ME - 251 Machining Process A.H.

Riaz - 2103060

Lathe Machine

Main Components
1) Bed:
➢ The bed supports all major components of the lathe.
➢ It has a large mass and is built rigidly to resist deflection and vibrations.
➢ The top portion of the bed has two ways.
➢ The bed is usually fastened to steel legs so that the lathe can be bolted to the shop floor.

2) Headstock:
➢ The headstock is fixed to the left side of the bed.
➢ Headstocks have a hollow spindle to which work holding devices (such as chucks and
collets) are mounted.
➢ Most headstocks are equipped with a set of gears, and some have various drives to
provide a continuously variable range of speed to the spindle.

3) Tailstock:
➢ The tailstock, which can slide along the ways and be clamped at any position, supports
the right end of the workpiece.
➢ It is equipped with a center, which may be fixed (called dead center) or it may be free to
rotate with the workpiece (live center).
➢ Drills and reamers can be mounted on the tailstock quill (a hollow cylindrical piece with
a tapered hole) to drill axial holes in the workpiece.
➢ The quill moves in and out of the tailstock bore when the tailstock handwheel is turned.

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4) Carriage: (***with fig***)

➢ The carriage, or carriage assembly, slides along
the ways.
➢ Its purpose is to hold the cutting tool and to
impart to it either longitudinal or cross feed.
➢ It has five major parts –
i. Saddle:
✓ The base of the carriage is the saddle which slides along the ways.
ii. Cross-Slide:
✓ The cross-slide is mounted on the saddle.
✓ It provides cutting tool motion which is perpendicular to the centre line of the
lathe itself.
iii. Compound Rest:
✓ It is mounted on top of the cross-slide.
✓ It can be swiveled around a vertical axis by which it is set at any angle with the axis
of the workpiece.
✓ It is used for obtaining angular cuts and short tapers.
iv. Tool Post:
✓ The tool post is mounted on the compound rest and slides in a T-slot.
✓ Cutting tool/tool holder is firmly held in it.
v. Apron:
✓ The apron is secured underneath the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed.
✓ It contains the gears, clutches, and levers for operating the carriage.
5) Feed Rod and Lead Screw:
➢ The feed rod rotates during the lathe operation, and provides movement to the carriage
and the cross-slide.
➢ Closing a split nut around the lead screw engages the rod with the carriage.

Important Terms or Factors

1) Cutting Speed:
➢ It is defined as the speed at which the metal is removed by the tool from the work piece.
➢ In other words, it is the peripheral speed of the work past the cutting tool.
2) Feed:
➢ It is defined as the distance which the tool advances for each revolution of the work.
3) Depth of Cut:
➢ It is defined as the depth of penetration of the tool into the work piece during machining.
➢ In other words, it is the perpendicular distance measured from the machined surface to
the unmachined surface of the work piece.
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Workholding Devices and Accessories

1) Centres:
➢ The workpiece, whose ends centre holes have been previously drilled, is mounted
between the headstock (live) and tailstock (dead) centres.

2) Chucks:
➢ A chuck is usually equipped with three or four jaws.
➢ It is employed for clamping workpiece without the
need of additional support of the free end.
➢ 3 Jaw & 4 Jaw Chuck:

3-Jaw Self Centering Chuck 4-Jaw Independent Chuck

1 It has 3 jaws. It has 4 jaws.
All the jaws can be moved automatically
2 Each jaw can be moved independently.
with equal distance.
Griping capacity is not good as Better griping capacity as jaws can be
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independent jaw chuck. tightened independently.
Job fixing is quick & automatically being Job fixing takes more time for correct
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done. centering.
Suitable for holding both symmetrical &
5 Suitable for holding only symmetrical job.
non-symmetrical job.

➢ Magnetic Chuck:
• This chuck is used to hold thin job.
• Chuck gets magnetic power from electromagnet.
• Workpiece made of magnetic material is held in position by magnetic power.

➢ Collets:
• The workpiece, generally with a maximum diameter
of 25 mm, is placed inside the collet, and the collet is
pulled or pushed mechanically into the spindle.
• Collets are used for round or other shapes (square, hexagonal, etc).
• An advantage to using a collet, rather than a three- or four-jaw chuck, is that the collet
grips nearly the entire circumference of the part.
3) Face Plate:
➢ Face plates are used for clamping irregularly shaped
workpieces.
➢ They are round and have several slots and holes through
which the workpiece is bolted or clamped.

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4) Mandrels:
➢ Mandrels are placed inside hollow or tubular workpieces, and are used to hold
workpieces that require machining on both ends or on their cylindrical surfaces.
➢ A mandrel is used to locate and held a work-piece with a central hole, such as, gear
blanks, pulleys etc.
➢ The mandrel is usually tapered so that the work can be forced on it with a press fit and
then removed after working.

5) Lathe Dog/ Carrier:

➢ A lathe dog is a clamped like device with two jaws that
group onto the workpiece.
➢ One end of the lathe dog is attached to the workpiece,
while the other end typically has a handle that can engage
with the driving mechanism of the lathe, such as a spur
gear or a faceplate.
➢ It is used to transmit rotational motion from the lathe's spindle to the workpiece.

6) Steady Rest & Follower Rest:

Steady Rest Follower Rest

It has 3 jaws which act as support to the It has 2 jaws which act as support to the
1
job. job.
2 It is fixed on the lathe bed. It is fixed on the cross slide.
Machining of full length of the job is not Machining of full length of the job is
3
possible, when it is used. possible, without disturbing the setting.
One or more is used at a time depending Only one is used at a time irrespective of
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on the length of the job. the job length.
Prevention of bending or deflection is very
Prevention of bending or deflection is not
effective as the supporting jaws always be
5 very effective as the supporting jaws do
near to the cutting tool & exert pressure
not always be near to the cutting spot.
opposite to the cutting force.

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ME - 251 Machining Process A.H. Riaz - 2103060

Operations
1) Turning:
➢ Turning is the operation to remove material from the outside
diameter of a workpiece to obtain a finished surface.
➢ The finished surface may be of continuous diameter, stepped,
tapered or contoured.
➢ Also, chamfering (process of creating a beveled edge for cutting away a
sharp corner) can be done by taper turning.
➢ The feed of the tool for turning operation is along the axis of the lathe.

2) Facing:
➢ Facing is the operation of producing a flat surface at
the end of the workpiece.
➢ Here, the tool moves perpendicular to the axis of
the lathe.

3) Reaming and Drilling:

➢ Drilling is the operation of making a hole in a workpiece.
➢ Reaming is the operation of finishing the drilled hole.
➢ These operations are done on lathe by holding the drills and reamers in the tailstock
quill.
4) Boring:
➢ Boring is the operation of enlarging the drilled hole.
➢ It can also produce circular internal grooves.

5) Knurling:
➢ It is the operation of plastically displacing metal into a particular pattern for the purpose
of creating a hand grip or roughened surface on a workpiece.

6) Threading:
➢ It is the process of producing external or internal thread.

7) Parting:
➢ Parting is the process of cutting a piece from the end of a longer piece.

8) Form Cutting:
➢ Form tools are used to machine various shapes on solid, round workpieces, by moving
the tool radially inward while the part is rotating.

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Types of Lathe
01. Engine Lathe
02. Bench Lathe
03. Tool Room Lathe
04. Tracer Lathe
05. Automatic Lathe
06. Turret Lathe
➢ A turret lathe has a turret, which is a toolholder that can hold multiple cutting tools,
typically 6.
➢ These cutting tools can be quickly indexed (rotated) into position to perform different
machining operations on the workpiece.
➢ This eliminates the need for the operator to constantly stop and swap out tools,
significantly increasing efficiency for high-volume production runs.
07. Computer Controlled Lathe or CNC Lathe
➢ A computer controlled lathe, also known as a CNC lathe, utilizes computer numerical
control (CNC) technology for precise and automated machining operations.
➢ CNC lathes function similarly to traditional turret lathes, but with the added benefit of
computer-controlled operation.
➢ The computer program instructs the machine on the precise movements of the cutting
tool and the workpiece, enabling highly accurate and repeatable production of complex
parts.

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