physics project

INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic

appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries
need to be made more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the
factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it more
reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE:
Internal resistance refers to the opposition to the flow of current

offered by the cells and batteries themselves resulting in the
generation of heat. Internal resistance is measured in ohms. The
relationship between internal resistance (r) and emf (e) of cells
given by
e=I (r + R)
where e=EMF i. e electromotive force (Volts) ,I=current(A),R=load
resistance,and r is the internal resistance of cell measured in ohms
On rearranging the above equation we get
e=V + Ir
In the above equation, V is the potential difference (terminal) across
the cell when the current (I) is flowing through the circuit
APPARATUS
• A potentiometer
• A battery
• Three one way keys
• A rheostat of low resistance(rh)
• A galvanometer
• A high resistance box

• A fractional resistance box
• An ammeter
• A voltmeter
• A voltaic cell
• Electrolytes of different concentrations
• A jockey
• A setsquare
• Connecting wires
• Sand paper
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make
tight connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the EMF Of the battery and of the cell and make sure that EMF
Of the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance
point will not be obtained To study variation of internal resistance with
distance of separation:
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 сm
5. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null
point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
6. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square
and measure the balancing length (11) between the null point and the
end P.
7. Now plug in plugs in both keys. At the same time, take out a small
resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.
8. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
9. Measure the balancing length from end P. Record these observations.
10. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.Then remove the plugs of keys
and and repeat steps the steps from 5-9
11. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart. Now record the set of
observations To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes:
12. Keeping all factors unchanged, to increase the area of electrodes in
the electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation.
13.Again repeat the steps 5-9. Record the readings. To study variation
of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte:
14. Keeping all factors unchanged, decrease the concentration of
electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observations.
15. Again repeat the steps 5-9. Record your readings.

RESULT & INFERENCES
o The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98
Volt.
o The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
o The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
o The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
o The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte

PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are
to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and Ez should, all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the wire
gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of

observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross- section and material
density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.INTERNAL RESISTANCE:
2. EFFECT OF SEPERATION BETWEEN

ELECTRODES:
3.Effect of temperature:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to deeply thank our Principal Ms. Raina

Krishnatray for her support of our project and for offering
all the necessary resources. My greatest gratitude goes
out to Mrs. Suruchi Aggarwal, my physics teacher, for
her invaluable assistance, direction, and
encouragement, without which this project wouldn't have
been accomplished.
Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the lab
assistant for helping to make this project feasible. I
would also like to express my gratitude to my family for
their various contributions, moral and financial support,
and the completion of the project.
AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
VASUNDHARA, SECTOR-1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, Mahika Nagar a student

of class XII-A has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of Mrs. Suruchi Aggarwal
during the year 2024-25 in partial fulfilment of
physics practical examination conducted by
AISSCE.
Signature of
Physics Teacher Signature of External
Signature of The Principal

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INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic

Internal resistance refers to the opposition to the flow of current

• A rheostat of low resistance(rh)

• A high resistance box

• Electrolytes of different concentrations

tight connections according to the circuit diagram.

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

point will not be obtained To study variation of internal resistance with

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 сm

point is obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.

resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel

with the cell.

and and repeat steps the steps from 5-9

observations To study variation of internal resistance with area of

12. Keeping all factors unchanged, to increase the area of electrodes in

of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte:

14. Keeping all factors unchanged, decrease the concentration of

electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observations.

15. Again repeat the steps 5-9. Record your readings.

o The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to E = 0.98

o The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation

between the electrodes.

o The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of

the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

o The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

o The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the

concentration of the electrolyte

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

3. End resistances may not be zero.

2. EFFECT OF SEPERATION BETWEEN

I want to deeply thank our Principal Ms. Raina

This is to certify that, Mahika Nagar a student

Signature of The Principal

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