Strain Rostte

Transformation of
Stress and Strain
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Stress
• Stress is a measure of the internal forces in a
body between its constituent particles, as they
resist separation, compression or sliding in
response to externally applied forces.
• The mathematical definition of stress is
defined as; the force exerted per unit area.
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Stress on a plane
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Stress at a point
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Stress Tensor
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Strain Tensor
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Transformation of stress and strain
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Plane State of Stress
• Plane stress - In a given state of stress if σz=0,
τxz=0 and τyz=0.
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• STRESS ANALYSIS
1. Direct Stress Condition
2. Bi-axial Stress Condition
3. Pure Shear Stress Condition
4. Bi-axial And Shear Stress Condition
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DIRECT STRESS CONDITION
(Refer VIET note)
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EQUATIONS OF σƟ and τ Ɵ
1. DIRECT STRESS CONDITION
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2. BI-AXIAL STRESS CONDITION
• Let dx, dy and ds be the lengths of sides AB,
BC and AC respectively
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EQUATIONS OF σƟ and τ Ɵ
BI-AXIAL STRESS CONDITION
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PURE SHEAR STRESS CONDITION
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Equations for
PURE SHEAR STRESS CONDITION
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BI-AXIAL AND SHEAR STRESS CONDITION
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Equations for
BI-AXIAL AND SHEAR STRESS CONDITION
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SUM OF DIRECT STRESSES ON TWO MUTUALLY
PERPENDICULAR PLANES
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PRINCIPAL PLANES
AND
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
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PRINCIPAL PLANES
Planes which have no shear stress. These planes
carry only normal stresses
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Normal stresses acting on principal planes
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 Larger of two stresses
σ1 – Major principal stress
 Smaller
σ2 – Minor Principal stress
 Corresponding planes are MAJOR and

MINOR principal planes
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MAXIMUM (PRINCIPAL) SHEAR STRESSES
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NORMAL STRESS ON THE PLANES OF
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
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Mohr’s stress circle
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Two Direct stresses with simple shear
Principal Stresses
Q). For the stress system shown in the diagram, find
the normal and shear stresses acting on the inclined
plane using Mohr’s circle method. Also find the
resultant stress and its direction
Plane state of strain
• In a plane strain problem εzz = 0, γxz = γyz = 0
and only 3 components of strain εxx , εyy and
γxy are enough to describe the state of strain.
• If direct and shear strains along x and y

directions are known, normal strain (εθ) and
the shear strain (φθ) at angle θ with the x
direction of a body can be found.
• Normal Strain
• Analogous to normal stress equation
• Shear strain
Principal Strains
• The maximum and minimum values of strains
on any plane at a point are known as the
principal strains
• Corresponding planes – Principal planes for
strains
• Principal planes are given by

• Principal (Maximum) shear strains
• Planes of maximum shear strains
• Sum of direct strains on 2 mutually

perpendicular planes
Principal stresses from Principal strains
• 3D system
Strain Rosette
• Strain in any direction can be measured by using an instrument known as
strain gauge.
• In case, directions of principal strains are known, two strain gauges can be
used to measure the strains in these directions and by using above
equations, the principal stresses can be calculated.
• However, many times the directions of the principal strains are not known.
• In such cases, a set of three strain gauges, known as a strain rosette, can
be used to find the strain in three known directions in order to determine
stress condition at a point under consideration.
• Let εx and εy be the linear strains in x- and y-directions and φ be the shear
strain at the point under consideration.
• Then linear strains in any three arbitrary chosen directions at angles θ1, θ2
and θ3 made with the x-axis will be
• If three arbitrary directions are chosen in a set
manner and εθ1, εθ2 and εθ3 are measured
along these directions, then εx , εy and φ, can
be calculated by using the above equations.
• Principal strains and principal stresses can
then be calculated.
Rectangular strain Rosette
• If the 3 strain gauges are set at 0˚, 45˚ and 90˚ with
the X direction, it is known as rectangular or 45˚
strain rosette.
• Now principal strains and hence principal
stresses can be calculated
Equiangular strain Rosette
• If the 3 strain gauges are set at 0˚, 60˚ and 120˚
with the X direction, it is known as equiangular or
delta or 60˚ strain rosette.
• Now principal strains and hence principal stresses can be calculated

Strain Rostte

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Strain Rostte

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Transformation of

Stress and Strain

1. Direct Stress Condition

2. Bi-axial Stress Condition

3. Pure Shear Stress Condition

4. Bi-axial And Shear Stress Condition

1. DIRECT STRESS CONDITION

Planes which have no shear stress. These planes

carry only normal stresses

Normal stresses acting on principal planes

 Corresponding planes are MAJOR and

• If direct and shear strains along x and y

• Analogous to normal stress equation

• Principal planes are given by

• Planes of maximum shear strains

• Sum of direct strains on 2 mutually

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