in light rays, the
signal is not affected by electrical or electromagnetic interference.

Disadvantages
The disadvantage of optical fibre are as follows −
High Cost − The cable and the interfaces are associatively more expensive than those of other
guided media.
Unidirectional light propagation − Since the optical transmission is inherently unidirectional
two-way communication requires either two fibres or two frequency bands on one fibre.
Installation and Maintenance − Fibre is different technology requiring skills; most engineers
do not occupy.
Bandwidth
The order of bandwidth of these cables are as high as 100 GHz and more.
3. Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted-pair are generally made of copper, and a pair of wires are twisted together to decrease
interference by adjacent wires. A twisted pair includes two conductors (copper), each with its
plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the wires can transfer signals to the receiver, and the
difference is used just as a ground reference. The receiver helps the difference between the two.

This means, if two wires are correlated to each other, the noise or crosstalk can affect one wire,
and the difference between the two levels would vary. When these wires are twisted, both wires
have a similar effect of noise. This way, the receiver receives the correct signal. The number of
a twist on the cable defines the quality of signals carried by them.
Therefore, more twisted means better quality signals.

Advantages

• It is easiest to install, manpower to repair, and service are readily available.

• In the mobile system, the signal can traverse various kilometres without amplification.
• It can be the least costly for short distances.
• If part of a twisted-pair cable is broken, the whole network is not shut down.
• It is flexible and easy to connect.
• It has a low weight.

Disadvantages

• It is higher error rates when the line length is more than 100 meters because it is easily
affected by more signals.
• It has low bandwidth.
• It only supports a data transfer rate of up to 10 MBPS (Megabytes per second).
Bandwidth

The Bandwidth of Fibre Optic Cables is Up to 4700 MHz

Difference between Coaxial Twisted and Fiber Optics Cables

Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Cable

Signals are transmitted through Transmission of signals takes place Signal transmission takes
the electrical system through in the electrical structure over the place in an optical structure
the opposing metallic wires. inner conductor of the cable. over glass fiber.

Noise resistance is poor, hence Due to the existence of a shielding Higher noise immunity as
there is increased distortion. conductor, it has a higher noise the light rays are unaffected
immunity than a twisted pair cable. by electrical noise.

It can get affected due to the It is less affected by external It is not affected at all by
external magnetic field. magnetic field. the presence of an external
magnetic field.

A short circuit between the two A short circuit between the two Short circuit is not possible.
conductors is possible. conductors is possible.

It supports low data rates. It can support relatively high data Supports very high data
rates. rates

Power loss due to conduction Power loss due to conduction Power loss due to
and radiation absorption, scattering
dispersion and bending.
 LAB – 2

Steps For Making Straight Through Cable

1. The Cat6 Cable is needed make sure that wire is not damaged.

2. A cable stripper will be needed. Start by only stripping off about an inch of the
jacket, to expose approximately an inch of wires. Be sure not to take off too much
of the jacket, because it will have to be clamped down inside of an RJ45 connector.

3. After the wires have been spread apart, organize them into the correct color
order of the desired cable.

4. Put the wire in the RJ45 connector.

5. RJ45 wire crimpers will be required, to hold the connector onto the cable. If the
cable so far, has got all the wires correctly inside of the RJ45 connector, along with
a bit of the cable jacket, then it should be ready to crimp the wire inside of the
connector.

6. The crimpers push down a wire locking piece inside, that cannot be undone.
Note that, once the wire is crimped down correctly if there are errors with the
connection and the wire doesn’t work correctly

Colour pin of RJ45 Connector

Steps for making Crossover Cable

1. The Cat6 Cable is needed make sure that wire is not damaged.

2. A cable stripper will be needed. Start by only stripping off about an inch of the
jacket, to expose approximately an inch of wires. Be sure not to take off too much
of the jacket, because it will have to be clamped down inside of an RJ45 connector.

3. Cut the green, orange, white-green and the white-orange. The other wires
will be left as-is.

4. With the wires cut, work now one-by-one.

• First, strip the orange wire on both cut sides down. (approx. 1/4 or 1/2 inch
• After both ends of the orange wire has been stripped, strip both ends of the
green wire down.
5. On Side "A" we will call it, connect the green stripped end to the orange
stripped end on Side "B". Twist the wires together, and mend with electrical or
another kind of tape. If you have a soldering iron, you can optionally solder the
leads together.

6. Just as we connected the orange and green wires for one side of our crossover
cable, lets now repeat the process with the final two wires.

Colour code for RJ45 Connector

 LAB-3
COMMANDS IN NETWORKING

1. PING
It is a command-line utility, available on virtually any operating
system with network connectivity, that acts as a test to see if a
networked device is reachable.

2. Nslookup

Nslookup (stands for “Name Server Lookup”) is a useful

command for getting information from the DNS server. It is a
network administration tool for querying the Domain Name
System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping
or any other specific DNS record. It is also used to
troubleshoot DNS-related problems.
 3. HOSTNAME

It tells about the name of the system in which command is running

Currently.

4. Netstat

The netstat command is used to show network status. Traditionally, it is

used more for problem determination than for performance
measurement. However, the netstat command can be used to determine
the amount of traffic on the network to ascertain whether performance
problems are due to network congestion.
5. arp

The arp command is used to display or modify the ARP cache on a

computer. The ARP cache is a table that stores the mapping of IP
addresses to their corresponding MAC addresses. The arp command can
be used to display the ARP cache, add entries to the cache, and delete
entries from the cache
6. getmac

The getmac (short for get MAC address) is a simple Windows network
command-line utility used to find the physical address of the network
adapters (NIC) in a computer. This tool is typically used in
troubleshooting network issues.

7. ipconfig

ipconfig (standing for "Internet Protocol configuration") is a console

application program of some computer operating systems that displays
all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS)
settings.

8. ipconfig/all
9. Tracert

identifies the route a packet takes between your computer and the
destination computer specified in the command.
 LAB -4
TOPOLOGIES
Star topology

Bus topology
Mesh topology

Ring topology
 LAB -05
Switch Configuration
LAB 06
 LAB -07

Connect 2 different networks using Router

 LAB -08

Connect 3 different network using empty router